What is the primary medium through which sound travels?
Air (or other materials like water and solids).
How does light travel compared to sound?
Light travels faster than sound.
What is a key characteristic of sound waves?
They require a medium to travel through.
p.60
Color Perception and Vision
What occurs when all different wavelengths of colored light are absorbed?
The resulting color is black.
p.36
Mirrors and Reflection
What type of image is formed by a convex mirror?
The image is always upright and smaller in size.
p.45
Lenses and Refraction
How does the shape of a convex lens affect the angle of refracting light rays?
The flatter the lens, the lesser the angle; the rounder the lens, the greater the angle.
p.61
Electromagnetic Radiation
What type of energy does visible light belong to?
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation.
p.58
Color Perception and Vision
Why do we see colors?
Because of the wavelengths that are reflected.
p.8
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is the source of light and other types of electromagnetic radiation?
The sun and further away stars.
What happens to most of the light waves emitted from a light source?
Most continue elsewhere, while some reach our eyes.
What are mechanical waves?
Waves that need a medium to travel through, such as ocean waves, sound waves, and earthquake waves.
p.8
Electromagnetic Radiation
Does light need matter or a medium to travel?
No, light does not need matter or a medium.
What type of energy produces luminescent light?
Chemical or electrical energy.
p.60
Color Perception and Vision
What happens to light waves when paint is applied?
The paint absorbs light waves.
Why is the Sun considered an incandescent light source?
Because the light energy is generated from heat.
p.29
Mirrors and Reflection
What rules are applied when reflecting lines in a ray diagram?
The rules of angle of incidence and reflection.
p.9
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is electromagnetic radiation?
Energy emitted from sources like the sun in the form of electromagnetic waves.
p.36
Mirrors and Reflection
Do light rays actually pass through the focal point in a convex mirror?
No, light rays do not actually pass through the focal point.
p.22
Light Interaction with Matter
What characterizes opaque materials?
No light rays travel through, and no image is seen from the other side.
p.19
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to waves when they move from a dense medium to a less dense medium?
They speed up at the boundary.
p.57
Color Perception and Vision
Why do we see a red apple as red?
Because red light is the only wavelength detected by our eyes.
What are the two main types of wave forms?
Transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
What causes the atoms in the Sun to move rapidly?
The large amounts of heat released from nuclear reactions.
p.45
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to parallel light rays when they enter a convex lens?
They converge (bend inwards).
What is light?
A form of energy that we can see, emitted by hot objects.
p.22
Light Interaction with Matter
What happens when light passes through translucent materials?
Light rays are scattered, and the image is distorted.
How is the frequency of a wave calculated?
By the number of waves that pass by a fixed point in a given amount of time.
p.30
Mirrors and Reflection
What does the angle of incidence refer to?
The angle between the incoming light ray and the normal line.
p.35
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to light reflected by a concave mirror?
It converges towards the focal point.
What can whales and specialized machines detect using reflected sound waves?
Distant objects, their shape, and movement.
p.35
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the image when an object is brought nearer to a concave mirror?
The image becomes larger in size and appears right side up.
p.7
Electromagnetic Radiation
Give examples of electromagnetic waves.
Light waves, microwaves, and radio waves.
p.43
Lenses and Refraction
How does light behave when it enters a convex lens?
It refracts inwards once it leaves the lens.
p.52
Lenses and Refraction
What type of lens do long sighted people have?
A less curved convex eye lens.
p.11
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is a nanometre?
A nanometre is one-billionth of a metre.
p.49
Lenses and Refraction
What is the primary function of the lens in the human eye?
To change shape to focus light clearly from different distances.
p.24
Light Interaction with Matter
How does the angle of light rays affect the length of the shadow?
The greater the angle, the longer the resulting shadow.
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
What types of EM radiation have shorter wavelengths than visible light?
Ultra-violet radiation (UV) and X-rays.
p.40
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to light rays when they enter a lens?
They are refracted to a different angle.
p.49
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to the lens when the surrounding muscles relax?
The lens becomes more rounded to focus on nearer objects.
p.28
Electromagnetic Radiation
Why is Helium considered rare and unreactive on Earth?
Because it was not discovered until scientists used spectroscopy to identify it.
p.60
Color Perception and Vision
Why is paint referred to as subtractive?
