What is the first step in naming a compound in the IUPAC system?
Name the parent compound.
What are trade names often described as?
Catchy and easy to remember.
p.26
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the second step in naming a cycloalkane?
Name and number the substituents; no number is needed to indicate the location of a single substituent.
p.23
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
How are simple cycloalkanes named?
By adding the prefix 'cyclo-' to the name of the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbons.
p.35
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Why are nonpolar alkanes water insoluble?
Because they do not interact favorably with water molecules.
p.27
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the rule for numbering substituents in a ring with more than one substituent?
Give the second substituent the lower number.
p.1
History of Organic Nomenclature
How were organic compounds named in the past?
Based on the plant or animal source from which they were obtained.
p.30
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the IUPAC name for the compound 1-ethyl-4-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane?
1-ethyl-4-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane.
p.9
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What does the prefix 'n' indicate about alkyl groups?
It emphasizes that the carbons are in an unbranched chain.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the purpose of boxing the atoms of the longest chain?
To help identify which carbons belong to the longest chain and which are substituents.
p.23
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the structure of cycloalkanes?
Cycloalkanes contain carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
p.27
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
How should you begin numbering a ring with more than one substituent?
Start numbering at one substituent.
p.34
Physical Properties of Alkanes
How does branching in a compound affect its boiling point?
Branching lowers the boiling point.
p.34
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Why does branching reduce the boiling point of a compound?
Because it reduces the area of contact.
p.9
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What defines a secondary carbon?
A secondary carbon is bonded to two carbons.
p.12
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the first step in naming an alkane using the IUPAC system?
Find the parent carbon chain (longest continuous carbon chain) and add the suffix.
p.24
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
How many carbon atoms do cycloalkanes have to be considered in the range mentioned?
Three to six carbon atoms.
p.15
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What should be done to identify the longest chain in a molecule?
Box in the atoms of the longest chain.
p.8
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What is the difference between n-Propyl and Isopropyl?
n-Propyl is a straight-chain alkyl group, while Isopropyl is a branched alkyl group.
What is the IUPAC name for ibuprofen?
2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid.
p.27
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
When numbering a ring with two different substituents, how should you assign the numbers?
Assign the lower number to the substituents alphabetically.
p.35
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Why is the oil slick a threat to birds?
It coats their feathers, which are naturally insulated with nonpolar oils.
p.13
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
How should substituents be designated in alkane naming?
By naming them as alkyl groups and using numbers to indicate their location.
Why is the ethyl group placed at C1?
Because 'e' of ethyl comes before 'p' of propyl in the alphabet.
p.12
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the second step in naming an alkane?
Number the atoms in the carbon chain to give the first substituent the lower number.
What is a generic name in drug naming?
The official, internationally approved name for the drug.
Why do most drugs have three names?
Because the IUPAC name can be long and complex.
What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the longest carbon chain?
The IUPAC name depends on the specific compound provided.
p.18
Alkane Structure and Naming
How do you determine the number of carbons in the longest chain of a molecule?
By identifying the continuous chain of carbon atoms in the structure.
What is the significance of the longest carbon chain in IUPAC naming?
It serves as the base name for the compound.
What distinguishes compounds A and B as isomers?
The CH3 group is bonded to different atoms in the five-carbon chain.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What happens to every other carbon atom in the longest chain?
They become substituents that need their own name as an alkyl group.
p.26
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the first step in naming a cycloalkane using the IUPAC system?
Find the parent cycloalkane by counting the number of carbon atoms in the ring and using the parent name for that number of carbons.
p.26
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What prefix and suffix are added to the parent name of a cycloalkane?
The prefix 'cyclo-' and the suffix '-ane'.
p.23
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
How is a cycloalkane formed?
By removing two H's from the end carbons of a chain and bonding the two carbons together.
p.25
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the relationship between cycloalkanes and alkanes in terms of naming?
Cycloalkanes follow the same naming rules as alkanes, with the addition of the 'cyclo-' prefix.
p.9
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What defines a tertiary carbon?
A tertiary carbon is bonded to three carbons.
p.7
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What is formed by removing a hydrogen from an alkane?
An alkyl group (or alkyl substituent).
p.30
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the IUPAC name for the compound 4-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane?
4-ethyl-1-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane.
p.16
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What are the substituents in the compound described?
Two methyl groups at C2 and C6, and an ethyl group at C5.
p.33
Physical Properties of Alkanes
How does the number of carbons in alkanes affect their melting and boiling points?
Melting and boiling points increase as the number of carbons increases.
p.9
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What defines a primary carbon?
A primary carbon is bonded to one carbon.
What is a trade name for a drug?
The name assigned by the company that manufactures it.
p.6
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What does the parent name indicate in alkane nomenclature?
The number of carbons in the longest continuous carbon chain.
p.7
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
How are alkyl groups named?
By replacing the 'ane' ending of the alkane with 'yl'.
p.33
Physical Properties of Alkanes
What type of bonds do alkanes contain?
