D) Fungal nail infections

Explanation: Various fungi can cause fungal nail infections, highlighting the different types of fungal pathogens that can affect the human body.

C) Fungi

Explanation: Fungi belong to their own distinct Kingdom called Fungi, which differentiates them from plants, animals, protists, and bacteria.

C) A relationship where the host is harmed

Explanation: In parasitic relationships, fungi act as pathogens that have a negative effect on the host, causing harm while obtaining nutrients.

B) Zygospores

Explanation: During sexual reproduction in fungi, two compatible hyphae fuse to form zygospores, which are capable of withstanding harsh environments.

B) Fungi

Explanation: The Latin term for mushrooms is 'Fungi.' This term broadly encompasses various types of fungi, including molds, yeasts, and fungi that grow on plants and animals.

D) Yeasts

Explanation: Unicellular fungi that do not have flagella are classified as yeasts, which distinguishes them from other types of fungi that might have different structural forms or features.

D) On other parts of the body

Explanation: Ringworm infections can occur on other parts of the body besides the feet, indicating their versatility and the various areas they can affect.

C) Ringworm fungi

Explanation: Athlete's foot is specifically caused by ringworm fungi, which are responsible for various ringworm infections.

D) Both organisms benefit

Explanation: A mutualistic relationship is one in which both partners involved benefit from the relationship.

C) Greater surface area for nutrient absorption

Explanation: Fungal hyphae increase the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, thus enhancing the plant's ability to take up essential nutrients from the soil.

C) Commensal

Explanation: Cyberlindnera jadinii lives in the human gut as a commensal organism, meaning it benefits from the host without harming it, and may aid in digestion.

C) Magnaporthe oryzae

Explanation: Magnaporthe oryzae is identified as the No. 1 most destructive fungus to plants, specifically causing rice blast disease.

C) Fermentation

Explanation: Fungal enzymes are used in various industrial processes including fermentation, which is a key method for producing food products and biofuels.

D) World War I

Explanation: The text specifically mentions that chemical spray was applied to plants in crop warfare during World War I, highlighting a historical instance of this tactic being used.

C) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Explanation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast that is widely used in bread making due to its ability to ferment sugars and produce carbon dioxide, which helps the dough rise.

B) Chitin

Explanation: The cell walls of fungi contain chitin, which differentiates them from plants whose cell walls contain cellulose.

B) Sugars from photosynthesis

Explanation: In mycorrhizal relationships, plants supply sugars produced through photosynthesis to the fungi, providing them with essential energy sources.

C) In soil and plants

Explanation: Cyberlindnera jadinii also lives in soil and plants, indicating its diverse habitats beyond the human gut.

B) Breaking down cellulose for ethanol

Explanation: Fungal enzymes are used to break down cellulose into simpler sugars that can then be fermented to produce ethanol, a type of biofuel.

C) Three

Explanation: Three different types of fungi can cause ringworm infections, affecting various parts of the body including the feet, known as athlete's foot.

C) Fungus

Explanation: The singular form of the term 'fungi' is 'fungus'.

B) Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots

Explanation: Mycorrhizae are specifically defined as symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots, benefiting both the fungi and the plants involved.

C) Fragmentation

Explanation: Fragmentation is another type of asexual reproduction in fungi where hyphae break off to form new colonies.

C) Opisthios = posterior; kontos = flagellum

Explanation: The term 'Opisthokonta' is derived from the Greek words 'opisthios,' meaning posterior, and 'kontos,' meaning pole or flagellum, which describes the posteriorly located flagella in this group.

C) For eukaryotic studies

Explanation: Yeasts are frequently used as model organisms for eukaryotes due to their simple unicellular structure and the ease with which they can be manipulated in laboratory settings.

B) Through the production of sporangiospores

Explanation: Asexual reproduction in fungi primarily occurs through the production of sporangiospores, which disperse and germinate to form new mycelium.

B) Eukaryotic

Explanation: Fungi are eukaryotes, meaning they have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

C) Chitin

Explanation: The cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of chitin, which provides structural support, similar to the exoskeletons of arthropods.

