p.19
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What type of crane is used in the Terminal Yard?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
p.19
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
When is most of the power generated during RTG operations?
During the 25% hoisting up duty cycle.
p.72
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
What is the Required Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for the Port of Singapore?
To exceed IMO’s Phase 3 requirements by 10% or more.
p.44
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the purpose of the cable reel system in terminal operations?
To electrify Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG) cranes.
p.65
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
How do terminal operations impact the environment?
Through various initiatives aimed at reducing their environmental footprint.
p.29
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What does the On-shore Power System provide to vessels during port stay?
Power supply offered by the terminal.
p.2
Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What are some environmental initiatives undertaken by terminal operations?
Initiatives may include waste reduction programs, emissions control technologies, and habitat restoration efforts.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the equipment maintenance area used for in a container terminal?
It is designated for the upkeep and repair of terminal equipment.
p.5
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is the southern boundary latitude of the North Sea ECA?
Southwards of latitude 62° N.
p.31
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What components are included in the full vessel integrated system for on-shore power?
Cables, electrical equipment, terminal connection panels, and transformers (for LV vessels).
p.5
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What are the eastern boundary longitudes of the North Sea ECA?
Eastwards of longitude 4° W and 5° W.
p.35
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the purpose of the mobile-based system on the quay?
To connect vessels to on-shore power.
p.61
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of drive is used in the greener prime mover for terminal operations?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
p.93
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the focus of the course MT0001?
Environmental impacts and initiatives by terminal operations.
p.21
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
Which fuel types are mentioned in relation to terminal yard operations?
Diesel, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
p.26
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a potential environmental impact of storing dry bulks in open areas at a bulk terminal?
They might be blown away by strong winds or drained by rain.
p.71
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What alternative is encouraged in the Green Ship Program?
The use of low carbon fuels.
p.50
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How is LPG prepared?
By refining petroleum or extracted during the natural gas production process.
p.45
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What system is used for the electrified RTG?
Conductor bar system with towed trolley.
p.25
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a general environmental concern related to terminal operations?
Conservation of electrical energy.
p.23
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of accident can lead to water pollution in terminal operations?
Accident of chemical spillage.
p.95
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the primary source of Scope 2 emissions for NTU?
Purchased electricity, accounting for 90.99% of emissions.
p.77
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the goal of the Fair Winds Charter?
To collaborate across the PRD region to regulate in line with international emission standards.
p.15
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
Why is ballast water a concern for terminal operations?
Because it can introduce invasive species and pathogens that disrupt local ecosystems.
p.38
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a key component of an On-shore Power System?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers.
p.92
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What course is referenced in the document?
MT0001 - Shipping and the Environment: Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations
p.66
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a key benefit of using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting?
Less energy consumption compared to high pressure sodium lamps.
p.47
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are environmental initiatives in terminal operations aimed at?
Reducing the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
p.64
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the benefits of implementing solar panels in terminal operations?
Energy saving and carbon reduction.
p.27
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a potential environmental impact of handling dry bulk at a terminal?
It might cause air pollution.
p.37
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a quay in the context of on-shore power systems?
A structure where fixed-based systems provide power to vessels.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the main office building's function in a container terminal?
It houses administrative and operational staff.
p.59
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a greener prime mover used in terminal operations?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
p.56
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What technology is used in the greener prime mover for power supply?
Conductive overhead lines or induction through the road surface.
p.82
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the focus of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan?
To address the level of emissions in all transportation modes.
p.14
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the source of the data regarding emissions from terminal operations?
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, 2010 Update.
p.101
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is a Gantry Move?
The movement of a whole RTG from one bay to another or from one block to another.
p.19
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
When does peak power demand occur in RTG operations?
During the startup of the hoisting up cycle.
p.104
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the focus of the course EV Back 104 MT0001?
Shipping and the Environment, specifically Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations.
p.24
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of environmental impacts are associated with terminal operations?
Impacts related to the handling of chemicals and potential spillages.
p.32
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a quay in the context of on-shore power systems?
A full vessel integrated system.
p.84
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
What is the goal of operational efficiency improvement initiatives?
To enhance the efficiency of terminal operations while reducing environmental impacts.
p.29
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What can be shut down when a vessel is connected to the On-shore Power System?
Both the main propulsion engine and auxiliary diesel engine.
p.32
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the purpose of junction boxes in terminal operations?
To facilitate the connection of on-shore power systems to vessels.
p.31
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a quay in the context of an on-shore power system?
A full vessel integrated system.
p.11
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is bunker fuel?
A type of fuel oil used to power vessels, particularly derived from petroleum distillation.
p.59
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How do hydrogen fuel cells contribute to terminal operations?
