p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is rotation in anatomical terms?
Movement of a part of the body around its long axis.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is inversion in terms of foot movement?
The movement of the foot so that the sole faces inward (medially).
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is the perichondrium?
A fibrous membrane that covers cartilage, except on exposed surfaces in joints.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the function of the arrector pili?
Smooth muscle that connects the undersurface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What does abduction refer to?
A movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are hairs?
Invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is hyaline cartilage important for?
Growth in length of long bones and covering articular surfaces of joints.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is a key characteristic of elastic cartilage?
It possesses large numbers of elastic fibers and can repair itself.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is an example of a linear elevation bone marking?
Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
Provide examples of flat bones.
Cranium/skull, scapula, sternum.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is adduction?
A movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is pronation?
Medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is a neuron?
An individual nerve cell, including all its processes.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is protraction?
The movement of a body part forward.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is retraction?
The movement of a body part backward.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What does the skeletal system (osteology) include?
Bones, associated cartilages, and membranes.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are the two main components of bones?
Organic components (connective tissue) and inorganic components (mineral salts).
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is a tubercle in bone markings?
A rounded elevation, such as the pubic tubercle.
p.9
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What are the three main factors that affect joint stability?
Shape, size, and arrangement of articular surfaces; ligaments; muscle tone.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'paramedian' plane?
A plane situated to one of the sides of the median plane and parallel to it.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are irregular bones composed of?
A thin shell of compact bone with an interior made up of cancellous bone.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is lateral rotation?
Movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is supination?
Lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm faces anteriorly.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What does grey matter consist of?
Nerve cells embedded in neuroglia.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
Give examples of long bones.
Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What shape do short bones have?
Cubical or cuboidal in shape.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Controls involuntary activities.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for emergency responses?
Sympathetic nervous system.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
What are afferent vessels?
Lymph vessels that transport lymph toward lymph nodes.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is cancellous (spongy) bone?
Bone that is hard but contains numerous spaces and a branching network of trabeculae.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is the external acoustic meatus?
An opening in the temporal bone.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What type of movement does a ginglymus or hinge joint allow?
Movement along a transverse axis (flexion and extension).
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the difference between bipennate and multipennate muscles?
Bipennate muscles have fibers on both sides of a common tendon, while multipennate muscles have fibers running in several directions with tendon branches within the muscle.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is unique about a saddle or reciprocal joint?
It has reciprocal convex-concave surfaces allowing multiple movements.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is lateral flexion?
A movement of the trunk in the coronal plane to the side.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are nail folds?
Skin that surrounds and overlaps the nails.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
When do bone markings typically become obvious?
During puberty and adulthood.
p.9
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is an example of a Plane Joint?
Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular joints.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is the function of the articular capsule in synovial joints?
It protects the synovial membrane.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'lateral' mean?
Lies further away from the median plane.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Conservation and restoration of energy.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are functional end arteries?
Vessels whose terminal branches do anastomose, but the caliber is insufficient to keep the tissue alive if one artery is blocked.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are pneumatic bones?
Skull bones that provide air sinuses and are hollow.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
Give examples of pneumatic bones.
Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What is arteriovenous anastomosis?
A direct connection between arteries and veins without the intervention of capillaries, found in tips of fingers and toes.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the nail root?
The proximal end of the nail.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
How can bones be classified?
Regionally or according to their general shape.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are long bones characterized by?
An elongated shaft and two extremities, with length greater than breadth.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What does white matter consist of?
Nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What are the components of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs), and their associated ganglia.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'medial' refer to in anatomical terms?
Near to the median plane.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What is anastomosis?
The joining of branches of arteries.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are retinacula?
Thickened bands of deep fascia that hold tendons in position or serve as pulleys.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What type of muscle is the Gastrocnemius?
It can be classified as both fleshy and tendinous.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What characterizes smooth muscle?
It is involuntary, not controlled by will, and consists of long, spindle-shaped cells.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is unipennate muscle?
Muscle fibers are parallel to one another and on one side of the tendon, e.g., Extensor Digitorum.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a characteristic of a trochoid or pivot joint?
Rotation is only possible along the long axis.
p.14
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the function of the stratum corneum?
Responsible for the waterproof characteristics of the skin and protects the body from infection.
p.11
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What are intermuscular septa?
Fibrous connective tissue sheets that bind several muscles of similar actions into groups.
p.14
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the superficial fascia?
Subcutaneous tissue that connects the dermis to underlying deep fascia or bones.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy
What does Basic Anatomy focus on?
The minimal amount of anatomy necessary for understanding the overall structure and function of the body.
p.11
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What does 'Supraspinatus' indicate?
Above the spine of the scapula.
p.1
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What are Descriptive Anatomical Terms used for?