Because each addition of color absorbs more wavelengths.
p.29
Mirrors and Reflection
How are straight lines drawn in a ray diagram?
From the object towards the mirror.
What happens when atoms in the Sun collide?
Electrons move up and down orbits around the nucleus and release photons of light.
What does SONAR stand for?
Sound Navigation and Ranging.
p.9
Electromagnetic Radiation
What are some examples of electromagnetic radiation?
Light, radio waves, and x-rays.
p.30
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the main rule for mirrors regarding angles?
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
What are Primary (P) waves?
Longitudinal waves that move the fastest and can travel through solid rock at 5000 meters per second.
p.54
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to light speed when it moves from air into glass?
It changes, causing refraction.
p.55
Color Perception and Vision
What happens to sunlight as it reaches Earth's atmosphere?
It is scattered in all directions by gases and particles.
p.46
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to a ray of light that is parallel to the principal axis when it reaches the optical axis of a convex lens?
It bends inwards to cross the principal axis at the focal point (F).
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
What protects us from the most harmful EM radiation?
A magnetic layer produced by magnetized iron inside the Earth.
p.40
Lenses and Refraction
What is the normal in the context of refraction?
A line at right angles to a boundary between mediums.
p.49
Lenses and Refraction
What is the effect on vision when the eye is focused on close-up images?
Distant objects appear blurry.
What unique ability do bats and dolphins have regarding sound?
They can hear and produce sound at exceedingly high frequencies and use it as sonar.
Do transverse waves require a medium to travel?
No, they can travel through empty space.
p.53
Lenses and Refraction
How does a concave lens help short sighted individuals?
It bends the light outwards for those who focus before the cornea.
p.44
Lenses and Refraction
What effect does a concave lens have on parallel light rays?
It causes them to diverge (spread out).
p.22
Light Interaction with Matter
What is the definition of transparent materials?
Materials that allow light to pass through without distortion.
Can water waves be classified as transverse or longitudinal?
Water waves travel as transverse waves.
p.36
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to light rays in a convex mirror?
The light rays diverge (spread apart).
What do waves transfer?
Energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
How does SONAR work?
By using echoes from sound waves that bounce off nearby objects.
How does frequency affect pitch?
The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the note.
p.58
Color Perception and Vision
What determines the color of an object?
The way it reflects, absorbs, or emits light of a specific wavelength.
What happens when an animal or machine makes a noise?
It sends sound waves into the environment that can reflect off objects.
p.30
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the angle of a light ray when it reflects off a mirror?
It leaves at the same angle as it arrived, relative to the normal line.
p.42
Lenses and Refraction
How does the angle of refraction compare to the angle of incidence when light enters glass?
The angle of refraction is smaller than the angle of incidence.
p.35
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the focal point in relation to a concave mirror?
It is where parallel rays meet.
p.19
Lenses and Refraction
How does total internal reflection benefit fibre optics?
It allows light rays to travel down a glass fibre that has curves.
p.23
Light Interaction with Matter
What creates a shadow?
When light rays are stopped by an opaque object.
p.32
Mirrors and Reflection
What is a reflection?
An image of an object seen in a mirror, appearing to be behind the mirror.
p.23
Light Interaction with Matter
What is a shadow?
A dark area formed due to light traveling in straight lines which opaque objects block.
p.60
Color Perception and Vision
What are the three primary colors of paint?
Cyan, yellow, and magenta.
p.29
Mirrors and Reflection
What are ray diagrams used for in relation to mirrors?
To show an image of an object reflected in a mirror.
p.26
Color Perception and Vision
How can we determine the elements that make up the Sun?
By analyzing the spectrum of light emitted.
p.9
Electromagnetic Radiation
How does electromagnetic radiation travel?
In the form of electromagnetic waves.
p.56
Color Perception and Vision
What is white light made from?
A combination of all other colors of light mixed together.
p.45
Lenses and Refraction
What is the effect of a flatter convex lens on light rays?
It causes a lesser angle of refraction.
p.35
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the appearance of images from a distance in a concave mirror?
Images appear upside down.
p.61
Electromagnetic Radiation
What are some other kinds of electromagnetic radiation?
Radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, etc.
p.52
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the main issue for a long sighted person?
They cannot focus on close-up objects clearly.
p.50
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is a unique feature of the eyes of some deep-sea creatures?
They often have large eyes to capture more light.
p.51
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the main issue for a short sighted person?
