p.22
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
Which cytokines are profibrotic in hepatitis C virus infection?
Cytokines in the Th2 phenotypes.
p.19
Treatment of acute hepatitis B infection
What is the treatment for acute hepatitis B infection?
It is mainly symptomatic; Entecavir or tenofovir should be given for persistent HBeAg beyond 12 weeks or to patients with severe clinical suffering.
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What complications can arise from ileostomy in Crohn's disease?
Systemic immune complications, mechanical complications, recurrence of Crohn's disease, dehydration from extensive resections, and pulmonary thromboembolism.
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What clinical features are found in ulcerative colitis?
Anorexia and weight loss, diarrhea with mucus and blood, discomfort in the lower abdomen, rectal tenesmus, and alternating diarrhea/constipation.
p.24
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a common association of Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Liver disease and pulmonary emphysema.
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are the surgical indications for Crohn's disease?
Failure of drug therapy with glucocorticoids, enterocutaneous fistulas, perianal abscesses, deficient response to budesonide treatment, and toxic dilation of the colon.
p.17
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What haematological finding may be seen in Hepatitis A?
Leucopenia with reactive lymphocytosis.
p.2
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What is the treatment regimen for eradication therapy failure in regions with clarithromycin resistance?
Omeprazole 20 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg + Amoxicillin 1 g, all administered twice daily for 14 days.
p.3
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What are the clinical characteristics of peptic ulcer disease?
Recurrent epigastric burning pain, nocturnal pain in duodenal ulcers, anorexia and weight loss, frequent vomiting, and persistent pain radiating to the back.
p.14
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What lifestyle changes are recommended for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Reduce alcohol and caffeine consumption and quit smoking.
p.24
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is hereditary hemochromatosis characterized by?
Excessive iron deposition in various organs with fibrosis in evolution and organ failure.
p.22
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What may lead to rapid fibrosis in hepatitis C infection?
A dominant CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytolytic response.
What is mandatory for the initiation of antibiotic therapy in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
A positive microbiological culture sample from ascitic fluid.
p.13
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What is a characteristic of patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease?
They have normal upper digestive endoscopy.
p.12
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
How are peptic strictures clinically expressed?
By intermittent dysphagia which gradually worsens over a long period.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What imaging investigations are mandatory in all patients with suspected Crohn's disease?
Imaging investigations of the small intestine.
p.4
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What may alter the results of the urea breath test?
Proton pump inhibitor treatment 2 weeks prior to the test.
What is a key characteristic of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis?
It can appear in patients with cirrhosis without decompensation.
p.24
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
When does acute graft rejection typically appear after liver transplant?
2 or 3 days after the transplant.
p.27
Hepatic cirrhosis complications
What are possible complications of hepatic cirrhosis?
a) hepatopulmonary syndrome, b) porto-pulmonary hypertension, c) primary hepatocellular carcinoma, d) hepatic encephalopathy, e) acute renal failure through tubular necrosis.
p.10
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
How does colonoscopy assist in ulcerative colitis management?
It allows the appreciation of disease activity.
p.2
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection
What is the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection characterized by?
High prevalence in developing countries.
p.28
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
How is primary sclerosing cholangitis (CSP) usually detected?
Through screening in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
p.1
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What type of staining is used in the histopathological examination for Helicobacter pylori detection?
Hematoxylin-eosin stained smears.
p.20
Chronic viral hepatitis B treatment criteria
What are the criteria for establishing therapeutic indication in chronic viral hepatitis B?
Serum bilirubin levels, serum HBV DNA levels, histological grade and stage, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels.
p.13
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What is a predictor of favorable surgical outcome in gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Typical reflux symptoms with documented acid reflux.
p.13
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What type of surgical procedure is commonly used for gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication.
p.24
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a histopathological expression of acute graft rejection?
Thinning and disappearance of the bile ducts.
p.19
Clinical features of acute hepatitis B infection
What are the clinical features of acute hepatitis B infection?
Many infections are subclinical; acute hepatitis usually occurs when acquired perinatally; serum sickness-like syndrome may be seen; extrahepatic immune complex-mediated conditions can occur; fever rarely occurs.
p.17
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What happens to serum bilirubin in the prodromal stage of Hepatitis A?
It is not always elevated.
p.10
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is one reason for performing a colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis?
To highlight the toxic megacolon.
Which statement about portal hypertension is correct?
Portal gastropathy is characterized by the presence of gastric varices with a bleeding potential.
p.16
Hepatitis B virus infection diagnosis
What do the viral markers HBs antigen (+), anti-HBs (-), anti-HBc IgG antibodies (+), and anti-HDV IgM antibodies (+) indicate?