They recharge batteries that power electric motors.
p.9
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What are the three different scopes of air pollution?
Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect), Scope 3 (indirect).
p.59
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the process of energy conversion in a hydrogen/electric hybrid system?
Battery packs provide power to the electric motor, which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
p.21
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What types of mobile equipment are used in terminal yards?
Diesel, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles.
p.28
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a critical factor in preventing accidents at bulk terminals?
Proper maintenance in conducting pipes.
p.24
Waste Management and Chemical Handling
What is the primary concern of the Equipment Maintenance Area?
Handling of chemicals, such as lubricants and diesel fuel, in case of spillage.
p.29
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is another name for On-shore Power Systems?
Cold ironing or alternative maritime power (AMP).
p.68
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of education and training in environmental protection?
To arouse awareness in environmental protection through promotion, education, training, etc.
p.45
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of equipment is used in the terminal yard for electrification?
Electrified Rubber-Tired Gantry (RTG).
p.23
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a potential environmental impact of chemical spillage in terminal operations?
Water pollution in the basin.
p.14
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of vessels contributed the highest level of emissions at the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach?
Ocean-Going Vessels (OGVs).
p.96
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the horsepower of the bunker fuel engine?
109,000 horsepower (80 MW).
p.67
Waste Management and Chemical Handling
What is a key practice for handling general waste?
Separate general wastes according to different categories.
p.12
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What types of equipment are mentioned as being onboard the vessel?
Cargo handling gear and electronic devices for operations.
p.70
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative?
A voluntary program sponsored by MPA to promote environmentally friendly shipping practices.
p.93
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of initiatives are discussed in the course?
Initiatives aimed at reducing environmental impacts.
p.47
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is an Electrified RTG?
A type of rubber-tired gantry crane that operates using electric power.
p.47
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the function of a conductor bar in terminal operations?
It provides an automatic electricity connection system for electric cranes.
p.71
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the focus of the Green Ship Program in Singapore?
To reduce CO2 and SOx emissions from Singapore flagged ships.
p.84
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE) control measures?
Regulations aimed at reducing emissions from cargo handling equipment.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the function of the quay in a container terminal?
It serves as the docking area for ships.
p.22
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What environmental issue is associated with the height of terminal lighting?
Light pollution in nearby areas, especially in port cities.
p.84
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What are environmental initiatives in CAAP?
Programs aimed at improving environmental performance in the San Pedro Bay Ports.
p.35
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What type of system is described as mobile-based in terminal operations?
A system that provides cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers on the quay.
p.10
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the environmental impacts associated with terminal operations?
They can include pollution, habitat disruption, and resource consumption.
p.67
Waste Management and Chemical Handling
What is the purpose of using a drip tray?
To contain chemicals in case of spillage.
p.11
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
Why does No. 6 fuel oil require heating?
Because it has high viscosity, making it difficult to pump from the bunker tank without heating.
p.106
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the focus of the document titled 'Shipping and the Environment: Environmental Impacts & Initiatives by Terminal Operations'?
The environmental impacts of shipping and initiatives by terminal operations.
p.94
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a nautical mile defined as?
A unit of length about one minute of arc of latitude measured along any meridian or one minute of arc of longitude at the equator.
p.84
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What does the Technology Advancement Program (TAP) focus on?
Advancing technologies to improve environmental performance in shipping.
p.2
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the environmental impacts of terminal operations?
Terminal operations can lead to pollution, habitat destruction, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
p.27
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the two types of unloaders mentioned for handling dry bulk?
Pneumatic type and Mechanical type.
p.56
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a greener prime mover in terminal operations?
An electrical system powered by electricity through conductive overhead lines or induction through the road surface.
p.5
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
Which seas are designated as ECAs?
North Sea and Baltic Sea.
p.23
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
How can chemicals be drained out of a terminal during an accident?
Through the drainage system.
p.37
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the purpose of transformers in a fixed-based on-shore power system?
To provide low voltage power to vessels.
p.77
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the Fair Winds Charter?
A regional initiative urging governments to introduce legislation for fuel-switching at berth.
p.31
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the purpose of terminal connection panels in on-shore power systems?
To facilitate the connection of vessels to shore power.
p.62
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the primary function of a solar panel in a reefer yard?
To convert solar energy to electrical energy.
p.36
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a key feature of the mobile-based on-shore power system?
It reduces space on the quay to avoid interference with handling equipment.
p.36
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
Which types of vessels can benefit from the mobile-based on-shore power system?
Cruise ships, tankers, Ro-Ro, etc.
p.81
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the significance of the San Pedro Bay Ports?