To enable medical professionals to communicate accurately about the body.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are nails?
Keratinized plates on the dorsal surface of the tips of the fingers and toes.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are the surface markings of bones?
Irregularities where fascia, ligaments, tendons, or aponeuroses are attached.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What does opposition of the thumb refer to?
The ability to turn and rotate the thumb to touch each finger.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Acts as accessory drainage for lymph from body tissues, emptying into the general venous circulation.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In all tissues and organs except the CNS, eyeball, internal ear, epidermis, cartilage, and bone.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
What do lymph capillaries do?
Drain lymph from tissues and are drained by small lymph vessels that unite to form larger lymph vessels.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is deep fascia?
A membranous layer of connective tissue that invests muscles and other deep structures.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the perimysium?
The outer covering of a muscle that is united to the periosteum of the bone.
p.9
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is the function of ligaments in joints?
To strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the bones together.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'superior' indicate?
The upper part of the body.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'inferior' mean?
The lower part of the body.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is an aponeurosis?
A wide sheath of fibrous tissue that serves as a connection of the muscle to the bone.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy
What is Clinical Anatomy?
The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Gross Anatomy?
The study of parts and structures that are visible to the naked eye.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Embryology?
A part of developmental anatomy focused on changes occurring while developing inside the uterus.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
Define 'Crest'.
Sharp, prominent linear body elevation.
p.3
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is medial rotation?
Movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the nail bed?
The surface of the skin covered by the nail.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are hair bulbs?
Expanded extremities of hair that penetrate deeper into the dermis.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What does the cardiovascular system include?
The heart and blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What is one function of the cardiovascular system?
Supply of nutrition to all parts of the body for growth, maintenance, and normal activity.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What do arteries do?
Transport blood from the heart and distribute it to various tissues of the body.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are arterioles?
Smaller branches of arteries, typically less than 0.1 mm.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
What is lymph?
Tissue fluid found in lymph vessels that passes through at least one lymph node.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is compact bone?
A hard or solid mass forming the outer layer of the bone structure beneath the periosteum.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is the greater sciatic notch?
A notch that serves as a depression in the hip bone.
p.9
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is the role of synovial sheaths?
To reduce friction between tendons and surrounding structures.
p.9
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a bursa?
A lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What do fixators do?
They contract isometrically to produce an increase in muscle tone without movement, e.g., shoulder girdle muscles.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What do 'palmar' and 'dorsal' indicate?
Anterior and posterior surfaces of the hand.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Applied Anatomy?
The application of anatomical knowledge gained in study to actual practice in a clinical setting.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is an 'Epicondyle'?
Smaller projection situated in smooth articular eminence.
p.7
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a synchondrosis?
A joint characterized by having a cartilaginous uniting medium that may later ossify.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is circumduction?
The combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction movements.
p.4
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is eversion?
The opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces outward (laterally).
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What covers the articular surface of a synovial joint?
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
They are freely movable joints.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is an example of short bones?
Carpal bones, tarsal bones.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
How are flat bones classified?
As two thin plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are anatomic end arteries?
Vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose with branches of adjacent arteries.
p.14
Lymphatic System: Components and Functions
What are efferent vessels?
Lymph vessels that transport lymph away from lymph nodes.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are articular surfaces?
Smooth, polished surfaces covered with cartilage found on bones.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is a nutrient foramen?
A large opening where the main blood vessel supply to the bone passes inside.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What do elevations and depressions on bones indicate?
Attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
p.14
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is the composition of the dermis?
Dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the function of synergist muscles?
They act as a group to produce the desired effect by steadying the joints, even if they have different individual actions.
p.2
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a joint?
A site where two or more bones come together.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Histology?
The study of minute structures with the help of a microscope.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Systematic Anatomy?
The study of parts of the body made up of the same structure and related function, taken individually or as a group.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'Canal'?
Passageway with complete walls surrounding it.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'Ridge' refer to?
Slightly more prominent than a line.
p.7
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
A joint with a larger amount of fibrous connective tissue where no movement is possible.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, an oily material that helps preserve hair flexibility.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What are sweat glands?
Long, spiral, tubular glands distributed all over the body, except on certain areas.
p.15
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
What is superficial fascia?
A mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis to the underlying deep fascia.
p.4
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are the functions of bones?
Support, muscle attachment, protection, locomotion, blood cell production, and mineral storage.
p.6
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What is the function of a condyle in bone structure?
It serves as a knuckle-like process for articulation, such as the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
p.8
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What are fatty pads in synovial joints?
Structures found between the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule or bone.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What does the serous membrane line?
Cavities of the trunk and is reflected onto the viscera.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is the visceral serous membrane sensitive to?
