p.1
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
To break down food and absorb nutrients.
p.1
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What role does nutrition play in the digestive system?
Nutrition provides the necessary substances for energy, growth, and maintenance of body functions.
p.1
Overview of the Human Digestive System
Who is the author of 'Digestive System and Nutrition'?
Gofarana Wilar, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D.
p.2
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What is the human digestive system?
An extended tube with specialized parts between the mouth and the anus.
p.42
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the role of pancreatic nucleases?
They digest nucleic acids.
p.39
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What is the main function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile between meals.
p.29
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What do chylomicrons contain?
Triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, and phospholipids.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What connects the Cavum Oris to the pharynx?
The posterior side of the mouth.
p.3
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What are the two main categories of organs in the digestive system?
Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) and accessory digestive organs.
p.8
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What is the composition of permanent teeth?
M3M2M1 PM2PM1 C I2I1 I1I2 C PM1PM2 M1M2M3 (sup) and M3M2M1 PM2PM1 C I2I1 I1I2 C PM1PM2 M1M2M3 (inf).
p.39
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder?
The influence of CCK (cholecystokinin).
p.36
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What is notable about the vena cava's relationship with the liver?
The vena cava does not enter the liver.
p.26
Processes of Digestion
How does peristalsis differ from segmentation?
Peristalsis moves food along the digestive tract, while segmentation mixes food in place.
p.42
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the function of pancreatic amylase?
It splits glycogen into disaccharides.
p.3
Overview of the Human Digestive System
Why is the gastrointestinal tract considered part of the outside of the body?
Because the mouth and anus both open to the outer environment.
p.30
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine?
To help in the fermentation of undigested materials.
p.34
Processes of Digestion
What does the parasympathetic defecation reflex do to the internal and external sphincters?
It opens the internal sphincter and closes the external sphincter.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What structures bound the Cavum Oris?
Lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
p.4
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
p.8
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What is the composition of deciduous teeth?
20 teeth: M2M1 C I2I1 I1I2 C M1M2 (sup) and M2M1 C I2I1 I1I2 C M1M2 (inf).
p.40
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What role does secretin play in bile release?
It causes the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts to secrete bile rich in bicarbonate (HCO3-).
p.22
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What are plicae circulares?
Permanent circular folds of mucosa that increase surface area for absorption.
p.30
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
How does the large intestine contribute to the digestive system?
By forming and storing feces.
p.30
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the length of the large intestine in adults?
Approximately 1.5 meters (5 feet).
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?
They dissolve in dietary fats (vitamins A, D, E, K).
p.20
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What role does the duodenum play in digestion?
It is where most chemical digestion occurs, aided by bile and pancreatic juices.
p.2
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the role of digestive enzymes?
They are specific and function at an optimum temperature and pH.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is mechanical digestion?
The physical change of food particles from large to small to increase surface area for chemical digestion.
p.36
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of?
The fetal umbilical vein.
p.29
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What is the process of fat absorption in the small intestine?
Several steps leading to absorption into lymph and then into blood.
p.11
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What are the main components of saliva?
Water, mucus, proteins, a buffer, and enzymes.
p.23
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
Name three hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells.
Enterokinase, gastrin, and secretin.
p.11
Processes of Digestion
What is the primary purpose of saliva?
To moisten, begin digestion of starch, neutralize acids, stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria, and dissolve food chemicals for taste.
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What effect does CCK have on stomach emptying?
It reduces the emptying of the stomach.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What is the pharynx?
The cavity behind the mouth that food passes into after leaving the mouth.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What is the role of bile salts?
Emulsification of fats, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes.
p.20
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How long is the average small intestine in adults?
About 6 meters (20 feet).
p.43
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What is the significance of the number 43?
It is often associated with various cultural, scientific, or mathematical contexts.
p.40
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What stimulates the gallbladder (GB) to release bile?
Fatty chyme entering the duodenum.
p.23
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What do intestinal glands secrete to aid in digestion?
An abundant watery fluid that helps absorb products of digestion.
p.30
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
To absorb water and electrolytes from indigestible food matter.
p.3
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What are some examples of accessory digestive organs?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What happens to the hepatopancreatic sphincter when CCK is released?
It relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter.
p.20
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
To absorb nutrients from digested food.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What are the two parts of the pharynx that food moves through?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
How does CCK contribute to nutrient delivery?
It matches nutrient delivery to digestive and absorptive capability.
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
Where is vitamin K absorbed?
In the large intestine, along with other lipids.
p.2
Homeostasis and the Digestive System
How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis?
It works with other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis.
p.16
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the main regions of the stomach?
Cardiac region, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal.
p.19
Processes of Digestion
What is the primary movement in the stomach responsible for mixing food?
The movement that mixes food with gastric secretions and empties the stomach.
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is one of the primary actions of Cholecystokinin (CCK) on digestion?
Contraction of the gallbladder.
p.37
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What are the three general categories of liver functions?
Metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and synthesis and secretion of bile.
p.24
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What is the main function of plicae, villi, and microvilli?