C) They take in nutrients via their hyphae

Explanation: Fungi are classified as heterotrophs because they take in nutrients through their hyphae, unlike autotrophs like plants which produce their own food through photosynthesis.

D) Sporangia

Explanation: The black tips of bread mold are the spore-containing sporangia, which are critical for the reproduction of the mold.

C) By hyphae growing towards food sources

Explanation: Terrestrial fungi acquire nutrients by growing their hyphae towards food sources, allowing them to effectively seek out and absorb nutrients from their environment.

D) Small organic molecules not directly involved in growth, reproduction or basic metabolic processes

Explanation: Secondary metabolites are small organic molecules that do not play a direct role in growth, reproduction, or basic metabolic processes, but they have other important functions like defense and antibiotic production.

C) Sporulation

Explanation: Producing asexual spores is another method of asexual reproduction in fungi, where spores are formed and dispersed to create new fungal colonies.

C) They lack cell walls and hyphae

Explanation: Slime molds lack cell walls and hyphae, differentiating them from true fungi.

B) Fungicide

Explanation: Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae can be controlled by the application of fungicide.

C) On their head

Explanation: Fungi can grow on various parts of an insect, such as an ant, but a notable example is fungi growing on top of an ant’s head, affecting its behavior and life cycle.

C) Mucor sp.

Explanation: The bright field light micrograph shows the release of spores from a sporangium of Mucor sp., a mold commonly found indoors.

D) Symbiosis

Explanation: Symbiosis refers to a close and long-term biological relationship between two different organisms, which can include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

D) Produces mushrooms

Explanation: Bread mold does not produce mushrooms; it is multicellular, found on bread, fruit, and vegetables, dark green or black in color, and contains sporangia.

B) Rhizopus stolonifera

Explanation: Rhizopus stolonifera is a species commonly associated with bread mold, often one of the first molds found on stale bread.

D) Protista

Explanation: Slime molds, once thought to be fungi, actually belong to the kingdom Protista.

C) It is biodegradable

Explanation: Mycelium packaging is considered better than Styrofoam or plastics because it is biodegradable, meaning it can break down naturally and reduce environmental pollution, unlike traditional plastic materials which persist in the environment for centuries.

B) High in protein and B vitamins

Explanation: Cyberlindnera jadinii, when used as a food additive, is notably high in protein and B vitamins, making it a valuable ingredient in processed and pet foods.

B) They evolved after diverging into two separate lineages

Explanation: Multicellular forms of fungi and animals evolved after they diverged into two separate lineages.

B) Fungi that form networks with the roots of plants and trees

Explanation: Mycorrhizal fungi create networks with the roots of plants and trees, forming a mutualistic relationship where both parties benefit.

C) A mutual relationship between fungi and plant roots

Explanation: The term 'mycorrhiza' combines 'myco' (fungus) and 'rhiza' (root), referring to the mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots.

B) Aquatic environments and soil

Explanation: Chytrids are flagellated fungi that are primarily found in aquatic environments and soil.

C) They have flagellated spores

Explanation: Chytrids possess motile zoospores, which are flagellated spores that can swim.

C) By forming asci through meiosis

Explanation: Yeasts can also reproduce sexually by forming asci through the process of meiosis.

C) As a food additive called 'torula' yeast

Explanation: Cyberlindnera jadinii is used as a food additive in processed foods and pet foods, known as 'torula' yeast, valued for its high protein and B vitamins content.

B) Penicillin

Explanation: Penicillin, produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum, is a well-known antibiotic that inhibits the growth of competing microorganisms.

B) They can be either unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental conditions

Explanation: Dimorphic fungi have the ability to switch between unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (mold) forms based on environmental conditions.

C) Both sexually and asexually

Explanation: Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, allowing them to adapt to various environmental conditions and increase their chances of survival and dispersal.

B) Dispersal of spores

Explanation: During both sexual and asexual reproduction, fungi must disperse their spores to propagate and ensure the continuation of the species.

