p.52
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What can the location of redness in the conjunctiva indicate?
The condition affecting the conjunctiva.
p.47
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
In a systematic eye examination, in which direction should the examination proceed?
From anterior to posterior.
p.63
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
How can you check if the epithelial layer of the eye is intact?
Put fluorescein in the inferior fornix and examine the eye with a cobalt blue light.
p.77
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How are opacities in the lens seen during a cataract diagnosis?
As dark areas in the red reflex.
p.72
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is iris prolapse?
A condition where the iris protrudes through a wound or incision in the cornea.
p.2
General History in Ophthalmology
How can a patient's hobbies and sports be relevant in their general history?
Hobbies and sports can indicate activities that might affect eye health, such as exposure to sunlight or risk of injury.
p.21
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
How should you move the target during confrontational visual field testing?
Move the target slowly, equidistant between the two eyes.
p.7
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What types of history are included in systemic history?
Surgical, medical, and trauma history.
p.22
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What is the first step in confrontational visual field testing?
Ask the patient to look at your nose with both eyes open.
p.21
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What should you compare during confrontational visual field testing?
Compare your field with the patient's field.
p.17
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 6/60 indicate?
The patient can see at 6 meters what a person with normal vision can see at 60 meters.
p.2
General History in Ophthalmology
What information is typically included in the general history of a patient?
Name, age, occupation, hobbies, and sports.
p.24
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What is the purpose of confrontational visual field testing?
To detect quadrantanopias, altitudinal defects, and even paracentral scotomas.
p.54
General History in Ophthalmology
What part of the eye does a pterygium affect?
The conjunctiva and the cornea.
p.44
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How are epithelial defects on the cornea visualized using a direct ophthalmoscope?
Epithelial defects colored by fluorescein strips are seen with a blue light as green.
p.16
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
How should visual acuity be determined for each eye?
Determine the visual acuity of separate eyes without applying pressure on the occluded eye.
p.5
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What were they busy with when the issue happened?
With what were they busy with when it happened?
p.98
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is scanning laser tomography used for in ophthalmology?
It is used for imaging and measuring the topography of the retina and optic nerve head.
p.68
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What indicates a deep anterior chamber in an eye examination?
The iris is evenly illuminated.
p.60
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is the normal shape of the cornea?
The cornea normally has a convex anterior curvature.
p.44
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is fluorescence in the context of using a direct ophthalmoscope?
Fluorescence is when light of one wavelength is shined in and is reflected as light of a different wavelength.
p.59
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What may be noted on the iris if there are corneal defects?
Abnormal shadows may be noted on the iris.
p.53
General History in Ophthalmology
What is the fornix in the context of ophthalmology?
The fornix is the loose, flexible fold of the conjunctiva where the palpebral conjunctiva meets the bulbar conjunctiva.
p.43
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of the green light (red-free filter) in a direct ophthalmoscope?
The green light filters other colors and causes red to be seen as black, helping to see blood vessels better.
p.25
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the purpose of the Amsler grid?
To detect significant macular disease.
p.38
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
How often should dilation drops be administered?
1 drop every 5-10 minutes for 2-3 times.
p.17
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 6/36 indicate?
The patient can see at 6 meters what a person with normal vision can see at 36 meters.
p.26
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic plates test used for?
It is used for testing inherited defects and can also be used for acquired defects in color vision.
p.41
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What specific aspects are observed using the 'Bulls eye' technique in direct ophthalmoscopy?
Size and eccentric fixation.
p.2
General History in Ophthalmology
Why is it important to know a patient's occupation in their general history?
Occupation can provide insights into potential eye strain or exposure to harmful conditions.
p.28
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What are the key signs to detect during an external eye examination?
Presence and distribution of any inflammation and discharge.
p.35
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What is the recommended sequence for an eye examination?
Front to back, outside to inside.
p.40
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of different spot sizes in a direct ophthalmoscope?
For different pupil sizes.
p.53
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What is conjunctivitis?
Conjunctivitis is the inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball.
p.86
General History in Ophthalmology
How does refraction affect vision?
Refraction is crucial for focusing light onto the retina, enabling clear vision.
p.98
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the advantage of using scanning laser tomography over traditional imaging methods?
It provides high-resolution, three-dimensional images that allow for precise measurement and monitoring of changes in the retina and optic nerve head.
p.59
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is the normal appearance of the cornea?
The cornea normally has a smooth appearance.
p.21
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What is the first step in confrontational visual field testing?
Sit at the same level as the patient, 1 meter apart.
p.49
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is ptosis?
Drooping of the upper eyelid.
p.24
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
During confrontational visual field testing, how should the target be introduced?
The target should be brought in from the periphery.
p.35
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
Why is it important to examine both eyes and compare them?