They are the busiest port region in the US.
p.17
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
Which nitrogen oxides are emitted from RTGs?
NO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O).
p.69
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is one way terminal operations can engage in environmental protection?
Participation in various green awards competitions.
p.84
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is the purpose of emission inventory improvements?
To enhance the accuracy of emissions data for better management and regulation.
p.84
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What do Harbor Craft (HC) control measures target?
Emissions from harbor craft operations.
p.12
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What happens to the main engine of a vessel upon arrival at the terminal?
The main engine will be shut down.
p.35
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a key component of the On-shore Power System at a quay?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
p.79
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the Pearl River Delta (PRD) known for?
It is home to 3 out of the world’s top 10 busiest container ports.
p.15
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is ballast water?
Water taken on by a vessel to maintain stability, which can contain undesirable species and contaminants.
p.45
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a drawback of the manual operation in the electrified RTG system?
Lower productivity due to manual plugging and unplugging.
p.79
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
Why is the Emission Control Area (ECA) important in the PRD?
To improve air quality and health.
p.99
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does VLSFO stand for?
Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil.
p.43
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of crane is used in the Terminal Yard at the Port of Shenzhen?
Electrified Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
p.46
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is an Electrified RTG?
A rubber-tired gantry crane that uses electric power for operation.
p.73
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of the Green Port Program at the Port of Singapore?
To reduce emissions from OGVs entering Singapore Port Limits.
p.52
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What performance characteristic do Electric Vehicles (EV) offer at low speeds?
Strong acceleration with high torque.
p.44
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a drawback of the cable reel system mentioned?
Lower productivity due to manual plugging and unplugging.
p.106
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the significance of terminal operations in relation to shipping?
They play a crucial role in managing environmental impacts.
p.84
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the Clean Trucks Program (CTP)?
An initiative aimed at reducing emissions from trucks operating in port areas.
p.50
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What powers the LPG forklift used in terminal yards?
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
p.50
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the environmental benefits of using LPG forklifts?
They have less emission of SOx and produce no soot.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What role does the gatehouse play in a container terminal?
It controls access to the terminal and manages security.
p.50
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a key characteristic of LPG regarding pollution?
It does not pose ground or water pollution hazards.
p.91
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the focus of the latest air emissions inventory for San Pedro Bay Ports?
To assess environmental impacts related to shipping activities.
p.75
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of the Green Awareness Program at the Port of Singapore?
To encourage companies to pursue advanced sustainability reporting in areas of carbon reporting and internal carbon pricing.
p.75
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What type of training is included in the Green Awareness Program?
A series of workshops and training to build up capabilities of local maritime companies in carbon accounting.
p.91
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of initiatives are being implemented at a regional level?
Environmental initiatives to mitigate impacts from terminal operations.
p.16
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of pollution is associated with Quay Cranes?
Indirect source of pollution.
p.95
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What percentage of NTU's GHG emissions comes from Scope 3?
9%; from business travel.
p.57
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a key feature of the Terminal Yard's greener prime mover?
It uses a hydraulic hybrid drive.
p.36
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the purpose of implementing on-shore power systems in terminal operations?
To reduce environmental impacts by providing power to ships while at berth.
p.34
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a semi-fixed vessel system?
A system that allows vessels to connect to shore power while at berth.
p.28
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What can easily occur at liquid bulk or liquefied gas terminals if operations are not handled with care?
Spillage or fire accidents.
p.84
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What are OGV control measures?
Measures implemented to control emissions from ocean-going vessels.
p.69
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is a benefit of participating in environmental protection activities?
To build up a sense of belonging.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the purpose of the terminal yard in a container terminal?
It is used for the storage and handling of containers.
p.84
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What do railroad locomotive control measures aim to achieve?
To reduce emissions from locomotives operating in port areas.
p.37
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What components are included in a fixed-based on-shore power system?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
p.12
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What provides power to the vessel after berthing?
The smaller auxiliary engine.
p.10
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the purpose of the reefer yard in a container terminal?
It is used for storing refrigerated containers.
p.96
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the bunker fuel consumption of the vessel at economical speed?
Approximately 6,300 liters per hour.
p.67
Waste Management and Chemical Handling
What type of waste requires specific handling procedures?
Chemical waste and wastewater.
p.12
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What additional systems are powered by the auxiliary engine?
Air-conditioning, cookery, etc.
p.82
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What types of vehicles are included in the emissions assessment at San Pedro Bay Ports?
OGVs, harbor crafts, cargo handling equipment, rail locomotives, and heavy-duty vehicles.
p.67
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is an important aspect of environmental initiatives in terminal operations?
