Blood is returned through the inferior vena cava via the femoral vein.
Rising back pressure from any one of the four chambers failing.
A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure to examine the pleural cavity with a thoracoscope.
Indications include repair of lacerations of the thoracic and abdominal walls, relief of pain in rib fractures, and to allow pain-free respiratory movements.
Dizziness, fainting, tiredness, and shortness of breath.
Engorgement of veins in the upper half of the body.
Sitting up, leaning forwards and fixing the arms.
In old age.
It can occur even after a minor strain.
Coarctation or narrowing of the aorta, leading to enlarged posterior intercostal arteries.
The superior vena cava itself.
The subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve (lower trunk of brachial plexus, C8 & T1).
Ischemic muscle pain in the upper limb.
To gain access for coronary artery bypass grafting and removal of tumors from lungs.
Paradoxical respiration occurs when the diaphragm moves upward instead of downward during inhalation, often due to injury of the phrenic nerve, leading to incomplete lung expansion.
An intercostal nerve block is a procedure that involves injecting an anesthetic around the intercostal nerve to provide anesthesia for thoracic and abdominal wall procedures.
A perforation caused by incomplete fusion of sternal halves.
A birth defect of the heart characterized by a hole in the atrial septum, causing hypertrophy of the right atrium, ventricle, and pulmonary arteries.
Cervical rib and variations in the insertion of the scalenus anterior and middle.
Increased venous pressure, edema on feet, and breathlessness on exertion.
A cardiac arrhythmia causing an irregular and often fast heart rate due to rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the atrial or ventricular muscle.
The spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes.
Spasmodic involuntary sharp contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by closed glottis.
Eating or drinking, due to gastric irritation of the vagus nerve endings.
On the back.
Dysphagia.
By sectioning the phrenic nerve.
Dysphagia.
A localized narrowing of the aorta opposite to or just beyond the attachment of the ductus arteriosus.
Sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing.
Pneumothorax and lung or spleen injury.
Blood cannot return effectively, leading to complications.
Thoracic outlet syndrome.
Cor pulmonale.
5th to 7th intercostal spaces.
It can lead to various clinical symptoms due to impaired venous return.
Cardiac pain is ischemic pain caused by incomplete obstruction of a coronary artery.
1. Gastric irritation 2. Phrenic nerve irritation 3. Uraemia 4. Peritonitis.
Just anterior to the angle of the ribs.
Tapping on fingers pressed firmly on the thoracic wall to detect sounds indicating whether underlying fissures are air-filled, fluid-filled, or solid.
Right bronchus: 25 degrees; Left bronchus: 45 degrees.
Sensory loss across the medial border of the forearm and wasting of intrinsic muscles of the hand.
A rare condition where babies are born with their hearts partially or fully outside their chests.
It may exert pressure on the trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing dyspnea, dysphagia, and dysphonia.
A surgical procedure that connects a section of vessel between the aorta and a coronary artery distal to an obstruction.
An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column.
It can also lead to clinical symptoms due to impaired venous return.
The second largest vein in the body.
Mainly thoracic respiration due to limited descent of the diaphragm.
Presence of air in the pleural cavity.
A superficial vein connecting the lateral thoracic vein with the superficial epigastric vein.
A long-term inflammation of the bronchi, common among smokers, leading to excessive mucus production and breathing difficulties.
Heart, large blood vessels, windpipe (trachea), food tube (esophagus), thymus gland, lymph nodes, and connective tissue.
A surgical creation of an opening in the thoracic cavity to enter the pleural cavity.
Infections can spread down into the superior mediastinum through the prevertebral and pretracheal fasciae.
Blood clot in the lung, pulmonary aspiration, lung cancer, excessive coughing, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and pulmonary embolism.
Inspiration (active phase of 1 second) and expiration (passive phase of 3 seconds).
Aspiration of any fluid from the pleural cavity.
The annulus fibrosus may rupture, leading to the prolapse of the nucleus pulposus.
A birth defect where there is a hole in the ventricular septum, occurring due to separate development of the membranous and muscular parts.
