p.1
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What is the focus of cognitive psychology?
The study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
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Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
How does cognitive psychology differ from behaviorism?
Cognitive psychology emphasizes internal mental processes, while behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What are some key areas of research in cognitive psychology?
Memory, attention, language, perception, and decision-making.
p.1
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What methods are commonly used in cognitive psychology research?
Experiments, case studies, and neuroimaging techniques.
p.1
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What role does cognitive psychology play in understanding human behavior?
It provides insights into how people think, learn, and remember, influencing various fields like education and therapy.
p.7
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What does cognitive psychology refer to?
All processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
p.13
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What was Donders's main interest in his pioneering experiment?
Determining how long it takes for a person to make a decision.
p.3
Definition of Cognition
What is cognition?
Cognition involves many mental skills and is how people think.
p.11
History of Cognitive Psychology
What was a common focus of early writings in cognitive psychology?
The seat of thoughts and memory.
p.12
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What was the dominant belief about studying the mind in the 1800s?
It was believed that it is not possible to study the mind because it cannot be measured.
p.29
Brain Structure and Function
What are the two main structures of the brain?
The right hemisphere and the left hemisphere.
p.28
Brain Structure and Function
What is myelination?
The process of forming a myelin sheath around the axon.
p.18
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
Why did Ebbinghaus relearn the list faster than the first time?
Because he had retained something from his original learning.
p.23
Information-Processing Model
What does the information-processing approach in psychology aim to identify?
What occurs during various stages of processing information.
p.14
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
How much longer did the choice reaction time take compared to the simple reaction time?
One-tenth of a second longer.
p.27
Brain Structure and Function
What are the three main components of a neuron?
Axon, dendrite, and cell body.
p.35
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What type of images does MRI provide?
Still images of brain structure.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology Overview
Which professionals benefit from studying cognitive psychology?
Teachers, educators, and curriculum designers.
p.26
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What techniques are commonly used in cognitive neuroscience?
Techniques such as fMRI, EEG, and PET scans.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What role does the corpus callosum play in the brain?
Relays information between the two cerebral hemispheres.
p.3
Definition of Cognition
What are the key components of cognition?
Many mental skills and processes related to thinking.
p.23
Information-Processing Model
What is the focus of the information-processing approach?
The processing of information in the mind.
p.28
Brain Structure and Function
What is the myelin sheath?
A layer of fat cells that covers and insulates the axon.
p.41
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
How is TMS applied to the brain?
By placing a coil of wire near the head to generate magnetic field impulses directed at specific brain locations.
p.30
Brain Structure and Function
What functions does the human cortex involve?
Perception, speech, complex actions, thinking, language processing and production.
p.37
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What do the color-coded slices in a PET scan represent?
Active parts of the brain are shown in red, while less active parts are shown in blue.
p.37
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What conditions can a PET scan help evaluate?
Seizures, Alzheimer's, and tumors.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
p.6
Definition of Cognition
What is Cognitive Psychology?
The study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information.
p.41
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What is the purpose of using EEG/MEG in brain studies?
To evaluate the effects of changes in brain electrical activity on perceiving and thinking.
p.24
Information-Processing Model
How does the Information-Processing Model relate to cognitive psychology?
It provides a framework for understanding mental processes and behaviors.
p.26
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
How does cognitive psychology relate to neuroscience?
Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processes, while neuroscience examines the biological underpinnings of these processes.
p.9
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
What is a key characteristic of behaviorism?
It focuses only on observable behaviors.
p.41
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What is tracked alongside the position of the coil during TMS?
The output of the EEG/MEG.
p.30
Brain Structure and Function
What are the four sections of the human cortex?
Frontal lobes, Temporal lobes, Parietal lobes, and Occipital lobes.
p.42
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What does Micro CT Sarvarubini scan allow for?
3D imaging of small structures.
p.22
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
What does the Stimulus-Response (S-R) approach emphasize?
The association between a stimulus and a response, without identifying the mental operations that produced the response.
p.23
Information-Processing Model
Which stages are involved in the information-processing approach?
Attention, perception, and short-term memory.
p.24
Information-Processing Model
What are the main stages of the Information-Processing Model?
Input, processing, storage, and output.
p.41
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What can be generated by measuring responses to TMS stimulations?
Functional maps of the brain.
p.34
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
How does EEG measure brain activity?
By using electrodes placed on the scalp to detect electrical signals.
p.4
Definition of Cognition
How does reading relate to cognition?