Proper handling of chemical and general waste.
p.51
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of power supply is needed for EV charging at terminals?
Charging facilities provided by the terminal.
p.38
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What role does the barge play in the On-shore Power System?
It provides cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
p.54
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a greener prime mover used in terminal yards?
An electrical prime mover powered by a battery pack.
p.19
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the result of peak power demand during RTG operations?
It results in the highest emission level.
p.21
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a significant environmental concern during terminal operations?
Exhaust air emitted during operations.
p.71
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What financial incentives are provided under the Green Ship Program?
Reduction of Initial Registration Fee and rebate on Annual Tonnage Tax.
p.71
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is no longer incentivized in the Green Ship Program?
The adoption of scrubbers.
p.68
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of initiatives are discussed in the context of terminal operations?
Environmental initiatives.
p.96
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the weight of the bunker fuel engine of a vessel?
Approximately 2,300 tons.
p.95
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What percentage of NTU's GHG emissions is classified as Scope 1?
~0.01%; from internal shuttle buses and diesel top-up for machineries.
p.105
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) quantify?
The amount of CO2 that a vessel emits in relation to the goods transported.
p.15
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What can happen when ballast water is discharged from a vessel?
It can bring undesirable species, bacteria, or other contaminated elements to the water region of the discharging terminal.
p.81
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What are the two main ports located in San Pedro Bay?
Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach.
p.105
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
Under which MARPOL Annex is the EEDI regulated?
Annex VI, entitled 'Regulations on Energy Efficiency for Ships'.
p.101
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What are the two types of movements mentioned for RTGs?
From one bay to another bay and from one block to another block.
p.57
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of system does the hydraulic hybrid drive utilize?
A parallel system that transmits power from both a diesel engine and a hydraulic motor.
p.80
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What incentive scheme did the Shenzhen government start in October 2014?
An incentive scheme with approximately 200 million RMB per year to subsidize air improvement projects.
p.20
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What type of gantry is mentioned in terminal operations?
Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG).
p.100
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the rated speed of the diesel engine in an RTG?
Approximately 1,500 rpm (50Hz).
p.46
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
In which ports are Electrified RTGs widely used?
Ports such as Hong Kong, PSA, Shenzhen, and Busan.
p.16
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are some sources for the generation of electricity used by Quay Cranes?
Coal, crude oil, natural gas, or nuclear power.
p.62
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What are the dimensions of a typical PV panel?
Approximately 1580 x 808 x 50 mm.
p.34
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a quay in the context of terminal operations?
A structure on the shore where vessels dock to load and unload cargo.
p.70
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
Until when was the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative initially funded?
Until the end of 2016, later extended to 2019, and now to 31 Dec 2024.
p.78
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What regulation did the Port of Hong Kong implement for ocean-going vessels (OGVs)?
Regulation 78 requires OGVs to use low sulphur fuel <0.5%m/m, LNG, alternative fuel, or equivalent emission abatement technology starting from 1 July 2015.
p.70
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What are the main programs under the Maritime Singapore Green Initiative?
Green Ship Program, Green Port Program, Green Energy & Technology Program, and Green Awareness Program.
p.83
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
Which organizations agreed on the need to reduce emissions in 2006?
Both ports’ Board of Harbor Commissioners and the South Coast Air Quality Management District.
p.57
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the purpose of environmental initiatives by terminal operations?
To reduce environmental impacts.
p.58
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is an advantage of hydraulic hybrid systems compared to electric hybrid systems?
No re-charging is necessary and no requirement for battery pack replacement.
p.7
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
How do terminal operations impact the environment?
Through emissions and waste generated during shipping activities.
p.63
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the total number of PV panels in the Reefer Yard?
Approximately 920 panels.
p.58
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What additional investment is not required with hydraulic hybrid systems?
Investment in re-fuelling equipment.
p.85
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What are the targets for vessel calls by 2023 under the Green Ship Incentive Program?
50% of calls from Tier 2 and 40% from Tier 3.
p.74
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the maximum grant amount available for projects under the Green Energy & Technology Program?
Up to 50% of the costs, capped at 3 million SGD per project.
p.66
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
Which lighting option is more expensive, high pressure sodium lamps or LED lamps?
LED lamps (~10,000 HKD) are more expensive than high pressure sodium lamps (~800 HKD).
p.74
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What previous programs were combined to form the Green Energy & Technology Program?
The previous Green Energy Program and Green Technology Program.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the focus of Annex II of MARPOL?
Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk.
p.39
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the purpose of a frequency converter in an On-shore Power System?
To convert power supply frequency from 50Hz to 60Hz or vice versa.
p.53
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the energy consumption of the EV per kilometer?