The brachial plexus and subclavian vessels.
Venous blood from the upper half of the body returns through the azygos vein, causing superficial veins to dilate on the chest.
An extra rib that forms above the first rib, growing from the base of the neck just above the collarbone.
Neck pain, numbness in the arm, and other symptoms.
Palpitations, shortness of breath, angina, fatigue, congestive heart failure, and sudden cardiac death.
A condition where damage to one of the bundle branches results in asynchronous contraction of the ventricles.
All large veins are on the right side and the arteries on the left side.
Hemorrhage, malignant lymphoma, and heart hypertrophy due to heart failure.
It is almost circular in cross-section, limiting anteroposterior or side-to-side expansion, and they primarily use abdominal respiration.
Over the right half of the lower end of the body of the sternum.
Cervical pleura & apex, right part of infrasternal angle, right & left costovertebral angles.
Meninges and spinal cord may herniate out through the gap.
The apical segment of the lower lobe, where foreign bodies are likely to be lodged.
At the weakest point located at the angle of the rib.
It lies below and to the normally placed left nipple.
The diaphragm, resulting in a diaphragmatic hernia.
Elevated blood pressure in the radial artery and decreased pressure in the femoral artery.
Shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough.
A type of surgery to remove part of the pleura to prevent fluid collection.
Zero.
A projection of the arch of the aorta seen beyond the left margin of the mediastinal shadow in posteroanterior chest radiographs.
Emphysema, which decreases the total surface area of the lungs for gaseous exchange.
Incomplete fusion of the sternum, resulting in a complete sternal cleft.
The site of clot can be in the superior vena cava above or below the opening of the vena azygos.
Lying on the contralateral side with the upper limb abducted beside the patient's head.
Dyspnoea.
An abnormal humped back appearance of the vertebral column.
In the eighth intercostal space in the midaxillary line.
C-shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings.
Drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity.
1) Wound of parietal pleura from bullet. 2) Rupture of pulmonary lesion into pleural cavity. 3) Fractured ribs.
The superficial vein connecting the lateral thoracic vein with the superficial epigastric vein.
A condition where the heart is pointed toward the right side of the chest.
1. Cardiac disease 2. Pulmonary disease 3. Intestinal, gallbladder & musculoskeletal disorders.
Lymph from both lower limbs, abdominal cavity, left side of thorax, left upper limb, and left side of head and neck.
Agonizing pain in the precordial region and down the medial side of the left arm and forearm.
A positive diastolic pressure.
Swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the mediastinum, the chest area between the lungs.
An obstruction of the pulmonary artery by an embolus, often arising from deep veins of the lower limbs or pelvic veins, causing sudden dyspnea and chest pain.
Above the 4th rib on both sides.
A procedure for visualizing the interior of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.
A group of symptoms arising from compression of mediastinal structures by tumors.
Pressure over the trachea.
It is lowest when sitting, highest when lying supine, and midway when standing.
The chest wall of a child is highly elastic, making rib fractures rare, while adults may experience fractures from direct or indirect violence.
Transudate (clear watery fluid) and exudate (cloudy viscous fluid).
To play a key role in respiration.
11 on the back and 9 in front.
Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
It possesses hematopoietic marrow throughout life.
A short channel connecting the left pulmonary artery with the arch of the aorta during fetal life.
Presence of both fluid and air in the pleural cavity.
The formation of tubercles that can undergo caseous necrosis.
Costal and peripheral parts of diaphragmatic pleurae are innervated by intercostal nerves, causing referred pain along these nerves.
Difficulty during expiration and wheezing.
Paralysis of the left vocal cord, hoarseness, and mediastinal syndrome (dyspnoea, dysphagia, dysphonia).
It occurs in 0.5% of people.
It provides an alternative pathway for blood return when the superior vena cava is blocked.
Cardiac pain is referred to the medial side of the arm, forearm, upper part of the chest, and may also be felt in the right arm, jaw, epigastrium, or back due to shared sensory pathways in the spinal cord.