Reading involves the perception of information, which is a key aspect of cognition.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Relays nerve impulses between the brain and body and controls simple reflexes.
p.14
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What did Donders reason about the difference in reaction time?
It indicates how long it took to make the decision that led to pushing the correct button.
p.28
Brain Structure and Function
What does the axon do?
Carries information away from the cell body to other cells.
p.18
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What did Ebbinghaus determine in his experiments?
How long it took to learn a list for the first time.
p.40
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What are some uses of fMRI?
Assessing brain activity, finding brain abnormalities, and creating pre-surgical brain maps.
p.16
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What were participants asked to describe in the metronome experiment?
The subsequent sensations they experienced.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What fields might engineers and scientists apply cognitive psychology to?
Engineering and scientific research.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology Overview
How can artists and designers utilize cognitive psychology?
In their creative processes and design principles.
p.10
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What role does cognitive psychology play for architects?
It helps in understanding how people interact with spaces.
p.31
Brain Structure and Function
What functions do the parietal lobes serve?
Integrating sensory information from various senses, manipulation of objects, and visual spatial processing.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What does the pons do?
Relays information between the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
p.25
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What does the Nativist perspective propose about knowledge?
Knowledge is based on innate characteristics of the brain.
p.3
Definition of Cognition
What do mental processes in cognition support?
The acquisition and use of knowledge.
p.24
Information-Processing Model
What does the Information-Processing Model describe?
It describes how humans process information, similar to a computer.
p.36
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What technology is used to generate a 3D image from 2D X-ray images?
Computed Axial Tomography (CT Scan).
p.26
Cognitive Neuroscience
What are the main areas of study in cognitive neuroscience?
The interaction between cognitive functions and neural mechanisms.
p.2
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What is cognitive psychology?
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.
p.17
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
Why did Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables?
To prevent his memory from being influenced by the meaning of words.
p.34
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What can EEG trace on graph paper?
The duration of brain waves or event-related potentials (ERP).
p.34
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What issues can EEG help detect?
Anxiety, head injury, epilepsy, and sleep disruption.
p.15
Cognitive Psychology Overview
Why is introspection considered a scientific method?
Because it utilizes standardized instructions in a controlled environment.
p.22
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
What approach does Watson's 'Behaviorism' support?
Stimulus-Response (S-R) Approach.
p.28
Brain Structure and Function
What is the function of a dendrite?
It is the receiving part of a neuron.
p.13
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
How did Donders measure decision-making time?
By measuring reaction time in response to a stimulus.
p.13
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What is simple reaction time?
The time taken to push a button as fast as possible when a light goes on.
p.37
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What does a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan use as a tracer?
A radioactive tracer that attaches to glucose in the bloodstream.
p.2
Definition of Cognition
What is cognition?
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
p.16
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What emotions did participants generally report in the study?
Pleasure and pain, strain and relaxation, excitation and no reaction.
p.34
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What do the electrodes in EEG pick up?
Electrical signals that are sent to a detecting instrument.
p.22
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
What is the main idea presented in Watson's book 'Behaviorism' (1934)?
Psychologists should only study what they could directly observe in a person's behavior.
p.20
Key Figures in Cognitive Psychology
What is the title of William James's significant textbook?
Principles of Psychology.
p.27
Brain Structure and Function
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.20
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What range of cognitive topics did William James consider?
Thinking, consciousness, attention, memory, perception, imagination, and reasoning.
p.26
Cognitive Neuroscience
What is cognitive neuroscience?
A field that studies the relationship between cognitive processes and brain function.
p.34
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What is the primary tool used by neuroscientists to measure brain activity?
Electroencephalography (EEG).
p.35
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What position must a patient be in during an MRI scan?
The patient must lie on a flat bed that's moved into the scanner.
p.4
Definition of Cognition
What is cognition?
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in perception, understanding, thinking, and problem-solving.
p.4
Definition of Cognition
What are the key components of cognition?
Perception of information, understanding, thoughts, and formulation and production of answers.
p.2
Cognitive Neuroscience
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes, integrating psychology and neuroscience.
p.7
Definition of Cognition
What is cognition involved in?
Everything a human being might possibly do.
p.42
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What is the primary function of a Micro CT scan?
To provide detailed 3D images of small anatomical structures.
p.40
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What does functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detect?
Changes in blood flow and oxygen levels resulting from brain activity.
p.14
Cognitive Psychology Overview
Did Donders measure mental responses directly?
No, he inferred how long they took from the reaction times.
p.9
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
How does cognitive psychology differ from psychoanalysis?