Only nonpolar C—C and C—H bonds.
p.6
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What does the prefix tell us in the naming of alkanes?
The identity, location, and number of substituents attached to the carbon chain.
What is the final name for the compound with two methyl groups and one ethyl group?
5-ethyl-2,6-dimethyloctane.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the first step in naming alkanes?
Combine substituent names and numbers with the parent and suffix.
What is the IUPAC name of an organic compound?
The systematic name that follows the accepted rules of nomenclature.
p.30
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the structure 1,2,4-trimethylcyclopentane?
1,2,4-trimethylcyclopentane.
What are the two substituents in the compound?
Ethyl group (CH3CH2–) and propyl group (CH3CH2CH2–).
What is the IUPAC name for 1-ethyl-3-propylcyclopentane?
1-Ethyl-3-propylcyclopentane.
p.33
Physical Properties of Alkanes
What type of intermolecular forces do alkanes exhibit?
Weak intermolecular forces.
p.31
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
What do organic compounds in fossil fuels release when burned?
Energy for cooking and heating.
What is the significance of adding enough hydrogens to each carbon?
To ensure each carbon has four bonds.
p.24
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What are cycloalkanes?
Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in a ring.
p.24
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
C_nH_(2n), where n is the number of carbon atoms.
p.35
Physical Properties of Alkanes
What happens when crude petroleum spills into the sea?
It creates an insoluble oil slick on the surface.
p.9
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What prefix is often used for straight-chain alkyl groups?
The prefix 'n' (for 'normal').
p.31
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
What is the main component of natural gas?
Methane (60-80% depending on its source).
p.31
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
What other alkanes are found in natural gas besides methane?
Ethane, propane, and butane.
p.7
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What is an alkyl group in relation to a molecule?
A part of a molecule that can bond to another atom or a functional group.
What is the IUPAC name for 1,4-dimethyl-2-propylcyclohexane?
1,4-Dimethyl-2-propylcyclohexane.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
How should substituent names be ordered?
Alphabetize the names, ignoring prefixes like di-.
Do bends in the carbon chain affect isomerism?
No, bends in the chain don’t matter.
p.25
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
How are cycloalkanes named?
Using the rules of alkane names with the prefix 'cyclo-' preceding the parent name.
p.31
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
What are the primary natural sources of alkanes?
Natural gas and petroleum.
p.31
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
How are fossil fuels formed?
By the degradation of organic material over a long time.
p.13
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What prefixes are used to indicate the number of identical substituents in alkane naming?
di- for two, tri- for three, tetra- for four, and so forth.
p.6
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What information does the suffix provide in alkane naming?
It indicates what functional group is present.
How are the substituents numbered in the compound?
Number the substituents at C1 and C2.
What is the IUPAC name for 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane?
1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane.
p.2
History of Organic Nomenclature
What organization did the group of chemists ultimately form?
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
p.32
Fossil Fuels and Natural Gas
Why is an odor added to natural gas?
For easy detection and safety.
p.6
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What are the three parts of the names of alkanes with carbon branches?
Parent name, suffix, and prefix.
How should the substituents be ordered when alphabetizing?
Alphabetize the 'e' of ethyl before the 'm' of methyl, ignoring the prefix di-.
p.1
History of Organic Nomenclature
What is another reason compounds were named historically?
By their discoverer for personal reasons.
p.35
Physical Properties of Alkanes
What happens to birds when their feathers are coated with crude petroleum?
They lose their layer of natural protection and many die.
p.33
Physical Properties of Alkanes
What is the effect of weak intermolecular forces on the melting and boiling points of alkanes?
They result in low melting and boiling points.
p.15
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the significance of identifying substituents in a molecule?
To differentiate between carbons in the longest chain and those that are substituents.
p.16
Steps for Naming Alkanes
How should the chain be numbered in organic nomenclature?
To give the first substituent the lower number.
p.13
Alkyl Groups and Their Naming
What is the prefix used for two methyl groups in a compound?
di- before methyl, resulting in 'dimethyl'.
p.30
Cycloalkanes and Their Naming
What is the IUPAC name for the compound 2,4-diethyl-1-propylcyclohexane?
2,4-diethyl-1-propylcyclohexane.
What is the IUPAC name of the compound?
1-ethyl-2-propylcyclopentane.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What should precede the name of each substituent?
The number indicating its location.
What are the two isomers of C6H14 with four carbon atoms in the longest chain and two one-carbon branches?
2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane.
p.35
Physical Properties of Alkanes
Why do birds lose their natural protection when coated with crude petroleum?
Because the natural nonpolar oils dissolve in the crude petroleum.
p.13
Steps for Naming Alkanes
What is the first step in naming and numbering substituents?
Name the substituents as alkyl groups and designate their location using numbers.
Why can't the one-carbon branch be added to an end carbon?
Because that creates a continuous six-carbon chain.
p.14
Steps for Naming Alkanes
How should numbers be formatted in alkane naming?
Separate numbers by commas and separate numbers from letters by dashes.