D) One partner benefits while the other is unaffected

Explanation: In a commensal relationship, one partner benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

C) Bread mold

Explanation: Zygomycota is commonly referred to as bread mold, which is a type of fungus often found on bread and other food products.

D) Chloroplasts

Explanation: Fungi lack chloroplasts, which are essential for photosynthesis in plants, thereby differentiating them from the plant kingdom.

C) Amphibians

Explanation: Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease caused by chytrids that primarily affects amphibians, posing a significant threat to their populations.

C) Torula yeast

Explanation: In the food industry, Cyberlindnera jadinii is commonly referred to as 'torula' yeast, highlighting its usage in various food products.

C) To damage or destroy enemy crops

Explanation: In crop warfare, the primary purpose of applying chemical spray to plants is to damage or destroy enemy crops, thereby weakening the enemy's food supply and economic stability.

B) They remain dormant

Explanation: When food is scarce, fungal spores can remain dormant, allowing them to survive until conditions improve.

C) Nutrients produced through photosynthesis

Explanation: Plants and trees produce nutrients through photosynthesis that mycorrhizal fungi can use, thus benefiting from the relationship.

C) By helping them absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Explanation: Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants and trees in absorbing water and nutrients from the soil, which is essential for their growth and health.

B) From the host organism

Explanation: In symbiotic relationships, fungi typically obtain nutrients from the host organism, whether the relationship is parasitic, commensal, or mutualistic.

B) To release ascospores

Explanation: An ascus in Ascomycota releases ascospores, which are a type of spore crucial for their reproduction.

C) Protists

Explanation: Fungi, plants, and animals share a common ancestry with protists, which evolved around 1.5 billion years ago.

C) Truffles

Explanation: Truffles are widely recognized as the world's most expensive food due to their unique taste, rarity, and the labor-intensive process required for their cultivation and harvest.

C) Altitude

Explanation: While soil type, pH level, tree species, and soil drainage are crucial for truffle cultivation, altitude is not specifically mentioned as an important factor in the process.

C) It is lightweight and compostable

Explanation: Mycelium packaging is lightweight and compostable, making it a more environmentally friendly option compared to Styrofoam, which is not compostable and contributes to landfill waste.

C) Plant kingdom

Explanation: Fungi were placed under the plant kingdom mainly because of their sessile lifestyle and general above-ground morphology.

C) Bread mold

Explanation: Zygomycota is commonly known as bread mold, as it is often one of the first molds found on stale bread, specifically Rhizopus stolonifera.

B) By budding

Explanation: Most yeasts, which are single-celled fungi without flagella, reproduce asexually by budding. In this process, a small cell forms and then gets pinched off, dividing by mitosis.

C) By parasitizing fungi through mycorrhizal networks

Explanation: Ghost pipes (Monotropa uniflora) obtain nutrients by parasitizing fungi through mycorrhizal networks, rather than photosynthesis.

C) To allow nutrients to pass between cells

Explanation: Septa are cross walls with tiny holes in them, permitting the passage of nutrients between cells within the hyphae, ensuring efficient nutrient distribution throughout the fungal structure.

B) They do not grow well

Explanation: In lichens, fungi do not grow well when separated from algae, indicating the dependency of fungi on their photosynthetic partners.

B) By protecting them from desiccation and strong light

Explanation: In a lichen symbiosis, fungi protect the algae from desiccation and strong light, safeguarding the photosynthetic organisms from harsh environmental conditions.

B) Aseptate fungi

Explanation: Bread mold is an example of aseptate fungi, which do not have septa and are multinucleated, differentiating them from septate fungi.

A) Chytridiomycota

Explanation: Chytridiomycota, also known as Chytrids, have a sporangium as their reproductive structure and produce spores called sporangiospores asexually.

D) To absorb nutrients

Explanation: Mycelium is composed of hyphae with a large surface area to volume ratio, which is ideal for the absorption of nutrients, crucial for the growth and development of fungi.

C) Producing spores

Explanation: The fruiting body of fungi, found aboveground, is primarily responsible for producing spores, facilitating the reproductive process of fungi.

D) Histoplasma

Explanation: Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by the pathogen Histoplasma, which can affect individuals with compromised immune systems.