To increase the surface area for absorption.
p.11
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
Which glands are classified as salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
p.11
Processes of Digestion
How does saliva help with tasting food?
By dissolving food chemicals to stimulate the chemoreceptors of the mouth.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
How does bile aid in the absorption of nutrients?
It helps absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins.
p.16
Processes of Digestion
What is the primary function of the stomach?
To liquefy food, mix it with stomach acid, and turn it into chyme.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What happens to the remaining 20% of bile?
It is excreted in feces, disposing of excess cholesterol.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What type of wave moves through the large intestine?
Peristaltic wave from the transverse colon through the rest of the large intestine.
p.26
Processes of Digestion
What is peristalsis?
A wave-like muscle contraction that moves food through the digestive tract.
p.18
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What do the gastricae glands produce?
Pepsin and stomach acid (HCl/Chloride Acid).
p.14
Processes of Digestion
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
To move food through peristalsis.
p.21
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What are the main functions of the small intestine?
Chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients (90%) from chyme.
p.30
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What does the large intestine primarily process?
Indigestible food matter.
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What types of nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine?
Monosaccharides, amino acids, electrolytes, water, and vitamins.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What lines the inside of the mouth?
Mucous membranes and epithelial cells.
p.22
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What does the submucosa of the duodenum contain?
Mucus-secreting glands known as Brunner’s glands.
p.22
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What is the function of Brunner’s glands?
To protect the small intestine by secreting mucus.
p.16
Processes of Digestion
What substances can be absorbed through the stomach?
Water, electrolytes, and some drugs.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What stimulates mass movements in the large intestine?
Distension of the stomach and duodenum, usually following meals.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is chemical digestion?
The chemical change of food particles where bonds are broken to convert large molecules into smaller ones for better absorption.
p.4
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What is the primary function of the digestive tract?
To serve as a tube extending from the mouth to the anus, facilitating the passage of food.
p.37
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What is involved in metabolic regulation by the liver?
Interconversion of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, removal of wastes, vitamin and mineral metabolism, drug inactivation, and storage of fats, glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, B12, D, E, and K.
p.24
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How much does the surface area for absorption increase in the small intestine?
From about 3.6 ft² to about 2200 ft².
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What types of nutrients does CCK help absorb and digest?
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is bilirubin converted into in the large intestine?
Uro- and stercobilinogen.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What role does intestinal flora play in the large intestine?
It houses ~800 species of bacteria and absorbs vitamins liberated by bacterial action (K, B5, and Biotin).
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is propulsion in the digestive process?
Moving food through the GI tract, aided by peristalsis.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter?
To prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
What triggers a 'peristaltic rush'?
Overdistended or irritated wall of the small intestine.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What does the pulp cavity contain?
Blood vessels and nerves.
p.31
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What type of cells are numerous in the large intestine?
Goblet cells, which produce mucus.
p.29
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What are the primary components absorbed during fat absorption in the small intestine?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
p.10
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What is the role of the tongue during chewing?
It repositions food and shapes it into a bolus.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the primary digestive function of the large intestine?
It has little or no digestive function.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What are the main components of bile?
Water, bile salts, bile pigments, electrolytes.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What are the two sets of teeth that humans develop?
Deciduous (20 milk teeth) and permanent teeth (32 teeth).
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What processes are involved in the absorption of electrolytes and water in the small intestine?
Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What holds teeth in place within the alveoli?
The periodontal ligament.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What type of tissue lines the esophagus?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What are the two main functions of the large intestine regarding waste?
It forms and stores feces and carries out defecation.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What is the appearance of bile?
A yellowish-green liquid.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
A reflex that stimulates mass movements in the large intestine after eating.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What does enterokinase convert?
It converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What triggers the urge to defecate?
Distension of the rectum.
p.26
Processes of Digestion
What is segmentation?
A process that involves the contraction of circular muscles in the digestive tract to mix and break down food.
p.3
Overview of the Human Digestive System
Which organs are included in the gastrointestinal tract?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
p.41
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
How does CCK affect pancreatic enzymes?
It stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes.
p.22
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How do plicae circulares differ from rugae of the stomach?
Plicae circulares do not flatten out with distention, unlike rugae.
p.37
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What are the hematological functions of the liver?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation, synthesis of plasma proteins, removal of circulating hormones, removal of worn-out RBCs (by Kupffer cells), and removal or storage of toxins.
p.37
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What role does the liver play in digestion?
Synthesis and secretion of bile.
p.2
Processes of Digestion
What happens to food in the digestive system?
Food is ingested, digested into small molecules, absorbed, and indigestible materials are eliminated.
p.20
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What are the three main parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
p.20
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
What is the significance of the ileocecal valve?
It regulates the flow of material from the small intestine to the large intestine.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What happens at the junction of the esophagus and stomach during digestion?
Food passes through the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What substances are involved in chemical digestion?
Enzymes, hydrochloric acid, and other digestive juices.
p.31
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the size of the lumen in the large intestine?