To identify any asymmetries or differences that could indicate a problem.
p.3
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What is the first cornerstone of eye examination?
Current eye history (Main complaint).
p.78
General History in Ophthalmology
What is a cataract?
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye, leading to a decrease in vision.
p.86
General History in Ophthalmology
What role do the cornea and lens play in refraction?
The cornea and lens refract light to focus it on the retina.
p.26
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Which color vision test is more accurate and specific than the Ishihara test?
The Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test.
p.82
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL)?
A posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) is an artificial lens implanted in the eye's posterior chamber, typically after cataract removal.
p.22
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What should you ask the patient during confrontational visual field testing to detect visual field defects?
Ask the patient, 'Is any part of my face missing?'
p.44
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of fluorescein strips in eye examinations?
Fluorescein strips color epithelial defects on the cornea.
p.50
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What are the components of the anterior segment of the eye?
Conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens.
p.23
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What conditions can be detected by asking 'How many fingers do you see?' in confrontational visual field testing?
Hemianopias and quadrantanopias.
p.92
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is corneal topography?
A non-invasive imaging technique used to map the surface curvature of the cornea.
p.35
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
Why is pupil dilation important during an eye examination?
To allow a better view of the internal structures of the eye.
p.16
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What should be noted during a visual acuity test?
The bottom line the patient is able to read.
p.45
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the appearance of the optic disc in a normal fundus?
The optic disc appears as a round or slightly oval, well-defined structure with a pinkish color.
p.52
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What should be determined when examining the conjunctiva?
Whether there is any redness of the conjunctiva.
p.42
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of using the slit feature on a direct ophthalmoscope?
To determine if a lesion is elevated or excavated.
p.13
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are common symptoms of retinal detachment?
Light flashes, floaters, and visual field defects.
p.59
Ocular Motility and External Examination
How do defects of the cornea appear?
Defects of the cornea appear as rough and uneven reflections.
p.82
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
When is a posterior chamber intraocular lens typically implanted?
It is typically implanted after cataract removal.
p.37
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What is a contraindication for dilatation related to the anterior chamber?
Shallow anterior chamber.
p.86
General History in Ophthalmology
Why does refraction occur?
Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different media.
p.24
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
How is each eye tested during confrontational visual field testing?
Each eye is tested in turn.
p.29
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What condition is commonly assessed using a Hertel exophthalmometer?
Exophthalmos or proptosis, often associated with thyroid eye disease.
p.92
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does corneal topography benefit refractive surgery planning?
It provides detailed maps of the cornea's surface, helping surgeons to customize procedures for better outcomes.
p.51
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the purpose of using fluorescein in anterior segment examination?
Fluorescein is used to highlight abnormalities in the cornea and conjunctiva.
p.93
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What type of imaging does Orbscan provide?
Orbscan provides both anterior and posterior corneal surface imaging.
p.17
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 6/6 indicate?
Normal vision, where the patient can see at 6 meters what a person with normal vision can see at 6 meters.
p.58
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
How can you determine corneal clarity?
Move a penlight to and fro to determine corneal clarity.
p.81
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What does subluxation of the lens refer to in Marfan syndrome?
Partial dislocation of the lens from its normal position.
p.28
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What tools can be used for an external eye examination?
Pen torch or direct ophthalmoscope.
p.28
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What anatomical sequence should be followed during an external eye examination?
Eyelids, orbit, and eye position.
p.86
General History in Ophthalmology
What is refraction?
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another with a different density.
p.23
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What is the second step in confrontational visual field testing?
Testing each eye in turn by finger counting in quadrants and asking 'How many fingers do you see?'
p.69
General History in Ophthalmology
What is an eclipse?
An eclipse is an astronomical event where one celestial body moves into the shadow of another celestial body.
p.62
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What action should be taken if congenital glaucoma is suspected in a baby?
Urgent referral to an ophthalmologist.
p.61
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is Munson’s sign?
A V-shaped indentation observed in the lower eyelid when the patient looks downward, indicative of advanced keratoconus.
p.78
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are common symptoms of cataracts?
Common symptoms include blurry vision, difficulty with bright lights, and seeing halos around lights.
p.98
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does scanning laser tomography work?
It uses a laser to scan the retina and optic nerve head, creating a detailed topographic map.
p.98
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What conditions can be diagnosed using scanning laser tomography?
Conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and other retinal diseases.
p.41
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of using the 'Bulls eye' technique with a direct ophthalmoscope?
To note the size and eccentric fixation.
p.7
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
Which systemic conditions are particularly important to note in systemic history?
Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, thyroid disease, infections, HIV, TB, and syphilis.
p.68
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What indicates a shallow anterior chamber in an eye examination?