Delta virus superinfection of a patient chronically infected with HBV.
p.16
Hepatitis C virus infection diagnosis
How is sustained virological response defined in the therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus infection?
Negative HCV RNA assessed by PCR 6 months after the end of therapy.
p.17
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection
When should normal human immunoglobulin be given after exposure to HAV?
If the exposure is for less than 2 weeks.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What role does gut microbiota play in inflammatory bowel disease?
It has an essential role in intestinal inflammation.
p.13
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What is a characteristic feature of Barrett's esophagus?
It appears as a continuous circumferential lesion with digitiform extensions extending upward from the squamous-columnar junction.
p.13
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What is the typical histopathological finding in Barrett's esophagus?
Islands of squamous esophageal mucosa.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is one objective of maintaining remission in Crohn's disease?
Regular monitoring to rule out persistent intestinal inflammation.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is a frequent complication in patients with extensive Crohn's disease?
Frequent episodes of recurrence.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What are the drugs of choice for chronic hepatitis B infection?
Lamivudine, Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a, Entecavir, and Tenofovir.
p.14
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
How do the isomers of original PPIs compare in effectiveness?
They can more effectively inhibit acid secretion over a longer period of time.
p.24
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a relative contraindication for liver transplant?
Extended splanchnic vein thrombosis.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is proctitis in the context of ulcerative colitis?
When ulcerative colitis is located strictly at the level of the rectum.
What treatment is useful for post-systemic encephalopathy?
Administration of enemas and purgatives.
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis
What is a common clinical manifestation in primary biliary cholangitis?
b) pruritus is usually the first symptom.
p.20
Side effects of pegylated interferon-alfa-2a
What are some side effects of pegylated interferon-alfa-2a treatment?
Acute influenza-like illness, bone marrow depression, reversible hair loss, infections.
What characterizes primitive biliary cholangitis?
Progressive destruction of the interlobular bile ducts.
p.1
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What does Misoprostol represent?
A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1.
p.4
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What are alarm signs in patients with suspicion of peptic ulcer disease?
Iron-deficiency anemia, unintentional weight loss, palpable mass, anorexia, rectal bleeding.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is the purpose of maintenance therapy in Crohn's disease?
To reduce corticosteroid use.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is intestinal dysbiosis?
An imbalance in the gut microbiota that can intervene in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is a possible stool finding in Crohn's disease?
Lactoferrin and calprotectin may be low in active intestinal disease.
p.15
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is usually responsible for liver damage in hepatitis B virus infection?
The host immune response.
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Which factor is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in Crohn's disease?
Onset of the disease in old age and significant perianal involvement.
What are some precipitating factors for hepatorenal syndrome?
a) AI N S use, b) diarrhea, c) paracentesis, d) infectious (especially acute spontaneous peritonitis).
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is toxic megacolon?
A major complication associated with severe colitis that may require emergency surgery if symptoms do not resolve within 48 hours.
p.2
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What is a comprehensive treatment regimen for eradication therapy failure?
Bismuth subcitrate (120 mg four times daily), Metronidazole (400 mg three times daily), Tetracycline (500 mg four times daily) + PPI (20-40 mg twice daily) for 14 days.
p.3
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What are invasive tests for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection?
Serological tests for IgG antibodies, detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool, rapid urease tests on gastric mucosal biopsy, histological examination of gastric mucosal biopsy, and urea breath test with 13C.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
How does smoking affect Crohn's disease?
It has an exacerbating role and increases the risk of recurrence after surgery.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Are joint complications characteristic only of ulcerative colitis?
No, they are not characteristic only of ulcerative colitis.
p.12
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What is heartburn in gastroesophageal reflux disease characterized by?
A painful retrosternal burning sensation.
p.14
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What is the medication of choice for GERD?
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the medication of choice for all but mild forms of GERD.
p.14
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
Is surgery recommended for patients with hiatal hernia?
Surgery is contraindicated in case of hiatal hernia.
p.1
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
Is the histopathological examination for Helicobacter pylori an invasive diagnostic test?
Yes, it is an invasive diagnostic test.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is the primary cause of liver damage in hepatitis B virus infection?
The host immune response.
p.3
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
Which cancers are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection?
Esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, duodenal adenocarcinoma, gluten intolerance, and B-cell gastric lymphoma.
p.2
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What is another treatment option for eradication therapy failure?
Omeprazole 20 mg + Metronidazole 400 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg, all administered twice daily for 14 days.
p.4
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What is the first line examination for suspected peptic ulcer disease in individuals younger than 55?