They cannot focus on distant objects clearly.
p.24
Light Interaction with Matter
What happens to the shadow when light rays hit an object straight on?
It creates the smallest possible shadow.
p.33
Mirrors and Reflection
How far behind the mirror is the image located compared to the object?
The same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front.
p.43
Lenses and Refraction
How does light behave when it enters a concave lens?
It refracts outwards once it leaves the lens.
p.55
Color Perception and Vision
Why do sunsets appear red?
Because the Sun's light passes through more atmosphere, scattering blue light and leaving reds and yellows.
p.19
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to light waves that hit the surface beyond the critical angle?
They are effectively trapped and reflect back into the glass.
How do air particles behave when sound travels through them?
They vibrate back and forth.
What is required for longitudinal waves to travel?
A medium (gas, solid, or liquid).
p.31
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the rule for mirrors regarding angles?
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
p.49
Lenses and Refraction
What occurs when the muscles surrounding the lens contract?
The lens becomes more flattened to focus on far away objects.
p.50
Human Ear Structure and Function
What type of eyes do flatfish have?
Both eyes are on one side of their body.
What determines the amount of energy in a wave?
The frequency of the wave.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the purpose of convex ceiling dome mirrors in shops?
They allow surveillance of a wide area.
p.44
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to light rays when they leave a concave lens?
They refract outwards even more.
p.57
Color Perception and Vision
What happens to the colors of light when white light hits a red apple?
All colors except red are absorbed.
What is light made up of?
Waves that travel outwards from a light source.
p.36
Mirrors and Reflection
Where is the focal point located in a convex mirror?
The focal point is behind the mirror.
p.45
Lenses and Refraction
What is the effect of a rounder convex lens on light rays?
It causes a greater angle of refraction.
What is the speed of light?
300,000 kilometers per second.
p.58
Color Perception and Vision
Why do we perceive a tree as green?
Because the leaves absorb red and blue light waves, reflecting only green light.
p.22
Light Interaction with Matter
What is a common property of all light rays?
They travel in straight lines.
p.7
Electromagnetic Radiation
Can electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum?
Yes, they can travel through the vacuum of space where there are little or no atoms.
p.56
Color Perception and Vision
What are the main colors that make up white light?
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
p.42
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to a ray of light when it enters glass?
It bends or refracts inwards.
p.56
Color Perception and Vision
How can the main colors of white light be remembered?
By the acronym ROY G BIV.
p.33
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the size of the image in a plane mirror compared to the object?
The same size as the object.
p.42
Lenses and Refraction
What occurs when a ray of light emerges from glass back into the air?
It continues on a parallel path to the original ray.
What types of waves are generated from earthquakes?
Transverse and longitudinal waves.
p.1
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is a key characteristic of light waves?
They can travel through a vacuum.
p.33
Mirrors and Reflection
What does laterally inverted mean in the context of plane mirrors?
The left side is swapped to the right side and the right side swapped to the left.
p.50
Human Ear Structure and Function
What adaptation do some animals have for seeing in low light?
Tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer behind the retina.
p.11
Electromagnetic Radiation
How many millimetres are in a metre?
One metre can be divided into one thousand millimetres.
Why are glow sticks and fluorescent lamps considered more efficient than incandescent bulbs?
Because they emit light without producing heat.
p.28
Electromagnetic Radiation
How was Helium discovered?
By using spectroscopy on the Sun to find an unknown element emitting a unique spectrum.
How does the audible range of humans compare to other animals?
Humans have a very limited audible range compared to many other animals.
p.48
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the human eye?
To collect light and transmit signals to the brain.
p.46
Lenses and Refraction
How many rays of light are typically drawn in a ray diagram for a convex lens?
Typically three rays of light.
What are photons?
Little packets of light energy.
p.30
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the normal line in relation to mirrors?
A perpendicular line to the surface of the mirror at the point of incidence.
How does amplitude affect loudness?
The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound.
p.24
Light Interaction with Matter
What does the length of a shadow depend on?
The angle of the light source.
p.61
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is the term for all types of electromagnetic radiation together?
Electromagnetic spectrum.
p.8
Electromagnetic Radiation
What does each different color of light have?
A unique fixed wavelength.
p.12
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is true about the speed of all electromagnetic radiation?
