p.19
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What type of epithelium is found in keratinized skin cells of reptiles, birds, and mammals?
Stratified squamosal epithelium.
p.25
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the primary function of nervous tissue?
To receive stimuli and conduct impulses from one region to another.
p.28
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How do large organisms typically manage nutrient and waste transport?
By developing internal transport mechanisms.
p.27
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How does volume change in relation to body size?
Volume increases as the cube of body length.
p.15
Grades of Organization in Animals
What advantage does segmentation provide to animals?
Greater body mobility and complexity of structure and function.
p.17
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What do all animals and their organ systems consist of?
Four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
p.1
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is the significance of learning according to the text?
Learning changes everything.
p.25
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of neuroglia?
To insulate neurons and support nervous functions.
p.27
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What happens to surface area as body size increases?
Surface area increases as the square of body length.
p.26
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of the soma in a neuron?
It is the nucleated body of the neuron.
p.14
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What is the advantage of a complete gut?
It allows for one-way flow of food from mouth to anus.
p.29
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How does large body size provide protection?
It offers protection against predators and promotes offensive tactics.
p.16
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two categories of extracellular components?
Body fluids and extracellular structural elements.
p.12
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What does the term 'acoelomate' refer to?
Animals that lack a body cavity.
p.12
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What characterizes eucoelomate animals?
They possess a true coelom, which is a body cavity fully lined by mesoderm.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is the simplest grade of organization in life?
Protoplasmic grade of organization.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is contained within the protoplasm of unicellular organisms?
Organelles with specialized functions.
p.19
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What separates stratified epithelia from underlying tissues?
A basal layer that continues to divide and produce new cells.
p.27
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How does complexity in metazoan organization relate to body size?
More complex grades of metazoan organization permit and promote larger body sizes.
p.15
Grades of Organization in Animals
In which animal groups is segmentation found?
Annelids, arthropods, and chordates.
p.15
Grades of Organization in Animals
When can segments be observed in the development of segmented animals?
During early development and as superficial ectodermal and body wall features in adults.
p.14
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
Why is the tube-within-a-tube design adaptive?
It is adaptive to the various types of food.
p.5
Grades of Organization in Animals
Which animal phyla are associated with the highest level of organization?
Most complex animal phyla such as nemerteans, crabs, and chordates.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
Why are sponges sometimes classified at the cellular level?
Due to their unique structure.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is another name for loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue.
p.11
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is the difference between pseudocoelom and coelom?
Pseudocoelom is a false body cavity, while coelom is a true body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
What is smooth muscle tissue?
Non-striped visceral muscle.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
Which animals exhibit radial symmetry?
Sponges, jellyfishes, sea urchins, and related groups.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is cephalization?
The differentiation of a head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in the front area.
p.13
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What are the two groups of protostomes?
Lophotrochozoan protostomes and ecdysozoan protostomes.
p.19
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are stratified epithelia primarily adapted for?
Withstanding mechanical abrasion and distortion.
p.27
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What problem do large animals face regarding surface area?
Large animals have inadequate surface area to provide respiration and nutrient flow to cells deep in the body.
p.14
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What are the two types of developmental sequences in animals?
Diploblastic and triploblastic.
p.29
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is one benefit of large body size in animals?
Buffers against environmental fluctuations.
p.16
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What are the two main components of animal bodies?
Cellular components and extracellular components.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
What defines the cell-tissue grade of organization?
Cells are grouped into definite patterns or layers to perform a common function as a coordinated unit called tissue.
p.16
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is found in the intracellular space?
Fluids within body cells.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
What contributes to the diversity among unicellular groups?
Varying subcellular components and structures.
p.11
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
How does mesoderm form in deuterostomes?
Through an enterocoelous plan where cells from the central gut lining form pouches that expand into the blastocoel.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle cells?
Long, tapering, unbranched, with one central nucleus.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
What are the two surfaces formed in radially symmetrical animals?
The oral surface (mouth end) and the aboral surface (basal attachment disc).
p.13
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What are the three types of body plans that can result from spiral cleavage?
Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate via schizocoely.
p.13
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What types of cleavage patterns can ecdysozoan protostomes exhibit?
Spiral and superficial cleavage.
p.10
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What occurs during development in other animal phyla after blastula formation?
Development proceeds from blastula to gastrula.
p.10
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What are the three possible body plans in protostomes?
Acoelomate plan, pseudocoelomate plan, and coelomate plan.
p.15
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is a metamere?
A segment that contains internal and external structures of several vital organ systems.
p.17
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is histology?
The study of types of tissues.
p.26
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are synapses?
They are specialized nerve junctions between each neuron or effector organ.
p.16
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What are the two compartments filled by body fluids?
Intracellular space and extracellular space.
p.16
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What functions do extracellular structural elements serve?
Storage depot and mechanical protection.
p.9
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is a body cavity?