Upper digestive endoscopy.
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis
What is true regarding liver biopsy in primary biliary cholangitis?
a) liver biopsy presents specific histological features.
p.25
Refractory ascites management
What is the purpose of TIPS in patients with refractory ascites?
To decrease the frequency of evacuation paracentesis.
p.12
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What can upper digestive endoscopy establish in gastroesophageal reflux disease?
The presence of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is a common complication of Crohn's disease?
The appearance of perianal fistulas.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What symptom may mimic acute diverticulitis in Crohn's disease?
Pain on the left colic frame.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
How can hepatitis D occur in relation to hepatitis B?
As a superinfection or co-infection with hepatitis B.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
How is diagnosis confirmed in co-infection of HDV and HBV?
By finding serum IgM anti-HDV in the presence of IgM anti-HBc.
p.20
Chronic viral hepatitis B treatment indications
What are the therapeutic indications for patients with chronic hepatitis B?
Patients with moderate to severe active necroinflammation and/or fibrosis in the liver, HBV DNA above 2000 IU/mL, ALT above the upper limit of normal.
p.20
Antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis B
Which antiviral agents are commonly used for chronic hepatitis B treatment?
Lamivudine, Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a, Entecavir, Tenofovir.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is reflux ileitis?
A condition where ulcerative colitis affects the distal terminal ileum.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What characterizes fulminant colonic disease?
The mucosa is mostly destroyed and toxic megacolon occurs.
p.12
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What treatment is used for severe forms of peptic strictures?
Endoscopic dilation and long-term treatment with PPI.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
When is the endoscopic capsule indicated in Crohn's disease?
Only in the case of small bowel strictures.
p.10
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What does colonoscopy help assess in ulcerative colitis?
The extent of the disease.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What test is performed simultaneously with coproculture in the differential diagnosis?
Harvesting the toxin for Clostridium Difficile.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What parameters can be used to assess disease activity in Crohn's disease?
Inflammatory markers (ESR, PCR), serum albumin, fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is a characteristic of Crohn's disease?
It mainly affects the terminal ileum.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is a feature of the affected mucosa in Crohn's disease?
It may be discontinuous, separated from intestinal areas with normal structure.
p.28
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What imaging technique can identify specific biliary modifications associated with CSP?
MRCP (Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography).
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is the classic triad of clinical characteristics in hereditary hemochromatosis?
Tanned pigmentation of the skin, hepatomegaly, and diabetes mellitus.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What may be seen in co-infection of HDV and HBV?
A biphasic rise of serum aminotransferases.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What causes porto-systemic encephalopathy?
Spontaneous or surgical porto-systemic shunts.
p.14
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
Why are dopaminergic antagonist prokinetic agents considered effective?
Because they delay gastric emptying.
p.22
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What extrahepatic manifestation may occur in chronic hepatitis C?
Cryoglobulinaemia with or without glomerulonephritis.
p.19
Biological investigation in chronic hepatitis B
What biological investigations may reveal in people with chronic hepatitis B?
Moderate rise or normal aminotransferases; presence of anti-HBs antibodies; normal serum bilirubin; absence of HBsAg; presence of HBeAg.
p.12
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What are peptic strictures a complication of?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
p.13
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What is Barrett's esophagus a complication of?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
p.17
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection
What type of immunization is recommended for people traveling to endemic areas for hepatitis A?
Active immunization with a formaldehyde-inactivated HAV vaccine.
What should be avoided in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome?
Systematic administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (IECA).
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis complications
What can occur due to malabsorption in primary biliary cholangitis?
A malabsorption can set for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, and K).
p.28
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Can cholangitis events occur in primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Yes, cholangitis events can occur.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
Is combination therapy superior to monotherapy for hepatitis B?
Yes, combination therapy is superior.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What paraclinical change is seen in hereditary hemochromatosis?
Increase of serum iron over 30 mmol/L.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is the main pathogenic mechanism of porto-systemic encephalopathy?
Disturbance of cerebral neurotransmitters balance.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
Is the liver the only organ affected in Wilson's disease?
No, it affects multiple organs.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Is the diagnosis of porto-systemic encephalopathy based exclusively on identifying porto-systemic shunts?
No, it is not based exclusively on that.
p.19
Prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus infection
Who should receive active and passive prophylaxis for hepatitis B virus infection?
All newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers; healthcare staff with needlestick injuries; people with hemophilia; patients with chronic kidney disease; regular sexual partners of HBsAg-positive patients who are HBV-negative.
p.19
Active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection
What is involved in active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection?
