p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
Which organs are commonly affected by AL amyloidosis?
Heart, kidneys, nervous system, and digestive tract.
p.3
Steatosis and Its Causes
What gross changes may be observed in the liver due to steatosis?
The liver may appear enlarged, pale, and friable.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is AA amyloidosis associated with?
Deposition of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What are the consequences of chronic inflammation in diabetes?
Pro-coagulant activity and vascular complications such as thrombus formation.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines in the context of chronic inflammation?
Systemic factors related to dental pathology.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What is the role of alpha-1 antitrypsin?
It protects the lungs from damage; its deficiency can lead to protein accumulation in the lungs.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
Destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, which can be due to genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, or environmental factors.
p.3
Lipid Metabolism and Transport Mechanisms
How do chylomicrons enter the bloodstream?
They enter the lymphatic system and travel through lymphatic vessels, reaching the bloodstream via the thoracic duct and superior cava vein.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What is another name for Type 1 Diabetes?
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What is the main cause of death for individuals with diabetes?
Heart attacks resulting from reduced blood flow due to atheromatous plaques.
p.3
Hyaline Fibrosis and Distinction from Amyloidosis
What happens when the endoplasmic reticulum cannot properly fold proteins?
Misfolded proteins accumulate within cells and may eventually be released into the extracellular space, forming hyaline deposits.
p.5
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Regulation
What is glycemia?
The concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
p.3
Lipid Metabolism and Transport Mechanisms
What are chylomicrons?
Specific proteins that combine with micelles to carry lipids.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What is diabetic microangiopathy?
Thickening and loss of elasticity in the walls of small blood vessels, compromising their function.
p.1
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What type of amyloidosis involves misfolded immunoglobulin light chains?
AL Amyloid (Amyloid Light Chain).
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What happens when protein metabolism is injured?
It leads to an accumulation of abnormal replicated proteins in intracellular and extracellular spaces.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What are Mallory bodies?
Abnormal protein aggregates that form in liver cells due to alcohol-related damage.
p.3
Lipid Metabolism and Transport Mechanisms
What role do LDL and VLDL play in lipid metabolism?
They carry more lipids and are considered 'bad cholesterol' as their excess can lead to atherosclerosis.
p.3
Steatosis and Its Causes
What histological feature characterizes steatosis?
Presence of lipid droplets within hepatocytes.
p.5
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Regulation
What happens in the liver when blood glucose levels drop?
Glucagon and the liver increase blood glucose levels through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What factors can cause endothelial damage leading to atherosclerosis?
High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and inflammation.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What is a stabilized atheroma?
Thickening of the fibrous cap and smooth muscle cell layer in response to pressure.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What is the consequence of intracellular protein accumulation?
It leads to the apoptotic pathway.
p.3
Hyaline Fibrosis and Distinction from Amyloidosis
Which chronic medical conditions are often associated with hyaline fibrosis?
Diabetes (affecting kidneys) and hypertension (affecting circulatory system).
p.3
Lipid Metabolism and Transport Mechanisms
What is the first step in lipid absorption in the intestine?
Lipids are emulsified and form micelles.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What happens in diabetic nephropathy?
Elevated glucose damages small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to protein leakage into urine.
p.1
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What happens if amyloid accumulation affects the liver?
It can lead to the formation of Mallory bodies.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is the primary cause of AL amyloidosis?
Excessive amounts of abnormal light chains produced by plasma cells.
p.5
Diabetes Types and Complications
What fasting plasma glucose level may indicate diabetes?
Levels exceeding 126 mg/dL.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What does extracellular protein accumulation signal?
It activates the immune system, potentially initiating an inflammatory response.
p.1
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is the shape of amyloid fibrils?
They resemble starch and can bind together to form insoluble fibrils.
p.3
Steatosis and Its Causes
What are some causes of steatosis?
Dietary factors, alcohol consumption, and obesity.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What are the components of atherosclerotic plaques?
Cholesterol, immune cells, inflammatory components, and other substances.
p.3
Hyaline Fibrosis and Distinction from Amyloidosis
How can hyaline fibrosis be distinguished from amyloidosis in histological samples?
Hyaline fibrosis stains red Congo negative and Mason's trichrome stain positive, while amyloidosis stains red Congo positive and Mason's trichrome stain negative.
p.1
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is amyloidosis?