An internal space represented by the gut cavity and fluid-filled body coelom that cushions and protects internal organs.
p.11
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What characterizes a schizocoelous coelomate plan?
Mesodermal cells fill the blastocoel and split to form a true body cavity called a coelom.
p.20
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What happens to transitional epithelium when it is in a relaxed state?
It appears to have many cell layers.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
What characterizes cardiac muscle tissue?
Short, branched network, and uninucleate, connected by intercalated discs.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are cuboidal epithelial cells?
Short box-like cells lining the ducts and tubules of kidneys and salivary glands.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What does the transverse plane do?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
p.19
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What happens to keratinized skin cells as they move toward the surface?
They die, lose nuclei, and form scale-like layers that are waterproofed.
p.15
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is metamerism?
The serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis of the body.
p.14
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What is a characteristic of a blind gut?
It has the same opening for the entrance of food and exit of wastes.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
What does division of labor in cells mean?
Cells perform specialized tasks that were earlier accomplished by subcellular components of unicellular organisms.
p.5
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is considered the highest level of organization in animals?
The Organ-System Grade of Organization.
p.16
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What types of structures are considered extracellular structural elements?
Support connective tissues, cartilage, and cuticle.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What structures are formed by dense connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments, and fasciae.
p.9
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is a coelomate?
An organism with a true body cavity.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
What defines radial symmetry?
A body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis.
p.10
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is the significance of the blastula in sponges?
It has no external opening, so no gut cavity forms.
p.10
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
How does mesoderm form in protostomes?
Endodermal cells near the blastopore migrate into the blastocoel.
p.25
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of neurons in the nervous system?
They are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
p.27
Evolutionary History of Animal Phyla
What trend is observed in the maximum sizes of organisms throughout Earth's history?
There has been an increase in maximum organism sizes.
p.6
Types of Animal Symmetry
What does symmetry refer to in animals?
Balance of proportions and correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane.
p.29
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is the energy cost of maintaining body temperature in large animals compared to small animals?
It is less per gram of body weight in large animals.
p.5
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is the Organ-System Grade of Organization?
Several organs working together to perform a common function for the survival of the animal.
p.23
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Why does cartilage heal slowly after damage?
It lacks a blood supply, requiring nutrients and wastes to diffuse through the ground substance.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of loose connective tissue?
Serves as packing material and anchors blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
p.2
Evolutionary History of Animal Phyla
What is the basic reason for the uniformity of all life?
Common ancestry and similar cellular construction.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How do epithelial cells produce lubricating substances?
They have modifications to produce lubricating mucus and specialized hormones and enzymes.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
Where are smooth muscles commonly found in vertebrates?
Around blood vessels and surrounding internal organs like intestines and the uterus.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
Which animals typically exhibit biradial symmetry?
Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals like ctenophores.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What does the frontal plane do?
Divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves.
p.10
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What fills the region between ectoderm and endoderm in acoelomates?
A spongy mass of parenchyma cells from embryonic connective tissue.
p.1
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is the title of Chapter 9 in Integrated Principles of Zoology?
Architectural Pattern of an Animal.
p.19
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Where are stratified epithelia commonly found?
In the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, and skin.
p.28
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What body shape adaptation helps large organisms maintain cell proximity to the surface?
Flattening of body shapes.
p.21
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes connective tissue?
It contains relatively few cells, many fibers, and a ground substance or matrix that suspends fibers.
p.21
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two types of connective tissue proper in vertebrates?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.21
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Name some specialized connective tissues.
Blood, lymph, adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone.
p.6
Types of Animal Symmetry
What are the three types of animal symmetry?
Spherical, radial, and bilateral.
p.26
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the myelin sheath and its function?
It is an insulating sheath that increases the speed of signals during transmission.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
What are eumetazoans?
Multicellular organisms such as Volvox.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is a key characteristic of the cellular grade of organization?
Cells are specialized parts of the whole organism but cannot live alone.
p.5
Grades of Organization in Animals
Which animal phyla are associated with the Organ Grade of Organization?
Annelids, arthropods, and chordates.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
What functions do unicellular organisms perform?
All basic functions of life within a single cell.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
Densely packed fibers and little matrix.
p.11
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is a pseudocoelomate body plan?
A body plan where mesodermal cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel, forming a false body cavity.
p.2
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How does each grade of organization compare to the previous one?
Each grade is more complex than the previous grade.
p.2
Evolutionary History of Animal Phyla
What processes led to the evolution of major body plans?
Extensive selection and adaptation processes.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is epithelium?
A sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface of the animal body.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the internal functions of epithelial tissue?
They function as lining for all organs and ducts, allowing transport of secretions and materials.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Why can't blood vessels penetrate epithelial tissues?
Because epithelial cells depend on diffusion for nutrients.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are simple epithelia?
A single layer of cells that occur in all metazoans.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are columnar epithelial cells?
Taller than cuboidal with elongate nuclei and microvilli for increased absorption along the intestines.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is biradial symmetry?