C) Hyphae

Explanation: The hyphae of the fungus Arthrobotrys are responsible for forming traps, which are specialized structures used to capture and immobilize nematodes.

C) Presence of membrane-bound organelles

Explanation: Eukaryotic cells, including those in fungi, have membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

C) Only chytrids

Explanation: Most fungi are not motile, but chytrids are an exception as they possess flagella, enabling them to move.

C) On soil, tree bark, and rocks

Explanation: Lichens have the ability to grow in diverse environments such as on soil, tree bark, and rocks, showcasing their adaptability.

C) A root-like structure thicker than mycelium

Explanation: A rhizomorph is a root-like structure that is thicker than mycelium and made of thick hyphae. It helps in spreading the fungus from one root system to another and in the transport of nutrients and water.

C) Aseptate fungi are multinucleated without septa

Explanation: Aseptate fungi lack septa and are multinucleated, meaning their hyphae do not have cross walls, which is different from septate fungi that have septa dividing their hyphae into individual cells.

C) In symbiosis with plant roots

Explanation: Morels and truffles are mycorrhizal fungi, and they form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, where they are commonly found.

D) Chytrid fungi

Explanation: Chytrid fungi are a primitive group of fungi that retain flagellate cells in their spores, a feature that most other fungi have lost.

B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Explanation: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast in the Ascomycota group, is extensively used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation.

D) Streptomyces

Explanation: Streptomyces fungi are known for producing secondary metabolites that are used in some cancer drugs, showcasing their application in pharmaceuticals.

C) Fungal hyphae

Explanation: Mycelium is primarily composed of fungal hyphae, which are the thread-like structures of fungi. This composition provides strength and flexibility, making it suitable for use in packaging materials.

C) Pleurotus ostreatus

Explanation: Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the oyster mushroom, has been found to contain similar levels of statins as synthetic drugs used to lower blood cholesterol.

D) Moist soil

Explanation: Fungi like Arthrobotrys typically inhabit moist soil, where they encounter nematodes and other microorganisms that they can trap and decompose for nutrients.

C) When conditions are unfavorable

Explanation: Sexual reproduction in fungi occurs when conditions are unfavorable, leading to the fusion of two compatible hyphae to form zygospores, which can withstand harsh environments.

C) As glycogen

Explanation: Fungi store energy in the form of glycogen, which is a common energy storage molecule in many organisms, including animals.

B) Fungi and algae/cyanobacteria

Explanation: Lichens are unique organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.

C) Difference in grass length

Explanation: One observable impact of mycorrhizal relationships is the difference in the length of the grass, indicating enhanced growth due to the symbiotic relationship.

A) Ergosterol

Explanation: In fungal cell membranes, ergosterol replaces cholesterol, serving a similar function in maintaining membrane integrity and fluidity.

C) They are flagellated and can swim

Explanation: Zoospores in chytrids are significant because they are flagellated spores that can swim, allowing the fungi to disperse in aquatic environments.

C) Hericium erinaceus

Explanation: Hericium erinaceus, also known as Lion’s mane, is used in traditional Chinese medicine and is believed to protect against dementia and alleviate depression.

C) They have specific soil and tree requirements

Explanation: Truffles are difficult to cultivate because they need specific soil types, pH levels, and certain tree species to grow, making the cultivation process complex and challenging.

B) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

Explanation: Tremella fuciformis, also known as Snow fungus, is believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

C) Rhizomorphs

Explanation: Rhizomorphs allow honey mushrooms to spread from one root system to another, as well as transport nutrients and water. These root-like structures are thicker than mycelium and are crucial for the fungus's propagation.

B) Bacteria living on dead plant material

Explanation: Slime molds feed on bacteria that live on dead plant material and do not decompose the material for food.

D) Indefinite shelf life

Explanation: While mycelium packaging has many advantages such as biodegradability, being a renewable resource, non-toxic, and sustainable production, it does not have an indefinite shelf life as it is designed to break down naturally.

A) Sporangiospores

Explanation: Chytridiomycota produce sporangiospores asexually within a sporangium.