An inflammation of the lungs, usually of bacterial or viral origin, characterized by cough, fever, sputum production, chest pain, and dyspnea.
A condition where the electrical signal controlling the heartbeat is partially or completely blocked, causing a slow or skipped heartbeat.
A rare congenital spinal malformation where only one side of the vertebral body develops, leading to spinal deformation such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis.
The 7th to 10th ribs.
Complications may include pneumothorax and hemorrhage.
Bronchogenic carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and aneurysm or dilatation of the aorta.
It is a landmark for counting intercostal spaces for the position of heart, lungs, and liver.
Hoarseness of voice (dysphonia).
4 constrictions.
A technique that uses gravity to help clear secretions from the bronchial tree.
Intercostal neuralgia.
Where it is crossed by the aortic arch, 22.5 cm (9 inches) from the incisor teeth.
Both layers of the pleura come in contact during inspiration, causing friction.
It closes functionally within about a week and anatomically within about eight weeks.
Mesothelioma, a pleural mesothelial cancer.
Using a small stent or an inflated balloon through a catheter passed through the femoral artery into the coronary artery.
A condition where the lower end of the esophagus fails to dilate with the arrival of food due to neuromuscular incoordination.
Cardiac pain is referred to the medial side of the arm, forearm, upper chest, and sometimes the right arm, jaw, epigastrium, or back due to shared sensory pathways in the spinal cord.
Flail chest is a condition characterized by the loss of stability of the thoracic cage due to multiple rib fractures, allowing a segment of the thoracic wall to move freely and impair ventilation.
It results from incomplete closure of the oval foramen, leading to blueness of the skin in newborns (blue babies).
Between the 4th and 6th ribs on the right side.
The truncus arteriosus.
Pleurisy (also called pleuritis).
It leads to high-pressure aortic blood passing into the pulmonary artery, raising pressure in the pulmonary circulation.
Extensive collateral circulation between the branches of the subclavian arteries and those of the descending aorta.
Congestive heart failure or, less commonly, liver or kidney disease.
1) Injury to intercostal or internal thoracic vessel. 2) Lung laceration.
Precordium.
Rapid pulse or increased heart rate.
Dysphagia, dyspnea, cough, inspiratory chest pain, and paradoxic pulse.
Collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity that compresses the heart.
Coronary bypass is performed using either the great saphenous vein or internal thoracic artery as grafts.
Skin, subcutaneous tissue, serratus anterior and pectoral muscles, external intercostal muscle, anterior intercostal membrane, internal intercostal muscle, innermost intercostal muscle, endothoracic fascia, and parietal pleura.
The area where the trachea divides into two primary bronchi.
A birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, leaving a gap in the midline.
A condition resulting from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, common in premature infants.
Begins at the 6th cervical vertebra and ends at thoracic 4.
In the left fifth or sixth intercostal space or at the angle between the xiphoid process and left costal margin.
Paralysis of the diaphragm on that side.
At its beginning, 15 cm (5 inches) from the incisor teeth, crossed by the cricopharyngeus muscle.
Incomplete obstruction, usually due to spasm of the coronary artery.
Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity resulting from pleural effusion.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Where it pierces the diaphragm, 37.5 cm (15 inches) from the incisor teeth.
Pain that radiates along the distribution of the sciatic nerve due to pressure from a prolapsed nucleus pulposus.
A procedure used to open blocked coronary arteries caused by coronary artery disease, restoring blood flow without open-heart surgery.
A localized dilatation of the aorta that may press upon the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
1) Anterior IV branch of Left coronary artery (40-50%), 2) Right coronary artery (30-40%), 3) Circumflex branch of Left coronary artery (15-20%).
An improper separation of the trachea from the esophagus during development.
An abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural space.
Direct blows or crushing injuries.
At the apex beat, which is at the level of the fifth left intercostal space, 3.5 inches (9 cm) from the midline.
Chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, and fever.
Severe chest pain, prolonged pressure, congestive heart failure, and murmur of mitral regurgitation.