A recombinant yeast vaccine is used; three injections are given at 0, 1, and 6 months; long-term protection is achieved in over 90% of patients.
p.1
Gastric outlet obstruction
What is a common symptom of gastric outlet obstruction?
Frequent low-volume vomiting.
p.25
Liver transplant complications
What conditions can compromise long-term survival after a liver transplant due to disease recurrence?
Autoimmune cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and hemochromatosis.
p.20
Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a treatment
In which patients is pegylated interferon-alfa-2a most often used?
In patients who are HBeAg-positive with active disease.
p.1
Serological tests for Helicobacter pylori
Can serological tests confirm reinfection of Helicobacter pylori less than 1 year after eradication therapy?
Yes, they can confirm reinfection.
p.1
Rapid urease test for Helicobacter pylori
What is a potential issue with the rapid urease test for Helicobacter pylori detection?
May be false positive if patients are taking proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics.
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis
What is a common symptom of primary biliary cholangitis that is difficult to control?
d) pruritus is easy to control with antihistamine therapy.
p.10
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What therapy is required for patients diagnosed with pancolitis at onset?
Emergency anti-TNF therapy.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What type of anemia may be found in Crohn's disease patients?
Normocytic normochromic anemia.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What may be the only indication of hepatitis D infection?
A rise in serum AST or ALT.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
Are there any known precipitating factors for porto-systemic encephalopathy?
It seems there are not any.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
How can ammonia from arterial blood be useful in diagnosing porto-systemic encephalopathy?
It can be useful for differential diagnosis of comas.
p.11
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What is the leading cause of reflux in approximately two-thirds of GERD patients?
Transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter between meals, independent of swallowing.
p.11
Gastroesophageal reflux disease management
What must be done with any nodular lesion in Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia?
It must be removed by endoscopic resection.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What defines extensive colitis?
Damage to the entire colon.
p.3
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What are the consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection?
Antral gastritis, hypertrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, gastric angiodysplasias, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
p.20
Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a treatment response
What factors indicate a better response to pegylated interferon-alfa-2a treatment?
Higher serum aminotransferase values (three times the upper limit of normal), younger age, and viral loads below 10^7 IU/mL.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What characterizes the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease?
The host immune system develops an inadequate response to specific antigens.
p.25
Paracentesis in liver cirrhosis
What are the main complications of paracentesis in patients with liver cirrhosis?
Hypovolemia and renal impairment dysfunction.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is the first step in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease?
Exclusion of other causes of diarrhea.
p.8
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What can perianal MRI highlight in Crohn's disease?
The presence of abscesses or fistulas.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What distinguishes type 2 peripheral arthropathy?
It is polyarticular and lasts months or years, may be associated with uveitis.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a characteristic of Phase 3 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection?
Host immune responses suppress viral replication, leading to low-level HBV DNA.
p.2
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What defines a peptic ulcer?
A defect in the gastric or duodenal mucosa that exceeds in depth the muscularis mucosae.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What is required for oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B?
Long-term administration.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What type of genetic transmission does Wilson's disease have?
Autosomal recessive transmission.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What does EEG show in patients with porto-systemic encephalopathy?
A decrease in frequency of alpha normal waves.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
In which patients does hepatorenal syndrome usually occur?
Patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.
p.5
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are the two types of microscopic colitis?
Lymphocytic and collagenous.
What causes posthepatic portal hypertension?
Conditions like liver cirrhosis, splenic vein thrombosis, schistosomiasis, and constrictive pericarditis.
What is a treatment option for hepatorenal syndrome?
Administration of Terlipressin and human albumin improves kidney function.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are the anatomopathological changes in ulcerative colitis?
Epithelioid granulomas, erythematous and friable mucosa, pseudo-polyps, deep inflammation, and cryptic abscesses.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What characterizes Phase 2 HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection?
Common liver damage and fluctuating raised transferases.
p.4
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
Is antral gastritis usually symptomatic?
In most cases, it is asymptomatic.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a characteristic of Phase 4 HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection?
High-level viral replication and raised ALT values.
p.28
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is the treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Corticosteroids, but results are not excellent.
p.26
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What type of antibiotics are used in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What is the typical symptomatology of acute hepatitis C virus infection?
Most acute infections are asymptomatic.
p.9
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What blood test results may be seen in ulcerative colitis?
Tumocytosis in severe forms, megaloblastic anemia, increased ESR and PCR, positive Anca p antibodies, and possible hypoalbuminemia.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are the pathological changes found in Crohn's disease?