Approximately 0.15 kWh/km.
p.52
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is one major advantage of using Electric Vehicles (EV) in terminal operations?
Emission levels of NOx, SOx, and PM will be reduced to zero.
p.11
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What are the two forms in which fuel oil can be obtained?
As a distillate or a residue from petroleum distillation.
p.7
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is the purpose of Emission Control Areas?
To reduce air pollution from shipping activities.
p.33
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a Quay in the context of On-shore Power Systems?
A structure where vessels can be connected to shore power.
p.99
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does LSMGO stand for?
Low Sulphur Marine Gas Oil.
p.7
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What are the existing ECAs focused on?
Limiting emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from ships.
p.76
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What incentive was introduced for ocean-going vessels (OGVs) in Hong Kong starting from September 26, 2012?
A 50% reduction in port facility and light dues if cleaner fuel is used during berthing.
p.43
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a disadvantage of using Direct Current (DC)?
It is more vulnerable to electricity exposure.
p.98
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is MGO in the context of fuel oils?
Marine Gas Oil, a No.2 fuel oil made from distillates.
p.40
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What regulation was enacted by CARB regarding vessel engine shutdown?
By January 1, 2014, 50% of a vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down their engines.
p.34
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the significance of environmental initiatives by terminal operations?
To reduce the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is one type of electrified RTG system?
Overhead conductor line system with pantograph.
p.13
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What are the major emission pollutants from auxiliary engines?
CO, CO2, NO2, SO2, and PM.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
Name another type of electrified RTG system.
Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph.
p.90
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the reduction in NOx emissions in 2005 compared to 2002?
600 tons, representing a 24% reduction.
p.49
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of equipment is mentioned in relation to terminal operations?
Electrified RTG (Rubber-Tyred Gantry).
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a full vessel integrated system?
An on-shore power system fully integrated into the vessel's electrical system.
p.86
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What environmental benefit does the Green Flag Incentive Program provide?
Reduction in smog-forming NOx and PM.
p.89
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the status of trucks servicing the port by 2012?
All 11,000 trucks had engines built from 2007 or beyond.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is unique about No. 5 fuel oil?
It is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77-104 °C.
p.48
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the CO2 emission per TEU for Electrified RTG?
~3 kg/TEU (a reduction of 60%).
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
Which type of engine generally has a higher cost?
Diesel engines generally have a higher cost compared to petrol engines.
p.43
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What system is used for power supply in the Terminal Yard?
Exposed conductor bar system with pantograph.
p.46
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the function of the conductor bar in an Electrified RTG?
It provides an automatic electricity connection system.
p.83
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP)?
To reduce emissions from port-related operations.
p.38
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the significance of environmental initiatives in terminal operations?
They aim to reduce the environmental impacts of shipping activities.
p.40
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
Which ports have current applications of On-shore Power Systems?
Port of Los Angeles, Port of Long Beach, Port of Antwerp, and Prince Rupert Container Terminal.
p.83
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
Which agencies were engaged to develop the CAAP?
California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
p.89
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What program was initiated in San Pedro Bay Ports to improve air quality?
Clean Trucks Program (CTP).
p.33
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the focus of the Environmental Initiatives by Terminal Operations?
To address environmental impacts and promote sustainable practices.
p.40
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the engine shutdown requirement by January 1, 2020?
Further increases to 80% of vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down engines.
p.89
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the age limit for trucks banned from entering the port in 2008?
Trucks with 1988 or older engines.
p.53
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the estimated cost of an Electric Vehicle (EV) excluding the charging station?
Approximately 420,000 HKD (70,000 SGD).
p.53
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the estimated cost of a diesel van?
Approximately 250,000 HKD (41,700 SGD).
p.90
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What type of equipment was targeted for modernization or replacement?
Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE).
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What pollutants are regulated in the North America ECA?
SOx, NOx, and PM, effective from August 2012.
p.39
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the significance of different power supply voltages for vessels?
They correspond to different configurations of the on-shore power system at the terminal.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is No. 4 fuel oil used for?
Commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with pre-heaters.
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What are the general sulphur content limits in other sea areas before January 2012?
Shall not exceed 4.5% m/m.
p.52
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How do Electric Vehicles (EV) impact operating costs in the long term?
They result in lower operating costs.
p.62
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How many PV panels are needed for the proposed project?
A total of 920 PV panels.
p.40
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is an On-shore Power System?
A system that allows vessels to shut down their engines while at berth and connect to shore power.
p.52
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a notable feature of Electric Vehicles (EV) regarding noise levels?
