A protein-destroying organelle.
The 'power plants' of cells.
Lysosomes are the cell's digestive system.
Daughter cells
Chaperone proteins assist in folding and linking polypeptides.
The sodium–potassium exchange pump.
Hydrolases
Transporting vesicles, organelles, and molecules within the cell.
Preparation for cell reproduction.
The splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two.
Tumor-suppressor genes trigger inhibition of the cell cycle.
Oxidation-reduction reactions
The synthesis of new DNA.
The cell splits into two separate cells.
Sickle cell anemia.
The specific pairing of bases (A with T, and C with G) during DNA replication.
Typical (or composite) cell.
Additional cell membrane, cell fibers, and other structures necessary for growth.
Two new chromosomes.
The proteome is the complete set of proteins synthesized by a cell.
Centrosome or other cell components.
<p>Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.</p>
Genes are normally tightly coiled with histones.
<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. Cleavage furrow begins to develop in late anaphase.</p>
Cell growth and cell division.
Advancing age creates changes in cell numbers and in their ability to function effectively.
The centromere splits, creating daughter chromosomes.
'Quality control' refers to the mechanisms that ensure proteins are correctly folded and functional.
An allosteric effect is a regulation mechanism where the binding of a molecule at one site on a protein affects the function of the protein at a different site.
They are often referred to as the cell's internal 'feet'.
Telomerase.
Chromatids attach to spindle fibers.
To provide internal support to the cell.
Cell Reproduction
An ATP-driven countertransport mechanism.
They regulate processes rather than code for a polypeptide.
The human proteome encompasses all the proteins synthesized in the body.
<p>The division of the cell nucleus into <u>two</u> genetically identical daughter cells.</p>
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
<p>Glycolysis. This is the process in which glucose is broken apart into two pyruvate molecules to yield energy.</p>
Microtubule organizing center (MTOC).
Directly through the phospholipid bilayer and transported by proteins through membranes.
Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage.
The period of time between cell divisions.
Lysosomes are formed from portions of the plasma membrane that are pinched inward.
The remaining exons are spliced together.
Genetic disorders that result in metabolism problems due to enzyme deficiencies.
Chromatids move to a narrow central zone called the metaphase plate.
The nuclear envelope disappears.
<p>They coordinate the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell.</p>
The effect of solute concentrations on the shape or tension of the cell membrane.
The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and exits the cell.
Tiny, flexible fibers and rigid, rodlike pieces.
They are pulled apart and move toward the centrioles.
Transports essential ions across plasma membranes.
Nonmembranous organelle growth.
<p>Chromosomes condense and become visible under the microscope, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.</p>
A complementary strand.
<p>DNA replication.</p>
To prevent the loss of needed DNA code.
Membranous organelle.
Membranous and Nonmembranous.
46 chromosomes
The base sequence is AUG, and it codes for methionine.
Cyclins are regulatory proteins that control CDKs and shift them to start the next phase.
Mitochondria.
Specific enzymes.
Membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol, while nonmembranous organelles are in direct contact with the cytosol.
Meiosis I and meiosis II
The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
A carrier.
No, different types of cells have different life cycles.
Noncoding introns are removed.
Spliceosomes.
Genetic disorders, mutations in genetic code, inborn errors of metabolism, cancers, and infections.
Activating enzymes that drive the cell through the phases of its life cycle.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
Energy release
Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport system (ETS).
Maintenance phase (G0), First growth (G1), Second growth (G2), and Synthesis phase (S phase).
Nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes, which begin to decondense.
<p>The cell is metabolically active. It replicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components, but not the DNA.</p>
Citric acid cycle.
<p>Cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized, and centrosomes are replicated.</p>
Electron transport system (ETS).
Meiosis
Cells.
Internal structures that perform specific functions.
Along the metaphase plate.
Chromatids are connected to each other at a point called the centromere.
Nucleoli disappear.
New molecules are produced to make additional cell membrane, cell fibers, and other structures necessary for growth.
They allow storage and manufacture of substances.
46 chromosomes (diploid)
Through division of preexisting cells.
A selectively permeable membrane that is freely permeable to water but not freely permeable to solutes.
It has ribosomes attached to its surface.
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls cellular activities.
Passive and active transport.