Aphthous ulceration, inflammation spreading to all layers, deep ulcers, intra-abdominal abscesses, and digestive fistulas.
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis
What paraclinical exploration findings are associated with primary biliary cholangitis?
a) mitochondrial antibodies are present in most people, b) alkaline phosphatase is increased in most people.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What characterizes Phase 1 HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection?
High-level viral replication with HBeAg and immune-mediated liver injury.
p.6
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What is the duration of type 1 peripheral arthropathy in inflammatory bowel diseases?
Acute, self-limiting, lasting less than 10 weeks.
p.25
Refractory ascites management
What is a contraindication for TIPS in patients?
TIPS is not indicated in patients with porto-systemic encephalopathy.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
At what age do clinical manifestations of hereditary hemochromatosis most likely appear?
In the second decade of life.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
How is excess iron eliminated from the body in hemochromatosis?
Blood emission phlebotomy.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What mechanism causes hepatorenal syndrome?
Similar to ascites, with peripheral vasodilatation leading to decreased effective circulating blood volume.
p.25
Paracentesis in liver cirrhosis
What is a potential complication of evacuating more than 5 L of ascites during paracentesis?
It may be associated with complications.
p.2
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is a pathogenic mechanism of Helicobacter pylori infection?
Deterioration of gastric epithelial cells by the release of enzymes and induction of apoptosis.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
How can Crohn's disease present in terms of onset?
It can start insidiously or acutely.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What causes hepatitis D viral infection?
An incomplete RNA particle enclosed in a shell of HBsAg.
p.25
Paracentesis in liver cirrhosis
When is paracentesis indicated in patients with liver cirrhosis?
In patients that do not respond well to diuretic therapy.
p.27
Primary biliary cholangitis treatment
What treatment can improve bilirubin and liver transaminases levels in primary biliary cholangitis?
c) ursodeoxycholic acid (10-15 mg/kg).
p.3
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What does the detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool indicate?
It is useful for diagnosing duodenal ulcers, monitoring infection status after eradication therapy, and is a non-invasive diagnostic method.
p.3
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What preparations are needed before the stool antigen test for Helicobacter pylori?
Withhold H2-receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors for 2 weeks prior to the test.
p.7
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are common clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease?
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are some clinical signs of porto-systemic encephalopathy?
Foetor hepaticus, flapping tremor, generalized tremor, reversing walking-sleep rhythm, and decreased intellectual function.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What can visually evoked potentials detect in relation to porto-systemic encephalopathy?
Subclinical encephalopathy.
What is a feature of primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Inflammatory destruction with fibrosis at the biliary intra- and extrahepatic ducts.
p.18
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is the significance of Th2 responses in HBV infection?
They are associated with the development of chronic infection and disease severity.
p.3
Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis
What are non-invasive tests for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection?
Serological tests for IgA antibodies, detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool, rapid urease tests on duodenal mucosal biopsy, histological examination of gastric mucosal biopsy, and urea breath test with 13C.
p.28
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What are the main symptoms of primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Fluctuating pruritus and jaundice.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
Can oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B be used in patients with cirrhosis?
Yes, it can be used in patients with cirrhosis.
p.26
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What is the effect of secondary prophylaxis with norfloxacin in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
It increases the survival rate.
p.26
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
What are the elective antibiotics for treating spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
Macrolides and aminoglycosides.
p.28
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What is Wilson's disease?
A hereditary disease affecting copper metabolism.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What can precipitate hepatorenal syndrome?
Excessive diuretic treatment.
p.2
Pathogenic mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori
What allows Helicobacter pylori to have a direct cytotoxic effect?
Urease production that converts urea into ammonium and chloride.
p.25
Refractory ascites management
What is the role of an abdominal drainage in managing ascites?
It allows the control of ascites at home.
p.2
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
Where is a duodenal ulcer most commonly located?
In the first part of the duodenum.
p.2
Peptic ulcer disease characteristics
Where is a gastric ulcer most frequently located?
On the greater curvature, near the gastric angulus.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
In which patients does porto-systemic encephalopathy occur?
Patients with liver cirrhosis.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What accumulations or activations appear to be a pathogenic mechanism in porto-systemic encephalopathy?
Accumulations of false neurotransmitters (octapamine) or activation of GABA.
p.21
Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori
What does superinfection with hepatitis D virus result in?
An acute flare-up of previously quiescent chronic HBV infection.
p.26
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis
What happens to diuresis in hepatorenal syndrome?
It is maintained but with a high concentration of urinary sodium.