Over the medial end of the second right intercostal space.
Surgery, chest pressure, blocked airways, lung cancer, pneumonia, pleural effusions, and respiratory distress syndrome.
Comminuted fracture.
By putting appropriate tablets below the tongue.
A condition where the sternum protrudes more than usual, causing flattening of the chest wall.
Dilatations of communications between portal and systemic veins draining the lower end of the esophagus, often due to portal hypertension.
A condition where the ductus arteriosus remains patent after birth, potentially causing serious problems.
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus or congenital absence of nerve cells in the wall of the esophagus.
Because the diaphragm is lowest, requiring the least effort for inspiration.
The whole of the conducting system is usually supplied by the right coronary artery, except for a part of the left branch of the AV bundle supplied by the left coronary artery.
Presence of blood in the pleural cavity.
25 cm.
External, internal, and transversus.
Severe pain caused by irritation of the intercostal nerves, referred to the front of the chest or abdomen.
A surgical procedure that allows air to enter directly into the trachea.
By removing fluid through thoracentesis.
Ligamentum arteriosum.
Irregular pulse or irregular heart rate.
Radiographically by barium swallow, producing worm-like shadows.
Ribs 1-7 with costal cartilages.
Shift of the trachea to any side.
In about 10% of hearts, the circumflex artery provides the posterior interventricular branch instead of the right coronary artery, making those hearts left dominant; otherwise, they are right dominant.
The collapse of one or more areas in the lung.
In the upper part, between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles.
In the lower lumbar region and the lower cervical region (fifth to seventh cervical vertebrae).
Venous blood from the upper half of the body is returned through the azygos vein, causing dilation of superficial veins on the chest.
A condition where the breastbone is depressed or sunken into the chest, potentially interfering with heart and lung function.
Irritation of the mediastinal and central part of diaphragmatic pleurae, innervated by the phrenic nerve (C4).
Inflammation of the pericardium.
To the left side of the chest between the 3rd and 6th intercostal spaces and the medial side of the left upper limb.
Absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body.
Because it is wider and more vertical than the left bronchus.
Necrosis of the myocardium due to local ischemia from vasospasm or obstruction of blood supply, often caused by a thrombus or embolus.
Rib notching caused by enlarged anterior and posterior intercostal arteries.
Inflammation, pneumonia, lung cancer, tuberculosis, asbestosis, or pulmonary embolism.
It has a diameter almost equal to that of the coronary artery, can be easily dissected, and offers a lengthy portion with minimal walls.
The density and size of the heart.
It may cause infection leading to referred pain via the intercostobrachial nerve to the medial side of the arm.
Closure of the atrioventricular valves.
A procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see the heart's blood vessels and determine the site of narrowing or occlusion of the coronary arteries.
A common respiratory disease caused by bronchospasm of smooth muscles in the bronchioles.
Consciousness of one's heartbeat.
Splenic rupture.
Over the medial end of the second left intercostal space.
A condition where the arrangement of internal organs is a mirror image of normal anatomy.
Erosion of the vertebral bodies.
Where it is crossed by the left bronchus, 27.5 cm (11 inches) from the incisor teeth.
Slow pulse or decreased heart rate.
A procedure that involves putting an irritant drug into the pleural space to prevent fluid or air collection.
Dilatation of the valve orifice or stiffening of the cusps causing imperfect closure of the valve, leading to backflow of blood, e.g., aortic incompetence or regurgitation.
Inflammation of the pericardium that may result in cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion.
Presence of pus in the pleural cavity.
Bronchogenic or esophageal carcinoma, enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes, aortic arch aneurysm, and thyroid/parathyroid surgeries.
Serious hematemesis or vomiting of blood.
Epinephrine, a sympathomimetic drug.
Independent functional units of the lung.
Controls the diameter of the trachea and compresses contained air during coughing and sneezing.
Closure of the semilunar valves.
Narrowing of the valve orifice due to fusion of the cusps, e.g., mitral stenosis or aortic stenosis.
It reduces cardiac output.
Functional end arteries.