Membranous organelles are specialized structures within the cell that are enclosed by membranes.
Water molecules move in and out of the cell at an equal rate.
The cell retains its normal appearance.
Three sodium ions.
Anaerobic.
Chromosomes.
The interaction between mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome units.
Carriers and channels.
Cilia move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface.
Hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions.
<p>It is the maintenance phase.</p>
Mature sex cells called gametes (sperm and ova)
Cells.
Diffusion.
Cell fibers have a 3-dimensional, irregularly-shaped lattice and varying lengths.
Lipid-soluble drugs, alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, and dissolved gases (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Selectively permeable.
Plasma membrane and membranous organelles.
<p>A solution that has the same concentration of solute both <strong>inside</strong> and <strong>outside</strong> the cells. It does not cause net movement of water into or out of the cell.</p>
They add or remove carbon dioxide.
Within the phospholipid bilayer.
Ribosomes are nonmembranous structures composed of a large subunit and a small subunit, each made of RNA bonded to protein (rRNA).
The large subunit and the small subunit.
They are continually being destroyed and replaced.
Various chemical and physical agents that affect enzyme action by changing the shape of the enzyme molecule.
Integrins are proteins that facilitate cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.
A complex of multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA strand simultaneously.
<p>A type of endocytosis where specific molecules (ligands) are ingested into the cell after binding to receptors on the cell surface.</p>
Each copy of DNA is called a chromatid.
Spindle fibers appear.
Peroxidase and catalase.
Chromatids of chromosomes.
The 2nd tRNA brings another amino acid, its anticodon binds to the 2nd codon of mRNA, ribosomal enzymes remove the 1st amino acid and attach it to the 2nd with a peptide bond, and the ribosome moves along the codons repeating these steps.
From low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm in which organelles and molecules are suspended.
Two pyruvic acid molecules.
In interphase, performing normal functions.
RNA.
Down the concentration gradient.
Acetyl
It loses carbon dioxide (CO2) and transfers some energy to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
<p>Yes, they are an active process that requires energy.</p>
Flagella are long, whip-like structures used for cell movement.
<p>Cholesterol gives 'stiffness' to the plasma membrane, making it less fluid and less permeable. They prevent the cell membrane from breaking easily.</p>
By regulating the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy, ensuring the internal environment remains stable.
Small vesicles released from cells that can transfer molecules to other cells.
Enzymes must break bonds and remove histones, revealing the promoter segment.
<p>A transport that does not require energy. Substances move down freely with their gradient.</p>
Cisternae.
At the centromeres.
Homeostasis.
In the cytoplasm near the nucleus.
They add or remove phosphate groups.
A DNA molecule.
DNA.
<p>The Citric Acid Cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all <strong>aerobic </strong>organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide.</p>
Lactate.
The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the mitochondria.
Permeable membrane.
Selective permeability.
Cytosol contains a lower concentration of sodium (Na+) than ECF.
<p>“Cell drinking”</p><p>A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs liquid into vesicles.</p>
Amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Centrioles and pericentriolar material (PCM).
Channel-mediated and carrier-mediated.
Ubiquitins tag proteins for destruction by proteasomes.
It can open or close in response to certain stimuli, regulating the passage of solutes.
By specific enzymes at each chemical step.
Chromatin threads or granules.
Active transport.
To concentrate substances on one side of the membrane, such as storing an ion inside an organelle.
They are specific in their actions.
Molecules eventually become uniformly distributed.
Microvilli are cell extensions.
They are types of cell adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell interactions.
Proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.
<p>The pressure required to prevent the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.</p><p>An increase in solute concentration = increase in osmotic pressure.</p>
Tight junctions are connections between cells that create a barrier to prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells.
Ions and water-soluble compounds.
Phospholipids.
Initiation, Elongation, Termination.
23 chromosomes (haploid)
The 'start' codon of mRNA combines with the small ribosomal subunit and the first tRNA, coding for methionine with the base sequence AUG. The small and large ribosomal subunits enclose the mRNA.
Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER).
They increase the efficiency of diffusion.
Microfilaments.
Sac within a sac.
Vesicular transport moves materials into or out of the cell in small membrane-enclosed sacs called vesicles.