They have a lower operating noise level.
p.7
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
What might future ECAs aim to address?
Further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants.
p.90
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of the Diesel Emission Reduction Program at San Pedro Bay Ports?
To implement control measures for Cargo Handling Equipment (CHE).
p.43
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How does the productivity of the pantograph system compare to the conductor bar system?
It has similar productivity.
p.46
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is required to provide power to Electrified RTGs?
Power substations are needed to supply city power.
p.6
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
Which areas were extended under the ECA in the Caribbean Sea?
Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
p.18
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
During which phases of RTG operations is the most power needed?
During hoisting up and trolley move.
p.98
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is the maximum viscosity of IFO380?
380 Centistokes with less than 3.5% sulphur.
p.76
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
How many shipping lines participated in the Fair Winds Charter from 2011 to 2012?
15 shipping lines, 2 cruise lines, and 1 autoliner.
p.54
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a benefit of lower operating costs in greener prime movers?
It reduces overall expenses for terminal operations.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What does the conductor bar system with towed trolley refer to?
It is a type of electrified RTG system.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the distance requirement for vessels to use low-sulphur fuel?
From a distance of 20 or 40 nautical miles.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a semi-fixed vessel system?
An on-shore power system that is partially fixed and partially mobile.
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the sulphur content limit for fuel in ECA before July 2010?
Shall not exceed 1.5% m/m.
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the sulphur content limit in other sea areas after January 2020?
Shall not exceed 0.5% m/m.
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
How are petrol engines ignited?
Petrol engines are ignited by sparks from a spark plug.
p.101
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the significance of efficient RTG movement in terminal operations?
It enhances operational efficiency and reduces environmental impacts.
p.42
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of system is used for Electrified RTG in the Terminal Yard?
Overhead conductor line system with pantograph.
p.57
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What are the two distinct power sources in the hydraulic hybrid drive?
The primary diesel engine and the secondary hydraulic motor.
p.78
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the target reduction for SO2 and PM emissions in Hong Kong's regulation?
A target to reduce 60% of SO2 and PM.
p.78
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What alternative fuels are allowed under Hong Kong's Air Pollution Control regulation?
Low sulphur fuel, LNG, and other alternative fuels or equivalent emission abatement technologies.
p.42
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a benefit of using Electrified RTG in terminal operations?
High productivity due to less drive-in and drive-out operations.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What do all current MARPOL Annexes focus on?
The prevention of pollution by oil, sewage, air pollution, etc. from ships.
p.20
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
How loud is the noise from an RTG gantry move compared to other activities?
80 dB, similar to a vacuum cleaner.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What type of fuel was incentivized in the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
Low-sulphur marine fuel with 0.2% m/m sulphur or less.
p.13
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
How does the sulphur content in bunker fuel affect emissions?
Different sulphur contents provide different emission levels.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a cable reel system in the context of RTGs?
It is one of the major types of electrified RTG systems.
p.103
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
What was the 10-year high price for Brent crude oil and when did it occur?
127.9 USD per barrel on March 8, 2022.
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is a major advantage of diesel engines in terminal operations?
Diesel engines produce more torque at low speed, making them suitable for pulling heavy loads.
p.89
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the benefit of the Clean Trucks Program (CTP) in terms of air pollution?
Reduced air pollution by trucks by over 90% in 3 years.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a fixed-based system?
An on-shore power system that is permanently installed at a specific location.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a barge system in the context of on-shore power?
An on-shore power system that uses barges to supply power to vessels.
p.48
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the energy cost per TEU for Electrified RTG?
~4 HKD/TEU (a reduction of 65%).
p.61
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
How much less is the total ownership cost of the greener prime mover compared to the diesel alternative?
Approximately 400,000 USD.
p.33
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What type of system is described as a Semi-fixed vessel system?
A system where cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers are installed in a movable container onboard.
p.33
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What components are installed in the movable container for the Semi-fixed vessel system?
Cables, terminal connection panels, and transformers for low voltage vessels.
p.73
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What additional concession can OGVs receive during their port stay?
An additional 10% concession by utilizing services from low/zero carbon fuelled harbour craft.
p.76
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
Until when was the incentive scheme for cleaner fuel extended?
Until midnight on March 31, 2018.
p.98
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is IFO?
Intermediate Fuel Oil, a blend of gas oil and heavy fuel oil.
p.88
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What does IFO380 stand for?
Intermediate Fuel Oil with a viscosity of 380 centistokes.
p.49
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What was the highest crude oil price recorded between 2000 and 2010?
146 USD per barrel (July 2008).
p.88
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the significance of the <0.2% m/m MGO fuel?