C) By returning carbon as CO2 through decomposition

Explanation: As decomposers, fungi play a critical role in the carbon cycle by breaking down organic material and returning carbon to the atmosphere as CO2, preventing it from being buried.

C) 2,000-year-old honey mushroom (Armillaria solidipes)

Explanation: The largest organism in the world is a 2,000-year-old honey mushroom (Armillaria solidipes) found in Malheur National Forest, Oregon, USA. This giant mushroom is a parasite to trees and covers more than 3 square miles underground.

C) Warm temperatures and moisture

Explanation: Bread mold thrives in warm temperatures and moist conditions, which accelerate its growth rate.

C) Statins

Explanation: The first generation of statins, which are inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, were isolated from fungi.

C) Transportation of nutrients and water

Explanation: Rhizomorphs in honey mushrooms help spread the fungus from one root system to another and transport nutrients and water, facilitating the growth and spread of the fungus.

B) By using sticky hyphae and constricting rings

Explanation: This fungus traps roundworms using adhesive hyphae and constricting rings, paralyzes them with toxins, and then degrades them for nutrients.

C) It breaks down in natural environments

Explanation: Mycelium packaging helps in reducing environmental impact because it breaks down in natural environments, thus reducing the accumulation of waste and pollution associated with non-biodegradable materials like Styrofoam.

C) The leaves die

Explanation: When the diamond-shaped spots caused by Magnaporthe oryzae join together on rice leaves, they cause the leaves to die.

C) Asci

Explanation: Ascomycota, known as yeasts and sac fungi, have asci as their reproductive structure and produce ascospores through sexual reproduction.

C) It grows as a mold at 25°C and converts to yeast at 37°C

Explanation: Talaromyces marneffei grows as a mold (mycelial form) at environmental temperature (25°C) and converts to a yeast form at body temperature (37°C) in patients.

D) Tilettia

Explanation: The fungus Tilettia is specifically mentioned as the cause of wheat smut, a disease that affects wheat crops.

B) A medicinal fungus, also known as caterpillar fungus

Explanation: Dong Chong Xia Cao, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a type of Cordyceps fungus with medicinal properties that infects and colonizes caterpillars.

C) Yeasts, truffles, and morels

Explanation: Ascomycota includes yeasts, which are unicellular fungi used in baking, brewing, and wine fermentation, as well as truffles and morels.

B) Making antibiotics

Explanation: Fungi, such as Penicillium chrysogenum, are instrumental in producing antibiotics like penicillin, which are crucial in treating bacterial infections.

C) Mycorrhizal fungi

Explanation: Morels and truffles are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic relationships with plant roots.

C) Defense mechanisms

Explanation: Secondary metabolites serve various functions, including acting as toxins and antimicrobial agents to protect fungi against bacteria, viruses, and other fungi.

C) They perform photosynthesis

Explanation: Algae in the lichen symbiosis perform photosynthesis, producing essential organic compounds that benefit the fungi in the mutualistic relationship.

A) Agaricus bisporus

Explanation: Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, is a member of the Basidiomycota or club fungi.

C) They need to be harvested by hand

Explanation: Truffles are labor-intensive to harvest because they are often found underground near tree roots and require skilled labor to locate and dig them out by hand.

B) Animals

Explanation: Despite their earlier classification within the plant kingdom, fungi are more closely related to animals due to their common ancestry with an aquatic flagellated, unicellular protist.

C) Soil bacteria

Explanation: Many antibiotics have been isolated from soil bacteria, which is a rich source of antimicrobial compounds.

C) AIDS patients

Explanation: Talaromyces marneffei is commonly found in AIDS patients, with about 10% of AIDS patients in Hong Kong affected by talaromycosis.

C) Individuals with HIV

Explanation: People with lowered immunity, such as those with HIV, are more susceptible to fungal infections, making them a high-risk group for diseases like pneumocystosis and histoplasmosis.

D) Sperm cells

Explanation: In humans, the only cells that possess flagella are sperm cells, which use their flagella for motility.

