p.4
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What do the sensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium detect?
Odor molecules in the air.
p.12
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
What surrounds the alveoli to allow the lungs to stretch during inspiration?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To create air turbulence, increasing contact time between air and mucous membrane for warming and humidifying the air.
p.4
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What can cause anosmia?
Genetic causes, inflammatory disorders, trauma, etc.
p.11
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the main difference between bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi have cartilage to maintain patency, while bronchioles do not and rely on smooth muscle.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What is the location of the apex of the lung?
Superior to the medial third of the clavicle, about 1 inch above it.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What condition can cause hoarseness or loss of voice?
Inflammation due to laryngitis.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What is the rima glottidis?
The opening between the vocal cords.
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?
The nasal septum, composed of bones and cartilage.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled cavities within skull bones, lined by respiratory epithelium.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What are the two types of fissures in the right lung?
Horizontal fissure and oblique fissure.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What is cricothyroidotomy?
An emergency airway management technique to provide oxygenation.
p.16
Bronchial Tree Structure
What are the upper zones of the lungs?
Right Upper Zone and Left Upper Zone.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What condition can bacterial infection cause in relation to the larynx?
Epiglottitis, which is life-threatening.
p.12
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
What structures facilitate gas exchange in the lungs?
Pulmonary capillaries wrapping around alveoli.
p.12
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
What is the role of elastic fibers in the lungs?
To allow the lungs to recoil during expiration.
p.1
Organization of the Respiratory System
What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What are the anterior and posterior openings of the nasal cavity called?
Anterior naris (nostril) and posterior naris (choana).
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
In what way does the larynx assist with abdominal pressure?
It helps increase pressure in the abdominal cavity.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What is the hilum of the lung?
It is where the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter and exit the lung.
p.11
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the order of branching in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles → Alveolar ducts → Alveolar sacs → Alveoli.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior).
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What structures form the floor of the nasal cavity?
The hard palate and soft palate.
p.11
Bronchial Tree Structure
What happens to the epithelial cells along the respiratory tract?
There is a gradual change in epithelial cells and wall structures.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What is the lingula?
A tongue-like structure in the superior lobe of the left lung.
p.11
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
What is the function of surfactant in the alveolus?
To prevent the collapse of the alveolus.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What happens to mucus production in response to allergens or pathogens?
There is a rapid increase in mucus production, leading to a running nose.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What separates the lobes of the right lung?
Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What are the pulmonary arteries responsible for?
Carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
What type of structure is the pharynx?
An incomplete muscular tube.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
Why are foreign particles more likely to lodge in the right main bronchus?
Because the right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food and drink into the trachea.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What is the primary function of the larynx?
To serve as a passageway for air to flow from the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What are the two types of pleura that cover the lungs?
Visceral pleura (covers outer lung surfaces) and parietal pleura (covers internal thoracic wall).
p.1
Organization of the Respiratory System
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
Nostrils to terminal bronchioles.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
Where is the parietal pleura continuous with the visceral pleura?
At the hilum of each lung.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What is pleuritis and its consequence?
Pleuritis causes excess fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity (pleural effusion).
p.1
Organization of the Respiratory System
List the structures in the conducting zone.
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What determines the range of sound produced by vocal cords?
The length and thickness of the vocal cords.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of stem cells in the respiratory epithelium?
They differentiate into ciliated and goblet cells in response to injury and repair.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, epiglottis, and cricoid.
Where is the sphenoidal sinus located?
Inside the sphenoid bone behind the upper part of the nasal cavity.
p.1
Organization of the Respiratory System
What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.
p.17
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
What are the primary respiratory muscles for normal quiet breathing?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
p.17
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
Which muscles are considered accessory muscles for forced inspiration?
Scalenes and sternocleidomastoid.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What is thoracentesis?
A puncture into the costodiaphragmatic recess to remove excessive fluid.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What is contained in the loose connective tissue underlying the respiratory epithelium?
An extensive vascular network.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What are the three types of bronchi?
Main (primary), Lobar (secondary), Segmental (tertiary) bronchi.
p.16
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the carina?
The ridge at the base of the trachea where it divides into the right and left bronchi.
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What is a common issue related to the nasal septum?
Deviation of the septum, which can cause nasal congestion.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What role does the larynx play in speech?
It produces sound for speech.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What causes the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) to enlarge in males?
Testosterone-induced growth during puberty.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What reflexes does the larynx participate in?