It refers to marine gas oil with a sulfur content of less than 0.2%, which is more environmentally friendly.
p.103
Future Trends in Sustainable Shipping Practices
What was the 10-year high price for WTI crude oil and when did it occur?
120.3 USD per barrel on June 6, 2022.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the impact on SOx emissions due to the program?
A major reduction of approximately 4%.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the impact on NOx emissions due to the program?
A major reduction of approximately 52%.
p.49
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What was the highest electricity price in HKD per kWh during the same period?
0.85 HKD (February 2009).
p.53
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the energy cost per kilometer for the diesel van?
Approximately 0.225 SGD/km.
p.49
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the projected electricity price in SGD per kWh for July to September 2023?
0.2996 SGD, approximately 1.76 HKD.
p.51
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the charging time for a quick charge (500V) for an EV?
About 30 minutes to reach 80% capacity.
p.73
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What concessions are offered to OGVs using low/zero carbon fuel at the Port of Singapore?
Concession in port dues and additional concessions for using low/zero carbon fuelled harbour craft.
p.42
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is a key requirement for the infrastructure of Electrified RTG?
Intense requirement on infrastructure.
p.60
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
How much more torque does the Greener Prime Mover provide compared to conventional diesel power?
Over 2.4 times more torque.
p.74
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the purpose of the Green Energy & Technology Program in Singapore?
To encourage Singapore-based maritime companies to develop and conduct pilot trials for green technologies that help vessels meet the Maritime Singapore Decarbonisation Blueprint targets for 2050.
p.40
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the engine shutdown requirement by January 1, 2017?
Increases to 70% of vessel operator’s fleet visits must shut down engines.
p.88
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the cost differential between IFO380 and <0.2% m/m MGO fuel?
Ranged from approximately 80 USD per ton to 600 USD per ton, with an average of 260 USD per ton.
p.74
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What are some criteria for projects to qualify for the Green Energy & Technology Program?
Projects must demonstrate verifiable emissions reduction results, not be commonly deployed, be type approved, and have system integration design and retrofitting or installation done in Singapore.
p.98
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What is HFO?
Heavy Fuel Oil, nearly pure residual oil, classified as No.6 fuel oil.
p.13
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the emission reduction of SO2 when using 0.1% sulphur content fuel?
SO2 emission level is reduced by 62%.
p.49
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What was the lowest crude oil price recorded between 2000 and 2010?
19.4 USD per barrel (December 2001).
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the purpose of Annex IV of MARPOL?
Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does Annex V of MARPOL focus on?
Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships.
p.53
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the energy cost per kilometer for the EV?
Approximately 0.035 SGD/km.
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the fuel efficiency comparison between diesel and petrol engines?
Diesel engines have higher fuel efficiency compared to petrol engines.
p.85
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the Green Ship Incentive Program?
A voluntary clean air initiative targeting the reduction of NOx emissions.
p.6
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What regions are covered by the ECA in North America?
North America and the US Caribbean Sea.
p.86
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the Green Flag Incentive Program?
A voluntary vessel speed reduction program that rewards vessels for slowing down to 12 knots or less within 40 nautical miles.
p.76
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What type of fuel qualifies for the 50% reduction in port dues in Hong Kong?
Bunker fuel with sulphur content less than 0.5% m/m.
p.99
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the significance of the sulphur content in fuel oils?
It is regulated to reduce air pollution from shipping activities.
p.80
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What are the regions where ECAs have been implemented alongside the Pearl River Delta?
Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Bohai Sea region.
p.85
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the expected reduction in smog-forming NOx emissions from the initiative?
Approximately 2,700 tons per year.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
How does viscosity change with fuel oil number?
Viscosity increases with fuel oil number.
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is regulated in the Baltic Sea ECA?
SOx and PM, effective from May 2006.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is No. 1 fuel oil used for?
Volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
Why did the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program cease?
When CARB implemented a similar regulation.
p.20
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is a significant nuisance during RTG operations?
Noise during gantry movement.
p.54
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What types of batteries can be used in the battery pack for greener prime movers?
Lead acid battery or lithium-ion battery.
p.73
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the requirement for OGVs to receive a concession in port dues?
They must use low/zero carbon fuel or exceed IMO’s Phase 3 EEDI requirements by 10% or more.
p.42
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is necessary for wider back-to-back clearance in terminal operations?
Wider back-to-back clearance required.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
Is there an international convention specifically for controlling pollution from terminal operations?
No, currently there is no international convention dedicated to this.
p.86
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What reward do vessels receive for participating in the Green Flag Incentive Program?
A dockage rate reduction of 25%.
p.107
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
How far does a vessel traveling at 1 knot move in one hour?