The lumen of the large intestine is larger than that of the small intestine.
p.31
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
Does the large intestine produce digestive enzymes?
No, the large intestine does not produce enzymes; digestion occurs from previously introduced enzymes or bacteria.
p.34
Processes of Digestion
What is required for defecation to occur?
Voluntary relaxation of the external sphincter.
p.19
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What are the main components of gastric secretions?
Mucus, gastric acid, trypsin, lipase, amylase, and protease.
p.21
Processes of Digestion
What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?
It acts as a 'mixing bowl' for acid neutralization and is where the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.
p.24
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
Where are digestive enzymes embedded in the small intestine?
In the membrane of microvilli.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What are the main components found in the Cavum Oris?
Teeth, tongue, and salivary glands.
p.16
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the sphincters at both ends of the stomach?
The cardiac sphincter superiorly and the pyloric sphincter inferiorly.
p.10
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
How does the tongue contribute to speech?
It helps to shape sounds.
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?
Through diffusion, except for vitamin B12, which requires active transport.
p.38
Liver and Gallbladder Functions in Digestion
What are bile pigments derived from?
Breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), specifically bilirubin and biliverdin.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What actions are involved in mechanical digestion?
Chewing, churning of food in the stomach, and mixing food with digestive juices.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the function of intestinal lipase?
It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What are the roles of gastrin and somatostatin?
They are hormones that stimulate/inhibit acid secretion by the stomach.
p.31
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What structures are absent in the large intestine that are present in the small intestine?
Villi are absent in the large intestine.
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the state of the internal anal sphincter under normal conditions?
It is usually contracted.
p.22
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
Where are plicae circulares especially prominent?
In the lower duodenum and upper jejunum.
p.42
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the purpose of bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice?
To make pancreatic juice alkaline and neutralize acid coming from the stomach.
p.21
Overview of the Human Digestive System
What does the term 'bowel' refer to?
It consists of the small and large intestines.
p.12
Processes of Digestion
How does food enter the esophagus from the pharynx?
By contractions of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is the first food processing activity in digestion?
Ingestion - bringing food into the mouth (eating).
p.7
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What are the three layers that compose a tooth?
Enamel, dentin, and pulp cavity.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is haustral churning?
Mixing movements in the large intestine that occur every 30 minutes.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What layers compose the pharynx?
Mucosal, fibrous, and muscle layers.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is absorption in the digestive process?
The transport of digested food molecules from the GI tract into the blood and lymphatic vessels.
p.16
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?
Longitudinal layer, circular layer, and oblique layer.
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What type of epithelium is found in the anal canal?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
p.28
Small Intestine: Structure and Absorption
How are monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed in the small intestine?
Through facilitated diffusion and active transport.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What does the large intestine secrete and why?
It secretes mucus for lubrication, binding, protection, and pH balance.
p.2
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What are the accessory organs of digestion?
Teeth, tongue, saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
p.2
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What are the products of digestion?
Small molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
p.12
Structure and Function of the Oral Cavity
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Pars nasalis, pars oralis, and pars larynx.
What does proper nutrition provide to the body?
Energy, nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the duodenocolic reflex?
A reflex that also stimulates mass movements in the large intestine.
p.32
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What substances does the large intestine absorb?
Water, bile salts, and electrolytes.
p.3
Accessory Organs of Digestion
What is the primary function of accessory organs in the digestive system?
To assist in the digestion of food.
p.35
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
How do the movements of the large intestine compare to those of the small intestine?
They are slower and less frequent.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
What is segmentation in the small intestine?
Ringlike contractions that aid in mixing and slowing peristalsis.
p.31
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
How do the walls of the large intestine compare to those of the small intestine?
The walls of the large intestine are much thinner than those of the small intestine.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
What is the gastroileal reflex?
It causes relaxation of the ileocecal sphincter.
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What must happen to the external anal sphincter to retain feces?
It must be tensed reflexively.
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the structure at the junction of the esophagus and stomach?
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
p.15
Anatomy and Function of the Stomach
What is the primary function of the esophagus?
To transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
What is peristalsis in the small intestine?
Pushing movements that help move contents through the intestine.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
Can movements in local segments of the small intestine occur without nervous stimulation?
Yes, they can occur without stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What does secretin stimulate?
It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions and the gallbladder to release bicarbonate-rich bile.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
Which enzymes break down disaccharides into monosaccharides?
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase.
p.5
Processes of Digestion
What is defecation?
The elimination of feces (indigestible substances/digestive waste).
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What is the primary function of the rectum?
Temporary storage of fecal material.
p.33
Large Intestine: Functions and Movements
What do the rectal valves do?
Help in the retention of feces.
p.25
Movements of the Small Intestine
What is the gastroenteric reflex?
It increases motility and secretion along the length of the small intestine.
p.27
Digestive Enzymes and Their Functions
What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
It inhibits gastric glands, stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes, stimulates the gallbladder to release bile, and relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter.