Both sneeze and cough reflexes.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What type of structure is the larynx?
A muscular cartilaginous structure made of cartilage, muscles, membranes, and ligaments.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What are the true vocal cords?
Paired avascular structures that produce sound when air passes between them.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What constitutes the root of the lung?
The bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels at the hilum.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What affects the pitch of the voice?
The amount of tension/tautness on the vocal cords.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Posterior to the nasal cavity, between the skull base and soft palate.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
What structures are found in the nasopharynx?
Opening of Eustachian tube and pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid).
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the pharynx?
To serve as a passageway for air and food.
p.3
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
What are the two main regions of the nasal cavity?
The respiratory region and the olfactory region.
p.4
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Region
How is smell information transmitted to the brain?
Through the olfactory nerves.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
How does the larynx prevent ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract?
By acting as a barrier during swallowing.
p.16
Bronchial Tree Structure
What are the mid zones of the lungs?
Right Mid Zone and Left Mid Zone.
What are the general functions of the paranasal sinuses?
To lighten the weight of the skull, increase the surface area of the mucosal membrane, and serve as resonating chambers for sound.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What type of cells line the respiratory tract?
Ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and stem cells.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?
They secrete mucus to moisten and trap foreign particles.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What is the function of pleural fluid?
Acts as a lubricant to reduce friction during breathing.
p.17
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
What is the function of internal intercostals?
Depress the ribs when contracted.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What maintains the patency of the trachea?
Incomplete C-shaped cartilage.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
Why is the posterior wall of the trachea muscular?
To allow flexibility and expansion during breathing.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes (superior and inferior).
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What are the components of the vocal fold?
Vocal ligament + mucous membrane.
p.13
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What is the cardiac notch?
A depression on the anterior edge of the left lung.
p.11
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
What condition can result from damage to the alveolar wall?
Emphysema, which causes shortness of breath.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
Why do female vocal cords generally produce a higher pitch?
Because they are shorter and more taut.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What are the structural differences between the right and left main bronchus?
The right main bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
What structures are found in the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsil and lingual tonsil.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
Where is the laryngopharynx located?
Posterior to the larynx, between the hyoid bone and base of cricoid cartilage.
p.8
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What are the three paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate.
Which is the largest paranasal sinus?
Maxillary sinus, located inside the maxilla below the orbital cavity.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What happens if one lung collapses?
The other lung is not affected because each lung is enclosed in a separate visceral pleura.
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the sinus due to accumulation of mucus, resulting from blocking the opening of the sinus or excessive mucus production.
What causes rhinorrhea?
Increased mucus production due to exposure to a cold virus or allergy.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What is the pleural cavity?
A narrow space between the visceral and parietal pleurae, filled with pleural fluid.
p.1
Organization of the Respiratory System
List the structures in the respiratory zone.
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What are the lobes of the right lung?
Superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe.
p.6
Pharynx Structure and Function
Where is the oropharynx located?
Posterior to the oral cavity, between the soft palate and hyoid bone.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What structures are held together by pleura at the hilum?
Bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
p.17
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What determines the loudness of the voice?
The force of air passing across the vocal cords.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What are pulmonary veins responsible for?
Carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the function of the carina in the trachea?
It is sensitive to irritants and triggers the cough reflex.
p.11
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
Why does the epithelium become thinner in the respiratory zone?
To facilitate gas diffusion.
p.7
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
What is the anatomical position of the larynx in relation to the laryngopharynx?
It lies anterior to the laryngopharynx.
p.15
Pleural Membrane and Cavity
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The lowest extent of the pleural cavity where the lung does not extend into except during forced inspiration.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What does the respiratory epithelium do for inhaled air?
Filters, warms, and humidifies it.
p.2
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
What is the significance of cilia in the respiratory tract?
They help clear the air passageway by moving mucus with trapped particles.
p.9
Larynx Anatomy and Functions
How is the rima glottidis controlled?
By the rotational movement of arytenoid cartilage.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What are the lobes of the left lung?
Superior lobe and inferior lobe.
p.17
Muscles of inspiration and expiration
What is the function of external intercostals?
Elevate the ribs when contracted.
p.14
Lung Anatomy and Pleural Membranes
What is the cardiac impression?
An indentation on the left lung where the heart rests.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the anatomical position of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.
p.10
Bronchial Tree Structure
What is the sequence of the bronchial tree branching?
Main bronchi → Lobar bronchi → Segmental bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles.