It travels one minute of geographic latitude.
p.90
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the reduction in PM emissions in 2005 compared to 2002?
70 tons, representing a 50% reduction.
p.74
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the focus of the Maritime Singapore Decarbonisation Blueprint?
Working towards 2050 targets for reducing emissions in the maritime sector.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does Annex III of MARPOL address?
Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the function of the conductor bar with automatic electricity connection system?
It is another type of electrified RTG system.
p.39
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is the role of the Main Substation in terminal operations?
To distribute electrical power to various quayside substations and onboard installations.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is the purpose of No. 3 fuel oil?
Distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is regulated by Annex VI of MARPOL?
Prevention of air pollution from ships.
p.58
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What pollutants are reduced by using hydraulic hybrid drives?
Nitrogen oxides (N2) and particulate matter (PM), e.g., PM 10.
p.46
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What advantage do Electrified RTGs offer in terms of productivity?
They allow for automatic plugging and unplugging, enhancing productivity.
p.41
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the benefit of converting traditional diesel fueled RTG to electrified RTG?
It can hugely reduce scope 1 GHG emissions.
p.88
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
A program aimed at incentivizing the use of low-sulfur fuels in vessels.
p.107
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is a knot in terms of speed?
A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, or 1,852 meters per hour.
p.76
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the Fair Winds Charter?
A pledge by shipping lines to switch to fuel containing 0.5% m/m sulphur content or less while at berth.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is an on-shore power system?
A system that provides electrical power to vessels while they are docked.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What are the 5 major types of on-shore power systems?
1. Full vessel integrated system 2. Semi-fixed vessel system 3. Mobile-based system 4. Fixed-based system 5. Barge system
p.107
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the design speed of a mega vessel?
<50 km/h (approximately 24-26 knots).
p.48
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What is the primary benefit of using Electrified RTG in terminal operations?
Energy saving and carbon reduction.
p.107
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the maximum speed of SMRT?
~80 km/h (average 45 km/h).
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
How does the power delivery of petrol engines compare to diesel engines?
Petrol engines turn faster over time, thus delivering much more power over time.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What is No. 2 fuel oil commonly used for?
Distillate home heating oil, similar to diesel fuel for trucks and cars.
p.49
Environmental Impacts of Terminal Operations
What is the projected electricity price in SGD per kWh for July to September 2024?
0.2988 SGD, approximately 1.76 HKD.
p.102
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the ignition method for diesel engines?
Diesel engines are stronger due to higher pressure during startup.
p.60
Electrification and Green Technologies in Terminals
What type of drive does the Greener Prime Mover use?
Hydrogen/electric hybrid fuel cell drive.
p.78
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What milestone did Hong Kong achieve regarding emissions regulation?
It became the first city in Asia to regulate emissions through marine fuel used by OGVs.
p.98
Emission Control Areas (ECA)
What does MDO stand for?
Marine Diesel Oil, a blend of heavy gas oil with low viscosity.
p.18
Container Terminal Operations and Equipment
What is the typical duty cycle of Rubber-Tyred Gantry (RTG) operations?
It includes hoisting up, trolley move, hoisting down, gantry move.
p.87
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the duration of the Vessel Main Engine Fuel Incentive Program?
From July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2009.
p.63
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What is the total cost of the solar panel installation?
Approximately 13.5 million HKD (2.25 million SGD).
p.39
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is an On-shore Power System?
A system that provides electrical power to vessels while they are docked at terminals.
p.3
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What does Annex I of MARPOL regulate?
Prevention of pollution by oil.
p.85
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What pollutants are targeted for reduction in the Green Ship Incentive Program?
NOx and PM (particulate matter).
p.89
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
What was the age limit for trucks banned from entering the port in 2010?
Trucks with 1993 or older engines.
p.86
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
How much was awarded in dockage rate reductions in 2011?
Approximately $4 million.
p.30
On-shore Power Systems and Alternatives
What is a mobile-based system in on-shore power?
An on-shore power system that can be moved to different locations as needed.
p.102
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
Which type of engine produces more CO2 emissions per gallon of fuel combustion?
Diesel engines produce more CO2 emissions per gallon of fuel combustion.
p.4
International Regulations and MARPOL Annexes
What is the sulphur content limit for fuel in ECA after January 2015?
Shall not exceed 0.1% m/m.
p.97
Air Pollution from Shipping Activities
What are the characteristics of No. 6 fuel oil?
It is high viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104-127 °C and may contain undesirable impurities.
p.63
Regional Environmental Initiatives and Programs
How many trees is the CO2 reduction equivalent to?
Approximately 8,700 trees.