Very sensitive to stretch but insensitive to touch and temperature.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What do 'internal' and 'external' refer to?
The distance of a structure from the center of an organ.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
It is solely limited to the heart, involuntary, and composed of striated muscle fibers that branch and unite.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is 'contralateral'?
Opposite side of the body.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Radiographic Anatomy?
The study of the normal contour, location, and relation of body parts as pictured in X-ray plates.
p.1
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is the Transverse or Horizontal Plane?
Planes at right angles to both the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower parts.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
Define 'Squamous'.
Scale-like portion of a bone.
p.7
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a gomphosis?
A joint characterized by a conical process received into a corresponding socket, such as teeth in the alveolar process.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is a mucous membrane?
Lining of organs or passages that communicate with the surface of the body.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What do veins do?
Bring blood from tissues back to the heart.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are capillaries?
Microscopic vessels that form a network connecting arteries to venules.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are sinusoids?
Thin-walled blood vessels found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, and some endocrine glands, resembling capillaries but wider.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the role of a prime mover (agonist) in muscle action?
It is the muscle that produces the actual desired muscle action, e.g., Quadriceps Femoris for knee extension.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy
What is Anatomy?
The science of the structure and function of the body.
p.1
Introduction to Anatomy
What is Human Anatomy?
The study of the parts of the body with special emphasis on their relationships.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Surface Anatomy?
The delineation of the external surface and the relative positions of the organs and structures inside the body.
p.1
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is the Median/Sagittal Plane?
A vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into right and left.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
Give examples of irregular bones.
Vertebrae, face bones, pubic bone.
p.5
Skeletal System: Structure and Classification of Bones
What are sesamoid bones and their function?
Small nodules of bone found in tendons to reduce friction and alter the direction of pull.
p.13
Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function
What are portal veins?
Veins that enter the liver and break up into smaller veins, joining capillary-like vessels called sinusoids.
p.12
Nervous System: Central and Peripheral Components
What is the parietal serous membrane sensitive to?
Sensitive to common sensations such as touch and pain.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is the difference between 'proximal' and 'distal'?
Proximal refers to being closer to the roots of the limbs, while distal is further away.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What do 'superficial' and 'deep' indicate?
The distance of a structure from the surface of the body.
p.10
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the role of antagonists in muscle movement?
They inhibit or prevent movement to help produce a smoother primary action, e.g., Quadriceps as prime mover and Hamstrings as antagonist.
p.2
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What do 'plantar' and 'dorsal' refer to?
Lower and upper surfaces of the feet.
p.2
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What type of movement is flexion?
A bending movement around a joint that decreases the angle between the bones.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Developmental Anatomy?
The study of the various changes undergone during different stages of development.
p.11
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What does 'Coracobrachialis' indicate?
From Coracoid Process to Arm.
p.1
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is the Coronal or Frontal Plane?
Imaginary vertical planes at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into front and back.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'Condyle'?
Smooth rounded enlargement whose articular surface is surrounded by cartilage.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'Spina' or 'Spine'?
Sharp, slender projection.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'Tuberosity'?
Larger and rougher elevation.
p.14
Integumentary System: Skin Structure and Appendages
How does the thickness of the dermis vary?
It shows considerable variation in thickness in different parts of the body, thinner on the anterior than on the posterior surface.
p.2
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
In which direction does extension usually occur?
In a posterior direction.
p.1
Types of Anatomy: Gross, Histology, Developmental
What is Regional or Topographic Anatomy?
The study of the relationship of all structures found in a particular area.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'Facet' mean?
Small, smooth area covered with cartilage.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
Define 'Meatus'.
Passage, narrow short canal.
p.7
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is a primary cartilaginous joint?
A joint where a wide fibrocartilage disk unites the bones, allowing a small amount of movement.
p.2
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What is the effect of extension on the angle between bones?
It increases the angle between the bones at the joint.
p.11
Muscular System: Types and Functions of Muscles
What is the origin of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?
From Sternum and Clavicle to Mastoid Process.
p.1
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is the Anatomical Position?
A fixed imaginary position where the body is standing erect, upper limbs by the sides, and palms facing forward.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'Capitulum' mean?
Head-light rounded process.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
Define 'Labium'.
Margin or rim of a groove.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
Define 'Antrum'.
Cavity lined by mucus membrane filled with air.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What is a 'Hiatus'?
Slit-like opening or gap.
p.7
Descriptive Anatomical Terms and Anatomical Position
What does 'Uncus' refer to?
Projection shaped like a hook.
p.7
Movement Terminology and Joint Classification
What characterizes fibrous joints?
They are immovable and provide strong unions between articulating bones.