C) Being single-celled fungi without flagella

Explanation: Yeasts are defined as single-celled fungi without flagella, which typically reproduce asexually by budding.

C) Penicillium chrysogenum

Explanation: Penicillium chrysogenum is well-known for its ability to secrete penicillin, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.

A) Greek 'little pot'

Explanation: The term 'chytrid' derives from the Greek word 'chytridion,' meaning 'little pot,' reflecting the shape of the spore-producing structures of these fungi.

B) Zygospores

Explanation: Zygomycota, commonly known as bread molds, produce zygospores during sexual reproduction, which are protected by a structure called zygosporangium.

D) Lingzhi

Explanation: Lingzhi, also known as bracket fungi, is believed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties.

C) Amanita phalloides

Explanation: Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the 'Death cap,' is a highly toxic mushroom species within the Basidiomycota.

B) They transform ants into zombies

Explanation: Cordyceps fungi infect ants and manipulate their behavior, effectively turning them into 'zombies' before ultimately killing them.

B) Diamond-shaped spots

Explanation: Magnaporthe oryzae causes diamond-shaped spots on rice leaves, which can join together and cause the leaves to die.

C) Aquatic flagellated, unicellular protist

Explanation: An aquatic flagellated, unicellular protist is thought to be the most recent common ancestor of animals and fungi.

C) Fungi

Explanation: Most vegetable diseases are primarily caused by fungi, making them a significant concern in agriculture.

B) Multicellular

Explanation: Most fungi are multicellular, which means they consist of multiple cells forming complex structures.

A) Biocontrol of parasitic nematodes in crops

Explanation: Research is being conducted on using Arthrobotrys oligospora for biocontrol of parasitic nematodes that damage crops, leveraging its nematode-trapping abilities.

C) Pneumocystis

Explanation: Fungal pneumonia, also known as pneumocystosis, is specifically caused by the fungal pathogen Pneumocystis, often affecting individuals with weakened immune systems.

C) Basidiospores

Explanation: Basidiomycetes produce reproductive spores known as basidiospores.

C) It can be absorbed through the skin and is toxic to humans and animals

Explanation: The T2 fungal toxin can be absorbed through the skin and is highly toxic to both humans and animals, posing significant health risks.

B) Roundworms

Explanation: Arthrobotrys oligospora is a nematode-trapping fungus that preys primarily on roundworms. It uses adhesive hyphae and constricting rings to trap and degrade them for nutrients.

D) Opisthokonta

Explanation: All fungi belong to the supergroup Opisthokonta, which also includes some protists and animals, indicating a shared evolutionary lineage.

C) They group together and move as a multicellular structure

Explanation: When food is in short supply, slime molds group together and move as a multicellular structure.

C) Mushrooms

Explanation: Basidiomycota are more commonly known as mushrooms, which are a type of fungi.

E) Grows abundantly in many regions

Explanation: Truffles are expensive because they are difficult to cultivate, labor-intensive to harvest, rare and seasonal, and have high demand. They do not grow abundantly in many regions, which adds to their exclusivity and cost.

C) They are paralyzed with toxins and degraded for nutrients

Explanation: Once trapped, the roundworms are paralyzed with toxins and then degraded by the fungus for nutrients absorbed by the sticky hyphae.

B) Using adhesive traps

Explanation: The fungus Arthrobotrys captures nematodes primarily through the use of adhesive traps, which are a distinctive characteristic of its interaction with these worms.

B) Inside the root cell walls

Explanation: Endo mycorrhizae form tree-like structures inside the root cell walls where the exchange of carbon and nutrients takes place, enabling a symbiotic relationship with the host plant.

B) They exist as single cells

Explanation: When food is abundant, slime molds exist as single cells.

D) 140,000

Explanation: The fungal kingdom includes over 140,000 species, reflecting its vast diversity and the variety of ecological roles fungi play.

B) They can grow on organisms as parasites or by themselves on dead organic matter

Explanation: Facultative parasitic fungi have the ability to grow either on living organisms as parasites or independently on dead organic matter, reflecting their versatile nature.