It travels at the same speed.
p.51
Lenses and Refraction
How does a very convex eye lens affect light rays?
It bends light rays into a focus point before they reach the retina.
p.52
Lenses and Refraction
What does a convex lens do to light rays?
It causes them to converge (bend inwards).
p.50
Human Ear Structure and Function
How do the eyes of octopuses differ from human eyes?
Octopus eyes have a different structure but function similarly to human eyes.
p.51
Lenses and Refraction
What effect does a concave lens have on light rays?
It causes the light rays to disperse (bend outwards) before reaching the eye lens.
What are two examples of luminescent light sources?
Glow sticks and fluorescent lamps.
p.41
Light Interaction with Matter
What does the optical density of a medium affect?
The speed at which light rays travel through it.
p.46
Lenses and Refraction
What is the path of the center light ray in a convex lens ray diagram?
It travels straight into the center of the lens and continues on a straight line through the other side.
p.24
Light Interaction with Matter
When are shadows the longest during the day?
In the morning and afternoon when the Sun is at a greater angle.
How is light produced by the Sun?
Through nuclear reactions that transform matter into light and heat energy.
p.41
Light Interaction with Matter
What happens when a light ray passes from one medium to another?
It changes direction where the two media meet.
p.24
Light Interaction with Matter
When are shadows the shortest?
At midday when the Sun is directly overhead.
p.32
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?
A real image occurs when light rays pass through the image's location; a virtual image appears where light rays do not pass.
What are some other sources of light energy?
Electrical lighting, fire, and bioluminescent animals.
p.34
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the image characteristic of plane mirrors?
Same size, right way up, but laterally inverted.
p.11
Electromagnetic Radiation
How is a nanometre related to a micrometre?
A nanometre is one-thousandth of a micrometre.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the centre incident ray after it hits the concave mirror?
The reflection ray travels directly back on the same line.
p.12
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency in electromagnetic radiation?
More waves of shorter wavelength will pass by a point over the same time as waves of longer wavelength.
p.41
Light Interaction with Matter
What is a medium in the context of light?
Any space or substance that allows light to travel through it.
p.19
Lenses and Refraction
What occurs beyond the critical angle when light waves hit the surface?
They are totally internally reflected.
How does luminescent light compare to incandescent light in terms of heat?
Luminescent light is much cooler and does not require heat energy to produce.
p.33
Mirrors and Reflection
What type of image is formed by a plane mirror?
Virtual (light does not really go to them).
What is the formula for wave speed?
Wave speed = wavelength x frequency.
p.54
Light Interaction with Matter
How do prisms work?
By diffracting colors of different wavelengths.
p.47
Lenses and Refraction
What is the path of the center light ray in a concave lens diagram?
It travels straight into the center of the lens and continues on a straight line through the other side.
p.52
Lenses and Refraction
Where do the light rays focus in a long sighted person?
After reaching the retina.
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
Why can short wavelength EM radiation be dangerous?
It can be harmful to us in high quantities.
p.40
Lenses and Refraction
What is refraction?
The bending of light when it travels between two optically different mediums.
p.15
Human Ear Structure and Function
How do sound waves enter the human ear?
They travel through the ear canal.
p.33
Mirrors and Reflection
What can light energy do when it encounters a mirror?
It can be reflected by a mirror.
p.11
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is a micrometre?
A micrometre is one-thousandth of a millimetre.
p.13
Electromagnetic Radiation
What is the constant for the speed of light?
c = 3 x 10^8 m/sec or 300,000 kilometres per second.
p.55
Color Perception and Vision
Why is the sky blue?
Because blue light is scattered more than other colors due to its shorter, smaller waves.
p.23
Light Interaction with Matter
How does the shape of a shadow relate to the object creating it?
The shape of the shadow resembles the shape of the object.
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
What does the ozone layer consist of?
Oxygen molecules made of 3 oxygen atoms.
p.32
Mirrors and Reflection
Can you give an example of a real image?
The image on a cinema screen or the image that falls on film in a camera.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
How do microwaves heat food?
They cause water molecules in food to move rapidly, producing heat.
p.34
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the image in a concave mirror when you are near to it?
The image is magnified and right way up.
p.23
Light Interaction with Matter
What is a solar eclipse?
A shadow created when the Moon blocks the light from the Sun to the Earth.
How fast do Secondary (S) waves travel compared to Primary (P) waves?