A group of diseases characterized by the abnormal accumulation of misfolded proteins in tissues and organs.
p.5
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Regulation
What is the function of insulin?
To facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering blood sugar levels.
p.3
Steatosis and Its Causes
What is steatosis?
Excessive accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes.
p.5
Diabetes Types and Complications
What indicates a potential diabetes diagnosis based on random blood glucose measurement?
A measurement exceeding 200 mg/dL with symptoms.
p.5
Diabetes Types and Complications
What does an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) measure?
Blood glucose levels 2 hours after consuming a standardized glucose solution.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is the effect of amyloid A accumulation in the kidneys?
It can lead to proteinuria.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What initiates the process of atherosclerosis?
Damage or dysfunction of the endothelium.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What can happen to foam cells over time?
They can rupture, releasing cholesterol into the arterial wall.
p.3
Hyaline Fibrosis and Distinction from Amyloidosis
What is the main cause of hyaline fibrosis?
Cellular stress and dysfunction in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activities.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
How does elevated glucose affect oxidative stress?
It increases oxidative stress in cells, particularly endothelial cells.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What is diabetic retinopathy?
A condition where abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina due to lack of nutrients and oxygen, leading to vision impairment.
p.5
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Regulation
What triggers the release of glucagon?
Low blood glucose levels.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What chronic conditions can lead to elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines in AA amyloidosis?
Chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What occurs during thrombosis in atherosclerosis?
Rupture of the thin fibrous cap, leading to exposure of plaque contents and thrombus formation.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What is proteinuria?
A condition where renal dysfunction leads to excess proteins in urine due to improper reabsorption.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What is the effect of prolonged oxidative stress on cells?
It accelerates the aging process and leads to cellular damage.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
Why are individuals with Type 1 Diabetes dependent on insulin?
Because their pancreas cannot produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells.
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What are the potential severe implications of diabetic microangiopathy?
Increased blood pressure and subsequent hypertension.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What is the role of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease?
It disrupts normal neuronal function and contributes to neurodegeneration.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What is a vulnerable plaque?
An unstable plaque with a thinner fibrous cap that is prone to rupture.
p.1
Protein Metabolism and Accumulation
What are Russell bodies?
Structures formed by the accumulation of excess immunoglobulin proteins in certain immune cells.
p.5
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Regulation
What can disruptions in carbohydrate metabolism lead to?
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
p.7
Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes
What is atheromatosis and its relation to hyperglycemia?
Atheromatosis is the development of atheromatous plaques in arteries due to imbalances in lipid and glucose metabolism.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What are some risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?
Genetic factors, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What is gestational diabetes?
A temporary form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What is angiogenesis and how is it related to diabetes?
The formation of new blood vessels in response to chronic hypoxia due to impaired oxygen transport from high blood glucose levels.
p.2
Amyloidosis and Its Types
What happens to amyloid precursor protein (APP) under abnormal conditions?
It is cleaved by beta-secretase, producing non-removable beta-amyloid fragments.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What happens to cholesterol when the endothelium is damaged?
Cholesterol enters the arterial wall and accumulates in the tunica intima.
p.4
Cholesterol and Ester Deposits
What is xanthoma?
Deposition of yellowish cholesterol-rich material in various body areas.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What happens to insulin production in Type 2 Diabetes over time?
Initially increases to compensate for insulin resistance, but eventually decreases as beta cells become exhausted.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What is glycated hemoglobin and its consequence?
Hemoglobin that binds with excess glucose, impairing oxygen transport and leading to symptoms like breathing difficulties and anemia.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What is a fatty streak?
Accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial intima followed by macrophage ingestion.
p.4
Cholesterol and Ester Deposits
What is cholesterosis of the gallbladder?
Accumulation of cholesterol in the gallbladder mucosa, giving a yellowish appearance.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
What role do endothelins play in diabetes complications?
Endothelins, specifically endothelin-1 (ET-1), promote angiogenesis to compensate for lack of oxygen.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What are foam cells?
Macrophages that have engulfed excess cholesterol.
p.6
Diabetes Types and Complications
How do elevated blood glucose levels contribute to inflammation?
They lead to increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which promote inflammation.
p.4
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
What characterizes an early atheroma?
Formation of a plaque with an inner fibrous layer, a lipid-rich core, and an outer layer of inflammatory cells.