A variant form of radial symmetry with part that is single or paired, producing mirrored halves with only two planes.
p.13
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What happens to the blastopore in radial cleavage?
It becomes the anus, and a new opening becomes the mouth.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What are the dorsal and ventral sides?
Dorsal is the back (upper) side; ventral is the front (belly) side.
p.28
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is one solution to the surface to volume issue in large body size?
Folding and invagination of body surfaces to maximize surface area with minimal size.
p.28
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What is a result of the adaptations for large body size?
More complex and specialized organ systems.
p.6
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What are the different aspects of animal body plans?
Grade of organization, body symmetry, number of embryonic layers, and number of body cavities.
p.26
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
It carries signals away from the nerve body to other cells and effector organs.
p.5
Grades of Organization in Animals
What is the Tissue-Organ Grade of Organization?
Aggregated tissues assembled into larger functional units called organs.
p.6
Types of Animal Symmetry
Describe bilateral symmetry.
Has right and left sides.
p.23
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the main characteristic of cartilage?
It is a semi-rigid tissue with a firm matrix.
p.4
Grades of Organization in Animals
Which animals represent the cell-tissue grade of organization?
Animals such as jellyfish.
p.9
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What are the three types of body cavities?
Acoelomate (no body cavity), Pseudocoelomate (partial body cavity), Coelomate (true body cavity).
p.9
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What defines a pseudocoelomate?
It has a partial body cavity.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
What type of muscle is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary muscle in vertebrates.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are squamosal epithelial cells?
Flattened cells forming a continuous lining of blood capillaries and lungs, allowing diffusion and transport.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is the sagittal plane?
It divides the body into right and left halves.
p.17
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the four types of tissues that form during embryonic development?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
p.26
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What do dendrites do?
They are extensions from the soma that receive signals from receptors.
p.14
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What design does a complete gut represent?
A tube-within-a-tube design.
p.29
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
How do energy costs of movement differ between large and small animals?
Larger animals have lower energy costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance.
p.12
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is a pseudocoelomate?
Animals that have a body cavity that is not fully lined by mesoderm.
p.16
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is found in the extracellular space?
Blood plasma and interstitial fluids.
p.9
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What is the significance of mesodermal pouch formation during gastrulation?
It is essential for the development of body cavities.
p.11
Body Cavities and Their Formation
What are mesenteries in the context of coelom?
Mesenteries are mesodermal structures that suspend organs within the coelom.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
Describe striated muscle tissue.
Transversely striped muscle.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is spherical symmetry?
A body shape where any plane passing through the center divides the body into mirrored halves, best suited for floating and rolling.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is bilateral symmetry?
An organism divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions forming right and left halves.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
Where is the mouth located in bilaterally symmetric animals?
At the front, allowing for more efficient feeding and detection of prey.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is the difference between distal and proximal?
Distal refers to parts farther from the middle of the body; proximal refers to parts nearer the middle.
p.10
Grades of Organization in Animals
What type of body organization do sponges exhibit?
Cellular grade of organization and are acoelomate.
p.12
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What are the two methods of mesoderm formation?
Schizocoelous plan and Enterocoelous plan.
p.29
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What results from the ecological opportunities available to larger animals?
Extensive adaptive diversification.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
What type of organisms are included in the protoplasmic grade of organization?
Unicellular groups, which are the simplest eukaryotic organisms.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What types of cells are found in loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts and wandering macrophages.
p.3
Grades of Organization in Animals
How are the hierarchical grades of organization structured?
Each grade is more complex than the preceding one.
p.2
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
What are the five major grades of organization in animals?
Protoplasmic, Cellular, Cell-tissue, Tissue-organ, Organ-system.
p.20
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What does transitional epithelium look like when stretched?
It appears to have only a few layers of extremely flattened cells.
p.18
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How are epithelial cells classified?
Based on form and number of layers.
p.24
Muscle Tissue Variations
Where are smooth muscles commonly found in invertebrates?
As body wall muscles and around ducts and sphincters.
p.13
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What are the two major developmental pathways followed by triploblastic animals?
Spiral and radial cleavage.
p.22
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of collagen in dense connective tissue?
Provides great tensile strength and resistance to stretching.
p.20
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Where is transitional epithelium found?
In the urinary tract and bladder of vertebrates.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
In which types of organisms is spherical symmetry found?
It is found in unicellular forms but is rare in large animals.
p.7
Types of Animal Symmetry
What is a characteristic of animals with biradial symmetry regarding their orientation?
They have no anterior or posterior end and can interact with the environment in all directions.
p.8
Types of Animal Symmetry
What advantage does bilateral symmetry provide to animals?
It is better fitted for directional (forward) movement.
p.10
Developmental Pathways in Triploblastic Animals
What happens to cells after blastula formation in sponges?
Cells reorganize to form the adult body but do not form a gastrula.