C) Body temperature in patients

Explanation: The yeast form of Talaromyces marneffei is associated with body temperature (37°C) in patients, particularly those with AIDS.

B) It decomposes them to absorb nutrients

Explanation: The fungus Arthrobotrys benefits from trapping and killing nematodes by decomposing them and absorbing the nutrients released, which supports its growth and reproduction.

B) Heterotrophic

Explanation: Fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they cannot produce their own food and must obtain nutrition from plant and animal matter.

C) Releasing digestive enzymes to break down dead or decaying matter

Explanation: In saprotrophic nutrition, fungi release digestive enzymes that break down dead or decaying matter and then absorb the resultant nutrient molecules.

C) Some types of bacteria

Explanation: In addition to fungi, some types of bacteria are also saprobes, meaning they can release digestive enzymes to break down dead or decaying matter.

C) Forests

Explanation: The giant honey mushroom is typically found in forests, particularly underground, where it covers more than 3 square miles in Malheur National Forest, Oregon, USA. It is associated with the roots of decaying trees.

D) Basidiomycota

Explanation: Basidiomycota, also known as club fungi, have basidia as their reproductive structure and produce basidiospores by sexual reproduction.

C) Fungal

Explanation: Oral thrush is a fungal infection, commonly caused by the yeast Candida, leading to white patches in the mouth.

A) Endo mycorrhizae form tree-like structures inside root cell walls

Explanation: Endo mycorrhizae form tree-like structures inside the root cell walls where the exchange of carbon and nutrients takes place, distinguishing them from ecto mycorrhizae which surround the outer surface of the plant root cells.

B) Ecto mycorrhizae surround the root cells but do not penetrate them

Explanation: Ecto mycorrhizae fungal hyphae surround the outer surface of the plant root cells, establishing a symbiotic relationship without invading the root cells.

C) It indicates a nematode infestation

Explanation: Arthrobotrys oligospora is used as a biological indicator of nematode infestation because it traps and degrades nematodes that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

C) In times of stress

Explanation: Slime molds may form fruiting bodies and release spores for reproduction in times of stress.

C) Yeast infection

Explanation: Oral thrush is a condition characterized by a yeast infection, often caused by Candida species, leading to white patches in the mouth.

C) Fusarium

Explanation: Fusarium mold is identified as the source of T2 fungal toxin, used in anti-crop warfare in Southeast and Central Asia.

B) Immune boosting

Explanation: Lingzhi is a fungus used in Traditional Chinese Medicine known for its immune-boosting properties due to its secondary metabolites.

C) Cordyceps

Explanation: Cordyceps is recognized in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its energy-boosting properties, derived from its secondary metabolites.

C) They can only grow on their specific hosts

Explanation: Obligate parasitic fungi are highly specialized and can only grow on their specific host organisms, indicating a strong dependency on their hosts for survival.

C) They colonize and kill the caterpillars

Explanation: Fungal spores of Cordyceps invade caterpillars, colonize them, and eventually kill them, leading to the growth of a fruiting body of the fungus.

B) They are released back into the environment

Explanation: Larger molecules that fungi break down are released back into the environment, contributing to nutrient cycling.

C) Rice blast disease

Explanation: The text identifies rice blast disease as a significant issue caused by fungal infection in rice crops.

B) Endo mycorrhizae

Explanation: Endo mycorrhizae are known for forming tree-like structures inside the root cell walls where the exchange of carbon and nutrients takes place.

A) Japan, Germany, France, Britain, the former Soviet Union, and the US

Explanation: These countries have all invested in various stages of anti-crop warfare involving fungi.

D) Their adhesive properties

Explanation: The traps of Arthrobotrys are particularly effective against nematodes due to their adhesive properties, which ensure that once a nematode comes into contact with the trap, it becomes immobilized and can be decomposed by the fungus.

A) They lack chlorophyll

Explanation: Fungi are heterotrophic because they lack chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis, making them unable to produce their own food.

B) They surround the outer surface of the plant root cells

Explanation: Ecto mycorrhizae fungal hyphae surround the outer surface of the plant root cells, facilitating a symbiotic relationship without penetrating the cell walls directly.