They travel at nearly half the speed of P waves.
How is amplitude defined in relation to a wave?
From a midpoint between a trough and a peak up to the top of a peak.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
What happens to objects like plastic in a microwave?
They do not heat up directly because they lack water.
p.46
Lenses and Refraction
What is the behavior of a third light ray drawn on the opposite side of the principal axis in a convex lens?
It also bends to cross at the focal point (F).
What is unique about photons compared to matter?
Photons do not have mass; they only contain energy.
How is the frequency of a wave calculated?
By the number of waves that pass by a fixed point in a given amount of time.
p.53
Lenses and Refraction
What is short sightedness?
A condition where people cannot focus clearly on distant objects.
p.34
Mirrors and Reflection
What are the three types of mirrors?
Plane, Concave, and Convex.
What creates the repeating patterns of sound waves?
High (compressed particles) and low (spaced apart particles) pressure.
How do Primary (P) waves compare to sound waves?
They are similar to sound waves and can travel through liquid and gas as well.
p.31
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the relationship between the normal line and the plane of the mirror?
The normal line is 90° to the plane of the mirror.
What are Secondary (S) waves?
Transverse waves that can only travel through solids.
p.40
Lenses and Refraction
Why does light bend when passing through a lens?
Because the optical density of the lens is different from that of air.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
What is a common use of concave mirrors in vehicles?
They are used in headlights to make light more reflective and wider.
What is a wavelength?
The distance between two closest crests.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the first ray drawn in a ray diagram for a concave mirror?
The centre incident ray that follows the principal axis straight into the centre of the mirror.
What does one wave of sound stretch between?
From one compressed area of particles to the next.
p.13
Electromagnetic Radiation
How can you calculate wavelength if you know the speed of light and frequency?
Wavelength = speed of light / frequency.
p.41
Lenses and Refraction
When does refraction occur?
When two media have different optical densities.
What are reflectors of light?
Objects that appear to produce light but do not use energy, like the Moon.
p.32
Mirrors and Reflection
Why is the reflected image in a mirror considered virtual?
Because no light can come through the mirror, making the image appear behind it.
p.34
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the image characteristic of convex mirrors?
The image is reduced and right way up.
p.54
Lenses and Refraction
Why do different colors of light leave the prism at different angles?
Because they are refracted differently.
p.21
Color Perception and Vision
What must happen for us to see an object?
Light emitted or scattered from the object must enter the eye.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
How are convex mirrors used in car side mirrors?
To provide a wider view from behind.
p.21
Light Interaction with Matter
What is absorption in the context of light interaction?
When light enters an object but doesn’t leave again.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
What do night vision goggles detect?
Infra-red radiation from living bodies when no visible light is present.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
What type of EM radiation can provide information with long wavelengths?
Long wave length EM radiation.
p.28
Electromagnetic Radiation
What does the name 'Helium' derive from?
Helios, the Latin name for the Sun.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
How do concave mirrors benefit drivers at night?
They provide a better view by reflecting light more effectively.
p.38
Mirrors and Reflection
What does the center incident ray do in a ray diagram for a convex mirror?
It follows the principal axis and travels straight into the center of the mirror.
What type of sounds can elephants and moles produce?
Low rumbling noises that are below the human auditory range.
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
What type of radiation does the ozone layer shield us from?
A large amount of UV-B radiation.
p.53
Lenses and Refraction
What is long sightedness?
A condition where people have trouble focusing on close objects.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What can be drawn at the point where the incident ray hits the mirror?
A normal line, where the incidence ray equals the reflection ray.
Can longitudinal waves travel through liquids and gases?
Yes, they can travel through liquid and gas, traveling at the speed of sound through air.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the outcome of the third incident ray when it reflects off the concave mirror?
The reflection ray also crosses at the focal point.
p.21
Light Interaction with Matter
What can light energy do when it interacts with matter?
It can be reflected, refracted, or dispersed.
How can the energy of a photon be calculated?
By multiplying the frequency by Planck’s constant (h).
What are illuminators?
Objects that produce light by transforming energy.
p.15
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the role of the small bones in the inner ear?
They transfer vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea.
p.47
Lenses and Refraction
What is the purpose of the grey lines in a concave lens ray diagram?
They are used to help construct the diagram.
p.55
Color Perception and Vision
Which color of light is scattered more by atmospheric particles?