Cognitive psychology uses scientific research methods, while psychoanalysis relies on subjective perceptions.
p.13
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
How did Donders measure choice reaction time?
By using two lights and asking participants to push the corresponding button for each light.
p.24
Information-Processing Model
What is the significance of feedback in the Information-Processing Model?
Feedback helps refine and improve the processing of information.
p.26
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
Understanding mental processes such as perception, memory, and decision-making.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What functions does the hypothalamus regulate?
Temperature, eating, sleeping, and the endocrine system.
p.2
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What are some early works in cognitive psychology?
Early works include studies on memory, perception, and problem-solving, often using experimental methods.
p.4
Definition of Cognition
What role does understanding play in cognition?
Understanding is crucial for comprehending information and forming thoughts.
p.42
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What types of structures can be imaged using Micro CT Sarvarubini?
Tiny structures in the inner ears and human molar teeth.
p.41
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What does TMS stand for?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
p.14
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What principle holds for all research in cognitive psychology?
Mental responses cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from observing behavior.
p.12
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What is the significance of Donders' experiment?
It is considered one of the first experiments in cognitive psychology.
p.35
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
Can MRI be used to examine any part of the body?
Yes, it can be used to examine almost any part of the body.
p.36
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What do the sensitive detectors in a CT scan do?
Record beams from the X-ray source to create numerous pictures of the same organ.
p.36
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What type of internal images does a CT scan produce?
Internal cross sections (slices) of the body part.
p.11
History of Cognitive Psychology
What is the title of William James's influential work in cognitive psychology?
Principle of Psychology (1890).
p.20
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What method did William James use for his observations?
He based them on observations about the operation of his own mind.
p.35
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
p.18
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What did Ebbinghaus do after learning a list?
He waited for a specific amount of time (the delay) and then determined how long it took to relearn the list.
p.37
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
Why does the tracer accumulate in certain areas of the brain?
Because the brain uses glucose as its primary fuel source, accumulating in areas of higher activity.
p.9
Cognitive Psychology vs. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
What research methods does cognitive psychology employ?
Scientific research methods.
p.36
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What is the primary purpose of a CT scan?
To visualize the internals of an object (bones, muscle, organ, blood vessel) in 3D.
p.4
Definition of Cognition
How is problem-solving connected to cognition?
Problem-solving involves the formulation and production of answers, which is a cognitive process.
p.15
Cognitive Psychology Overview
What does structuralism study?
How our minds make meaning through small step-by-step cognitive processes.
p.40
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
How does fMRI create images of the brain?
By using the magnetic field of the scanner to affect the magnetic nuclei of hydrogen atoms.
p.17
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What was Ebbinghaus interested in studying?
Memory and forgetting, specifically how rapidly information is lost over time.
p.24
Information-Processing Model
What role does memory play in the Information-Processing Model?
Memory is crucial for storing and retrieving information during processing.
p.31
Brain Structure and Function
What functions are the frontal lobes responsible for?
Impulse control, judgment, problem solving, controlling and executing behavior, and complex organization.
p.31
Brain Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the temporal lobes?
Processing auditory signals, hearing, high-level auditory processing (speech), and face recognition.
p.2
Information-Processing Model
What is the Information-Processing Model?
The Information-Processing Model is a framework that compares the human mind to a computer, emphasizing how information is processed, stored, and retrieved.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What is the role of the midbrain?
Carries messages about sleep and arousal through the reticular activating system.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
Controls thinking, sensing functions, and voluntary movement.
p.2
History of Cognitive Psychology
What is the history of cognitive psychology?
Cognitive psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to behaviorism, focusing on internal mental processes.
p.16
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What were the testing conditions for participants in the metronome experiment?
Participants were given the same instructions and tested in the same conditions.
p.17
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What was the constant factor in Ebbinghaus's repetition of syllables?
The rate at which he repeated them.
p.35
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
How is the patient positioned when entering the MRI scanner?
Depending on the part being scanned, either head first or feet first.
p.36
Neuroscientific Methods and Tools
What medical conditions can a CT scan detect?
Tumors, fractures, heart disease, blood clots, brain injury, internal bleeding, etc.
p.15
Early Experiments in Cognitive Psychology
What is analytic introspection?
A technique where trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli.
p.31
Brain Structure and Function
What role do the occipital lobes play in the brain?
Visual processing, receiving information from the retina, processing it, and passing it on to relevant areas.
p.33
Brain Structure and Function
What does the cerebellum coordinate?
Fine muscle movement and balance.