They are specific and typically allow only one type of solute to pass through.
Molecules are in constant motion.
<p>Random collisions.</p>
In the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.
They act as transporters.
Concentration gradient.
Glycoproteins.
tRNA molecules transfer amino acids.
Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
It breaks down to waste CO2 and energy (energized electrons).
Phospholipid bilayer.
Cytosol contains a higher concentration of potassium (K+) than ECF.
Because they form a double layer with hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the water and hydrophobic tails facing inward away from the water.
Processing and packaging proteins and lipids.
The ribosome reaches the 'stop' codon at the end of the mRNA.
The ribosome detaches, leaving the strand of mRNA and a newly completed polypeptide.
They act as cellular muscles.
Cotransport is when a carrier moves two substances in the same direction.
Microtubules are a type of cell fiber with specific structure and function.
It pools until needed in the aerobic pathway to generate ATP.
Oxygen.
Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell for absorption.
<p>Desmosomes are structures that anchor adjacent cells together, providing mechanical strength.</p>
<p>Transports <strong><u>into</u></strong> the cell (Enter = Endo)</p><p>The process by which cells engulf substances into a vesicle.</p>
Protein synthesis and processing.
By passing through channel proteins.
Hemolysis.
<p>A solution that has a greater solute concentration than the cells. This causes a net flow of water out of the cell, causing it to shrink and dehydrate.</p>
The nuclear envelope.
Countertransport is when a carrier moves two substances in opposite directions.
Examples include facilitated diffusion and active transport.
Diffusion.
Peptide bonds join amino acids.
ATP, NADH, and the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2).
Cytosol contains a higher concentration of dissolved proteins than ECF.
<p>A solution that has a lower solute concentration than the cells. This causes a net flow of water into the cell, causing it to swell and eventually burst (lyse).</p>
It lacks ribosomes on its surface.
Cristae.
ATP.
<p>A type of passive transport that allows movement of molecules or ions across a membrane via carrier proteins.</p>
They rearrange atoms within a molecule.
Energized electrons.
Ribosomes are composed of RNA bonded to protein (rRNA).
The tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon to ensure the correct amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain.
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
<p>Insoluble materials.</p>
They provide structure and function within the cell.
Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.
Crenation.
The molecules of the cell membrane are arranged in a fluid sheet.
Structures that allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope.
To move large volumes of substances at once, such as in the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.
<p>A type of passive transport where molecules can cross through the phospholipid bilayer without the need for transport proteins.</p>
<p>A type of passive transport where water moves through a semipermeable membrane from low to high concentration.</p>
Yes, mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome units are all reusable.
Spot desmosomes and belt desmosomes.
Small amounts of other lipids.
Two potassium ions.
They add water to a molecule without splitting it.
By regulating metabolic pathways.
They function as identification markers.
In both directions.
Temperature, hydrogen ion (H+) concentration (pH), ionizing radiation, cofactors, and end products of certain metabolic pathways.
A polypeptide chain.
A primary cilium is a single, non-motile cilium found on nearly every cell type.
For processes such as endocytosis and exocytosis.
<p>“Cell eating”</p><p>A type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles such as bacteria or dead cells, and forms vesicles around the object.</p>
A thicker, more viscous consistency.
<p>Transports <strong><u>out</u></strong> of the cell. (Exo = Exit)</p><p>The process by which cells are packaged into vesicles and are transported outside of the cell.</p>
The main products of the Citric Acid Cycle are ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
To pump accompanying protons (H+) into the space between mitochondrial membranes.
Through cristae pump molecules.
Ribosomes function as 'protein factories' in the cell.
Water.
Cilia are hair-like structures that extend from the surface of certain cells.
The human sperm cell.
Tight junctions are commonly found in epithelial tissues.
<p>The cytoplasm is the material within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains the cytosol.</p>
Lipid-soluble materials.
<p>To break down proteins that are damaged, misfolded, or unneeded.</p>
<p>Breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.</p>
<p>The internal supporting framework of the cell. </p>
<p>Specialized membrane channels that connect two adjacent cells. They facilitate the direct transfer of ions and small molecules between cells.</p>
<p>A type of passive transport responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system. Molecules are spread out and movement goes from high to low concentration.</p>