Violet light is scattered more than blue light.
p.49
Lenses and Refraction
What happens to vision when the eye is focused on distant objects?
Close-up images appear blurry.
p.28
Electromagnetic Radiation
What do we now know about Helium in stars?
Many stars contain Helium along with various other elements.
p.46
Lenses and Refraction
What is the significance of the focal point (F) in a convex lens ray diagram?
It is the point where rays of light that are parallel to the principal axis converge after refraction.
p.11
Electromagnetic Radiation
What can wavelengths be measured in?
Wavelengths can be measured in metres (m) or nanometres (nm).
p.13
Electromagnetic Radiation
How can you calculate frequency if you know the speed of light and wavelength?
Frequency = speed of light / wavelength.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
In what devices are concave mirrors used to enlarge the view?
In microscopes and face mirrors.
p.54
Light Interaction with Matter
What does a prism do to white light?
Separates it into its spectrum of colors.
p.38
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the reflection ray of the center incident ray in a convex mirror?
It travels directly back on the same line.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the behavior of an incident ray parallel to the principal axis when it hits a concave mirror?
It reflects inwards towards the focal point.
p.55
Color Perception and Vision
Why do we perceive the sky as blue instead of violet?
Because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light and some violet light is absorbed in the upper atmosphere.
p.34
Mirrors and Reflection
What happens to the image in a concave mirror when you are further away?
The image is smaller and upside down.
Why can the low rumbling noises of elephants and moles be significant?
They can travel long distances despite being below the human auditory range.
What is the value of Planck’s constant?
6.626 x 10^-34 joules per second.
p.39
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the advantage of using convex mirrors for traffic safety?
They help see better at blind corners and concealed entrances/exits.
p.54
Light Interaction with Matter
What visual effect does a prism create?
An effect similar to a rainbow.
What does a higher amplitude indicate about a wave?
It has more strength and contains more photons.
How do light rays interact with reflectors?
Light rays must originally come from a light source, such as the Sun, and reflect off the reflector.
p.21
Light Interaction with Matter
What are the three ways light interacts with matter?
Transmission, absorption, and scattering.
p.62
Electromagnetic Radiation
What does sunblock do?
It provides a layer on our skin that stops UV radiation.
p.53
Lenses and Refraction
How does a convex lens help long sighted individuals?
It bends the light inwards for those who focus after the cornea.
p.48
Human Ear Structure and Function
What does the iris do in low light conditions?
Opens to let more light into the eye.
p.32
Mirrors and Reflection
What can light energy do in relation to a mirror?
It can be reflected by a mirror.
p.48
Human Ear Structure and Function
What role do the muscles around the lens play?
They change the shape of the lens.
p.38
Mirrors and Reflection
How is the focal point (F) determined in a convex mirror ray diagram?
By extending the reflected ray back past the mirror to cross the principal axis.
p.38
Mirrors and Reflection
What can be drawn on the opposite side of the principal axis in a convex mirror diagram?
A third incidence ray with its extended reflection ray crossing at the focal point.
p.48
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the cornea?
The tough transparent layer at the front of the eye.
p.15
Human Ear Structure and Function
How do different length nerve cells in the cochlea function?
They detect different wave frequencies.
p.21
Light Interaction with Matter
What is scattering in relation to light?
When light bounces off an object, including reflection.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
Where is the focal point (F) located in a ray diagram for a concave mirror?
Where the reflected rays cross.
p.38
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the relationship between the incidence ray and the reflection ray at the point of contact with the mirror?
The incidence ray equals the reflection ray.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
How do cell phones receive signals?
By receiving radio waves reflected from satellites orbiting Earth.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
How do radio receivers work?
They pick up radio waves generated by radio stations or objects in space.
p.37
Mirrors and Reflection
What is the third incident ray's direction in relation to the principal axis?
It is drawn on the opposite side of the principal axis.
p.48
Human Ear Structure and Function
What is the blind spot in the human eye?
The point of entry of the optic nerve on the retina with no light receptors.
Why is Planck’s constant value so small?
Because a photon is tiny, but there are many of them within a light wave.
p.15
Human Ear Structure and Function
How is sound information transmitted to the brain?
Using electrical impulses that move along the nerves.
p.63
Electromagnetic Radiation
What can detect EM radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light?
Special types of receptors.
