Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate?
Phosphoglucomutase.
Where is the phosphate group located in Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)?
On the sixth carbon atom.
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p.10
Conversion of G1P to G6P

Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate?

Phosphoglucomutase.

p.8
Conversion of G1P to G6P

Where is the phosphate group located in Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)?

On the sixth carbon atom.

p.2
Glycogen Synthesis Process

How does the body store excess glucose?

By converting it into glycogen for storage.

p.7
Glycogen Phosphorylase Function

What enzyme removes the terminal glucose residues from the nonreducing end of glycogen?

Glycogen phosphorylase.

p.7
Glycogen Phosphorylase Function

How many glucose residues away from the (α1 to 6) branch point does glycogen phosphorylase stop removing glucose residues?

Four glucose residues.

p.11
Glycogen Synthesis Process

What is the starting point of glycogen synthesis?

Glucose-6-phosphate.

p.2
Blood Glucose Regulation

What happens if the body has more glucose than it needs?

The excess glucose is stored.

p.9
Glycogen Phosphorylase Function

Which enzyme resumes its reaction on the new unbranched polymer during glycogen breakdown?

Glycogen phosphorylase.

p.4
Energy Source from Muscle Glycogen

How quickly can muscle glycogen be depleted during vigorous exercise?

Muscle glycogen can be depleted in less than 1 hour during vigorous exercise.

p.9
Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown

What happens to the single glucose residue left at the branch point during glycogen breakdown?

It is released and can enter directly into glycolysis.

p.7
Conversion of G1P to G6P

Can glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) enter glycolysis directly?

No, it cannot enter glycolysis.

p.3
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

What percentage of the liver's weight can glycogen represent?

Up to 10%.

p.2
Blood Glucose Regulation

What is the normal range for blood glucose levels in humans?

80 – 100 mg/dl.

p.6
Glycogen Phosphorylase Function

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate?

Glycogen phosphorylase.

p.3
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

In what form is glycogen stored in liver and skeletal muscle?

In large cytosolic granules.

p.8
Conversion of G1P to G6P

What is the main difference between G1P and G6P?

The position of the phosphate group; G1P has it on the first carbon, while G6P has it on the sixth carbon.

p.10
Glycogen Phosphorylase Function

What is the end product of the glycogen phosphorylase reaction?

Glucose-1-phosphate.

p.10
Blood Glucose Regulation

What are the possible fates of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) after its formation?

G6P can enter glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), or replenish blood glucose.

p.3
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

Where is glycogen primarily found in vertebrates?

In the liver and skeletal muscle.

p.5
Liver Glycogen as a Glucose Reservoir

What is the role of liver glycogen in glucose metabolism?

Liver glycogen acts as a reservoir of glucose for other tissues when dietary glucose is not available (between meals or during fasting).

p.6
Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown

What is the role of the glycogen debranching enzyme in glycogen breakdown?

It helps in removing branches from glycogen to facilitate its breakdown.

p.11
Role of UDP-Glucose in Glycogen Synthesis

Into what is glucose-6-phosphate converted during glycogen synthesis?

Glucose-1-phosphate and then to UDP-glucose.

p.8
Conversion of G1P to G6P

What does G6P stand for?

Glucose 6-phosphate.

p.8
Conversion of G1P to G6P

Where is the phosphate group located in Glucose 1-phosphate (G1P)?

On the first carbon atom.

p.14
Glycogen Synthesis Process

How far must each new branch point be from the nearest existing branch point in glycogen?

At least 4 sugars away.

p.5
Liver Glycogen as a Glucose Reservoir

How long can liver glycogen storage last before being depleted?

Liver glycogen storage can be depleted in 12 to 24 hours.

p.6
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

In which tissues does glycogen breakdown occur to enter the glycolytic pathway?

Liver and skeletal muscles.

p.7
Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown

What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase?

Glucose-1-phosphate (G1P).

p.8
Conversion of G1P to G6P

What does G1P stand for?

Glucose 1-phosphate.

p.14
Glycogen Synthesis Process

What is the minimum length of a branch from which sugars are removed to form a new branch point in glycogen?

At least 11 sugars long.

p.2
Blood Glucose Regulation

How does the body maintain blood glucose levels despite varying carbohydrate intake?

Through digestion and absorption of carbohydrates as glucose, and gluconeogenesis.

p.6
Conversion of G1P to G6P

Which enzyme converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate during glycogen breakdown?

Phosphoglucomutase.

p.3
Glycogen Metabolism Overview

What happens to excess glucose in vertebrates?

It is converted to glycogen for storage.

p.3
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

What percentage of muscle weight can glycogen represent?

1 to 2%.

p.1
Glycogen Metabolism Overview

What is the main learning objective of today's class?

To explain glycogen metabolism, including its breakdown and synthesis.

p.11
Glycogen Synthesis Process

In which tissues can glycogen synthesis take place?

Almost all animal tissues.

p.11
Glycogen Storage in Liver and Muscle

In which tissues is glycogen synthesis especially prominent?

Liver and skeletal muscles.

p.13
Glycogen Synthesis Process

Which enzyme is responsible for elongating the glycogen chain?

Glycogen synthase.

p.12
Role of UDP-Glucose in Glycogen Synthesis

What is the immediate donor of glucose residues for glycogen synthesis?

UDP-glucose.

p.9
Enzymes Involved in Glycogen Breakdown

What enzyme transfers the branches during glycogen breakdown?

Glycogen debranching enzyme.

p.2
Glycogen Breakdown

How does the body access stored glucose?

By breaking down glycogen into glucose.

p.14
Glycogen Synthesis Process

What type of bonds are formed at the branch points of glycogen?

(α1 to 6) bonds.

p.13
Role of UDP-Glucose in Glycogen Synthesis

What is the role of UDP-glucose in glycogen synthesis?

The glucose residue of UDP-glucose is transferred to the nonreducing end of a glycogen branch to make a new (α1 to 4) linkage.

p.15
Glycogen Metabolism Overview

What is the main topic you should be able to explain after today's class?

Glycogen metabolism (Breakdown and synthesis).

p.14
Glycogen Synthesis Process

How many sugars are removed from a branch to create a new branch point in glycogen?

A chain of 6-7 sugars.

p.13
Role of UDP-Glucose in Glycogen Synthesis

To which end of the glycogen branch is the glucose residue of UDP-glucose transferred?

The nonreducing end.

p.14
Glycogen Synthesis Process

Which enzyme is responsible for creating the (α1 to 6) bonds in glycogen?

Glycogen-branching enzymes.

p.13
Glycogen Synthesis Process

What type of linkage is formed when the glucose residue of UDP-glucose is added to the glycogen chain?

A new (α1 to 4) linkage.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder