p.3
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What is kyphosis?
An exaggeration in the thoracic curvature.
Who is Prof. Ghada Wassif?
A professor known for her contributions in her field.
p.4
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What can cause lordosis?
Increased weight of abdominal content, such as a gravid uterus or ovarian tumor.
p.25
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the cruciate ligament consist of?
A strong transverse ligament and a vertical band.
p.48
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
Which terminal branch of the sciatic nerve is mainly affected in sciatica?
The common peroneal nerve.
p.25
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the vertical band of the cruciate ligament connect?
From the body of the axis to the cranial surface of the occipital bone.
p.47
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What can compression of the sciatic nerve after prolonged sitting cause?
Tingling sensation, often referred to as 'sleeping foot'.
p.32
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of vertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between vertebral bodies.
p.3
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What can cause kyphosis?
Muscular weakness or structural changes in the vertebral body or intervertebral disc.
p.5
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What are some causes of scoliosis?
Muscular or vertebral defects.
p.32
Joints of the Vertebral Column
What connects the vertebral bodies?
Joints between vertebral bodies.
p.38
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is herniated in a prolapsed disc?
The nucleus pulposus protrudes into the intervertebral foramen.
p.34
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What type of joint is formed between vertebral bodies?
Secondary cartilaginous joint.
p.23
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What bones are involved in the lateral atlanto-axial joints?
The inferior facets of atlas and superior facets of axis.
p.8
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
There are five lumbar vertebrae.
p.1
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
What are the characteristics of the curves in the vertebral column?
The curves are convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly.
p.40
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
At what levels in the spine do intervertebral foramina exist?
At all levels in the spine.
p.25
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where does the transverse ligament of the cruciate ligament pass?
Between the tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral mass of the atlas.
p.38
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What happens when there is an outward thrust in a prolapsed disc?
It can lead to the rupture of the annulus fibrosus.
p.6
Functions of the Vertebral Column
What is one of the primary functions of the vertebral column?
Provides protection to the spinal cord.
p.37
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What is one of the primary functions of the intervertebral disc?
Acts as a shock absorber.
p.18
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What does the cervical vertebra C7 allow?
Passage of the vertebral artery.
p.50
Functions of the Vertebral Column
Which nerves are involved in the weak flexion of the knee despite hamstring paralysis?
Sartorius (femoral nerve) and gracilis (obturator nerve).
p.29
Vascular supply of spinal cord and vertebral column
What do radicular arteries form?
Anastomosis that enters the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina.
p.39
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What can cause disc prolapse?
Factors include age, injury, or repetitive strain on the spine.
p.50
Functions of the Vertebral Column
What sensory loss occurs below the knee?
Sensation is lost below the knee except for an area on the medial side of the leg and foot supplied by the saphenous nerve.
p.11
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What features do thoracic vertebrae have for rib attachment?
Costal facets on bodies and transverse processes.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the posterior longitudinal ligament's extent?
From the Axis to the sacrum and possibly the coccyx.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Curvatures
What are the two primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
Thoracic and sacro-coccygeal, both convex posteriorly.
p.28
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What type of joint is the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Synovial joint (Ellipsoid).
p.28
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the articular surfaces of the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Occipital condyles & superior surfaces of lateral masses of atlas.
p.4
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What is lordosis?
An exaggeration in lumbar curvatures in the lumbar region.
p.9
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are articular facets?
Surfaces on the vertebrae that form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
p.33
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
Where are there no intervertebral discs present?
Between the Atlas (C1), Axis (C2), and Coccyx.
p.27
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where does the membrana tectoria attach inferiorly?
To the posterior surface of the body of the axis.
p.45
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvic bone?
Through the greater sciatic foramen.
p.14
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What shape is the sacrum?
Triangular bone with the base upward and apex downward.
p.43
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Where do spinal nerves typically exit in relation to their corresponding vertebrae?
Below the corresponding vertebra, except in the cervical region.
p.30
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of intervertebral joints?
To allow movement and provide stability between vertebrae.
p.6
Functions of the Vertebral Column
What role does the vertebral column play in weight transmission?
It transmits body weight to the lower limbs.
p.37
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
How does the nucleus pulposus accommodate sudden increases in compression?
It becomes flattened, and the outward thrust is accommodated by the surrounding annulus fibrosus.
p.14
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the two surfaces of the sacrum?
Anterior surface and posterior surface.
p.17
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What articulates with the atlas at C2?
Two large circular facets.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What regions does the cervical plexus supply?
Skin and muscles of the neck, diaphragm.
p.35
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the composition of the annulus fibrosus?
Fibrocartilage made up of concentric sheets of collagen fibers.
p.40
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Through the intervertebral foramen.
p.9
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the vertebral foramen?
The opening in a vertebra that allows the spinal cord to pass through.
p.49
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What can result from a misplaced intramuscular injection?
Potential injury to the sciatic nerve.
p.9
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the general characteristic features of vertebrae?
Body, neural arch, vertebral foramen, and articular facets.
p.43
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What is the exception for spinal nerve exit in the sacral region?
Spinal nerves exit through anterior and posterior sacral foramina.
p.37
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What property of the nucleus pulposus allows for movement between vertebrae?
Its semifluid nature allows it to change shape.
p.43
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
How do cervical spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Above the corresponding vertebra (C1 - C7).
p.29
Vascular supply of spinal cord and vertebral column
What is the venous drainage system of the spinal cord?
Internal vertebral venous plexus.
p.14
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the function of the sacral cornu?
It serves as an attachment point for ligaments and muscles.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the ligamentum nuchae?
A thickened form of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, extending from the spine of C7 to the external occipital protuberance.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Curvatures
When does the lumbar curvature develop?
Between 12 and 18 months of age when the infant starts to sit and walk.
p.35
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What type of pressure is the nucleus pulposus normally under?
Pressure from surrounding structures.
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the main structural components of the atlas?
Two lateral masses and anterior and posterior arches.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the ligamentum flavum?
A ligament that connects adjacent vertebrae and helps maintain posture.
p.34
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.
p.19
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
It extends along the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis to the sacrum.
p.8
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the function of intervertebral discs?
They provide cushioning and support between vertebrae.
p.27
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where does the membrana tectoria attach superiorly?
To the basiocciput within the foramen magnum.
p.26
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the vertical band of the cruciate ligament connect?
From the body of the axis to the cranial surface of the occipital bone.
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Ellipsoid synovial joint.
p.8
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the number of thoracic vertebrae?
There are twelve thoracic vertebrae.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament extend from?
From the Axis to the sacrum.
p.17
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What does the inferior surface of C2 articulate with?
An intervertebral disc with the third cervical vertebra.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Curvatures
What are the two secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
Cervical (convex anteriorly) and lumbar (convex anteriorly).
p.2
Primary and Secondary Curvatures
When does the cervical curvature develop?
Between 3 and 4 months of age when the infant starts to hold their head.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Which nerves arise from the brachial plexus?
Dorsal scapular nerve, long thoracic nerve, nerve to subclavius, suprascapular nerve, lateral & medial pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, lateral & medial root of median nerve, ulnar nerve, axillary nerve, radial nerve.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Which nerves arise from the sacral plexus?
Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, nerve to obturator internus, piriformis, quadratus femoris, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, sciatic nerve.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?
It stabilizes the vertebral column and prevents hyperextension.
p.31
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the articulating processes involved in the joints between vertebral arches?
Inferior articular process of the vertebra above and superior articular processes of the vertebra below.
p.44
Movements of the Vertebral Column
What are the limiting ligaments for flexion of the vertebral column?
Posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamenta flava, interspinous and supraspinous ligaments.
p.45
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What is the significance of the greater sciatic foramen?
It is the foramen through which the sciatic nerve leaves the pelvic bone.
p.6
Functions of the Vertebral Column
How does the vertebral column support the upper body?
It supports the skull, pectoral girdle, upper limb, and thoracic cage.
p.24
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where do the alar ligaments extend from and to?
From the upper part of the lateral surface of the dens to the medial surface of the occipital condyles.
p.39
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What are common symptoms of disc prolapse?
Pain, numbness, or weakness in the affected area, often radiating down the limbs.
p.26
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the role of the alar ligament?
To connect the axis with the occipital bone.
What are the articular surfaces of the atlanto-occipital joint below?
Concave superior articular facets of the atlas vertebra.
p.39
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What are potential treatments for disc prolapse?
Options include physical therapy, medication, and in severe cases, surgery.
What does the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane connect?
From the posterior margin of the foramen magnum to the upper border of the posterior arch of the atlas.
p.12
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How are the articular processes oriented in lumbar vertebrae?
Superiorly medially and inferiorly laterally.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Which nerves arise from the cervical plexus?
Lesser occipital, greater occipital, muscular branches to neck muscle, ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve.
p.28
Movements of the Vertebral Column
What movements are allowed by the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion, extension (nodding), and lateral flexion.
p.28
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the articular surfaces of the Atlanto-axial joint?
Odontoid process & anterior arch of atlas.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How is the spine of lumbar vertebrae described?
Short, flat, quadrilateral, and horizontal.
p.20
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the function of the spinous process?
It serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the purpose of the inter-transverse ligaments?
They connect the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.
p.9
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What structures make up the neural arch of a vertebra?
Pedicle, transverse process, lamina, and spine.
p.48
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What usually causes sciatica?
Compression of one of the sciatic nerve roots due to prolapse of an intervertebral disc.
p.27
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the membrana tectoria?
It is the upward continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
p.45
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What is the sciatic nerve?
A nerve of the sacral plexus and the largest nerve in the body.
p.26
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What are the two components of the cruciate ligament?
A strong transverse ligament and a vertical band.
p.44
Movements of the Vertebral Column
Which muscles are primarily responsible for flexion of the vertebral column?
Longus cervicis, scalenus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis, psoas muscle.
p.38
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What are some causes of a prolapsed disc?
Old age and lifting heavy things.
p.6
Functions of the Vertebral Column
What does the vertebral column provide passage for?
A pair of spinal nerves and vessels.
What are the articular surfaces of the atlanto-occipital joint above?
Convex occipital condyles.
What does the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane connect?
From the anterior margin of the foramen magnum to the upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the relationship between the posterior longitudinal ligament and the tectorial membrane?
The posterior longitudinal ligament is continuous with the tectorial membrane of the atlanto-axial joint.
p.36
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
How do nutrients reach the avascular intervertebral discs?
Through diffusion from the end plate cartilaginous layers.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is a unique feature of thoracic vertebrae?
Costal facets on sides of bodies and transverse processes.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What regions does the sacral plexus supply?
Lower limb, gluteal region, pelvic muscles.
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the purpose of the foramen transversarium in the atlas?
For the passage of the vertebral artery.
p.33
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
They act as joints between vertebral bodies.
p.34
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the nucleus pulposus primarily composed of?
A jelly-like substance with a high water content.
p.46
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Where does the sacral plexus descend?
Deep to the long head of the biceps femoris.
p.18
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is unique about the foramen transversarium of C7?
It is small and does not transmit the vertebral artery.
p.50
Functions of the Vertebral Column
What is the motor effect observed when the hamstring muscles are paralyzed?
Weak flexion of the knee is possible due to the action of sartorius and gracilis.
p.38
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What can a herniated disc press against?
It may press on the spinal root, spinal nerve, or even the spinal cord.
p.29
Vascular supply of spinal cord and vertebral column
How many posterior spinal arteries are there?
Two posterior spinal arteries, which also branch from the vertebral arteries.
p.44
Movements of the Vertebral Column
What ligament limits extension of the vertebral column?
Anterior longitudinal ligament.
p.30
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the role of ligaments in vertebral articulation?
To stabilize and support the vertebral column.
p.39
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
How is disc prolapse diagnosed?
Through physical examinations, imaging tests like MRI or CT scans.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
The laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
p.12
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
Describe the shape of the spine in lumbar vertebrae.
Short, quadrilateral, horizontal, and flat.
p.36
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
Why do intervertebral discs depend on end plates for nutrition?
Because they are avascular and need to diffuse nutrients.
p.35
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the main characteristic of the nucleus pulposus?
It is an ovoid mass of gelatinous material containing a large amount of water.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What do inter-spinous ligaments connect?
They connect adjacent spinous processes.
p.5
Abnormal Curvatures: Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis
What is scoliosis?
A lateral deviation of the vertebral column.
p.33
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
In which regions are intervertebral discs thickest?
Cervical and lumbar regions.
p.49
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What are the consequences of penetrating wounds or fractures of the pelvis?
They can lead to significant vascular and nerve damage.
p.19
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?
It is situated within the vertebral canal and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae, from the body of the axis to the sacrum and possibly the coccyx.
p.23
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What structures comprise the median atlanto-axial joint?
The dens, anterior arch of atlas, and transverse ligament of atlas.
p.19
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What are the supporting ligaments of intervertebral joints?
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
p.39
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What is disc prolapse?
A condition where the intervertebral disc bulges out of its normal space, potentially pressing on nearby nerves.
p.37
Clinical Importance of Intervertebral Discs
What happens to the intervertebral discs with advancing age?
Water content decreases, and collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus degenerate.
p.44
Movements of the Vertebral Column
What factors limit lateral flexion of the vertebral column?
Tension of antagonist muscles and ligaments.
p.50
Functions of the Vertebral Column
Which nerve supplies the area on the medial side of the leg and foot where sensation is preserved?
Saphenous nerve (branch from femoral nerve).
p.12
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the shape of the vertebral body?
Large, wide transversely, and kidney-shaped.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets in cervical vertebrae?
Flat, backward, and upward.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the shape of the lumbar vertebrae body?
Large, wider transversely, and kidney-shaped.
p.18
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is a characteristic of the cervical vertebra C7?
Its spine is long and not bifid.
p.18
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
Where can the spine of C7 be felt?
Subcutaneously in the back of the neck at the lower end of the nuchal furrow.
p.10
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the shape of the vertebral body?
Small, transversally oval.
p.25
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the cruciate ligament?
To connect the axis with the occipital bone.
p.32
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the significance of the length of the vertebral column?
It contributes to the overall structure and function of the spine.
p.8
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the composition of the coccygeal region?
The coccygeal region consists of fused coccygeal vertebrae.
p.46
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Which nerves are associated with the sacral plexus?
Tibial nerve and Common peroneal nerve.
p.24
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the alar ligaments?
They connect the axis with the occipital bone.
p.8
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How many cervical vertebrae are present in the human body?
There are seven cervical vertebrae.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the role of the intertransverse ligament?
It connects adjacent transverse processes.
p.13
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the surfaces that articulate with the lumbar vertebrae on the sacrum called?
Superior articular facets.
p.28
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What ligaments are associated with the Atlanto-axial joint?
Transverse ligament, apical, alar, cruciate, and membrana tectoria.
p.34
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
To provide strength and stability to the intervertebral disc.
p.43
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
How do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Through intervertebral foramina.
p.49
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What is a potential complication of posterior dislocation of the hip joint?
Injury to the sciatic nerve.
p.8
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?
The sacrum is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.
p.26
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Where does the transverse ligament of the cruciate ligament pass?
Between the tubercles on the medial aspects of the lateral mass of the atlas.
p.34
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the significance of water in the nucleus pulposus?
It helps maintain the disc's shape and provides cushioning.
p.10
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How do the superior articular processes of the vertebrae orient?
Flat backward and upward.
p.44
Movements of the Vertebral Column
Which muscles contribute to lateral flexion of the vertebral column?
Scalenus anterior & medius, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, quadratus lumborum, oblique muscles of the abdomen.
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is found on the posterior arch of the atlas?
A groove for the vertebral artery.
p.20
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What are the laminae in the vertebral column?
The flat plates that form the posterior part of the vertebral arch.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
It helps prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.
p.24
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What does the apical ligament of the dens connect?
It extends from the apex of the dens to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
p.29
Vascular supply of spinal cord and vertebral column
What is the primary arterial supply of the spinal cord?
Single anterior spinal artery, a branch from the vertebral arteries.
p.46
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What is the apex of the popliteal fossa?
The middle of the back of the thigh.
p.11
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
How does the spine of thoracic vertebrae slope?
Long and slopes downward.
p.26
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
Which bones are connected by the cruciate ligament?
The axis and the occipital bone.
p.21
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?
It connects the tips of adjacent spines.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the shape of the cervical vertebrae body?
Small and transversely oval.
p.2
Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
What is the characteristic of the vertebral column in the coronal plane?
It has a slight lateral curve.
p.16
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
What accompanies the vertebral artery in the atlas region?
The first cervical (suboccipital) spinal nerve.
p.36
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
What is the function of the cartilaginous layers of the end plates?
They anchor the discs in place.
p.13
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the auricular surface of the sacrum used for?
Articulation with the ilium of the pelvis.
p.42
Nerve Plexuses and Spinal Nerve Exit
Which nerves arise from the lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, genitofemoral nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve.
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What does the lower surface of the lateral masses articulate with?
The corresponding superior facets of the axis (C2).
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What is the function of the supra-spinous ligament?
It connects the tips of the spinous processes from the sacrum to the cervical region.
p.35
Intervertebral Discs: Structure and Function
Where is the nucleus pulposus typically located in relation to the disc?
Slightly nearer to the anterior margin of the disc.
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What feature does the anterior arch of the atlas have?
A facet for articulation with the odontoid process of the axis (dens).
p.16
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What type of joint is formed by the upper surface of the lateral masses of the atlas?
A condyloid joint with the occipital condyles.
p.15
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is a distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae?
No foramen and no facets on body and transverse processes.
p.20
Arrangement and Composition of Vertebral Column
What is the role of the transverse process?
It provides attachment for muscles and ligaments and serves as a lever for movement.
p.20
Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
What are the supporting ligaments of the intervertebral joints?
They include the anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, inter-transverse, inter-spinous, and supra-spinous ligaments.