The temporal iris will be illuminated, but a shadow will be visible on the nasal iris.
p.54
General History in Ophthalmology
What is a pterygium?
A pterygium is a benign growth of the conjunctiva that extends onto the cornea.
p.60
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is Munson’s sign?
A V-shaped (conical) indentation observed in the lower eyelid when the patient's gaze is directed downward.
p.54
General History in Ophthalmology
Where is a pterygium typically located on the eyeball?
On the medial aspect of the eyeball.
p.25
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What will be apparent on an Amsler grid if there is significant macular disease?
Distortion or a missing area (scotoma).
p.49
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is eyelid retraction?
Abnormal elevation of the upper eyelid.
p.82
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Where is the posterior chamber intraocular lens placed in the eye?
It is placed in the posterior chamber of the eye.
p.49
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is the purpose of everting the upper eyelid during an examination?
To inspect the inner surface of the eyelid for abnormalities.
p.62
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What condition should be suspected if a baby's corneal diameter is greater than 12.5mm?
Congenital glaucoma (buphthalmos).
p.29
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the primary use of a Hertel exophthalmometer?
To measure the degree of forward displacement (proptosis) of the eye.
p.40
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the size of the small spot in a direct ophthalmoscope compared to?
The same size as the optic disc.
p.69
General History in Ophthalmology
What happens during a solar eclipse?
During a solar eclipse, the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or part of the Sun's light.
p.97
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What does OCT stand for in ophthalmology?
Optical Coherence Tomography.
p.5
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
When did they first take notice of the issue?
When they first took notice of it?
p.37
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Why should a person who needs to see clearly after the examination avoid dilatation?
Because dilatation can temporarily impair vision, affecting activities like driving and reading.
p.38
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What should be done after administering dilation drops to ensure effectiveness?
Keep the eye closed or press on the tear duct for 3 minutes.
p.21
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
How should the patient cover their eye during confrontational visual field testing?
The patient should cover their eye with their own hand of the same side.
p.72
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is heterochromia iridis?
A condition where the two irises of an individual are different colors.
p.22
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What types of visual field defects can confrontational visual field testing detect?
Central scotomas or hemianopia.
p.35
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What tools are essential for a thorough eye examination?
Good light and magnification.
p.16
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
In what conditions should visual acuity be tested?
Without glasses, with glasses, and with a pinhole.
p.51
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What tools are commonly used for anterior segment examination?
Penlight, Direct ophthalmoscope, Fluorescein, Blue light, Slitlamp.
p.45
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How do the retinal vessels appear in a normal fundus?
The retinal vessels are clearly visible, with arteries appearing brighter and narrower than veins.
p.45
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the appearance of the macula in a normal fundus?
The macula appears as a darker, avascular area located temporally to the optic disc.
p.83
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the posterior segment of the eye?
The posterior segment of the eye includes the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve.
p.57
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What should be checked regarding the epithelial layer of the cornea?
Is the epithelial layer intact?
p.97
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) an invasive procedure?
No, it is a non-invasive imaging test.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
Why is pain or discomfort an important eye complaint?
It can indicate underlying eye conditions that need to be addressed.
p.31
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is strabismus?
Strabismus is a condition where the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is indirect ophthalmoscopy?
A technique used to examine the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and blood vessels, using a light source and a condensing lens.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What is double vision and why is it significant?
Double vision is seeing two images of a single object and is a significant eye complaint.
p.84
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How does funduscopy help in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy?
By allowing the visualization of retinal blood vessels, which can show signs of damage or leakage due to diabetes.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
Why is redness in the eye a concern?
Redness is a common eye complaint that can indicate inflammation or other issues.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the significance of the optic disc in a direct ophthalmoscope examination?
The optic disc is the point where the optic nerve enters the retina, and its appearance can provide important information about the health of the optic nerve and retina.
p.24
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What instruction is given to the patient during confrontational visual field testing?
The patient is instructed to 'point when you see the target.'
p.37
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Why is an anterior chamber lens a contraindication for dilatation?
Because it can complicate the procedure and affect the lens.
p.29
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does a Hertel exophthalmometer measure eye displacement?
By comparing the position of the corneal apex relative to the lateral orbital rim.
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What is metamorphopsia?
A visual defect that causes linear objects to look curvy or rounded.
p.6
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Why is it important to ask about glasses or contact lenses in a patient's previous eye history?
To understand the patient's vision correction needs and history of refractive errors.
p.46
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What can abnormalities in the optic disc indicate during funduscopy?
Abnormalities in the optic disc can indicate conditions such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or increased intracranial pressure.
p.31
Ocular Motility and External Examination
Why is assessing ocular position important?
Assessing ocular position is important for diagnosing and managing conditions like strabismus and other alignment disorders.
p.79
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
Which condition associated with premature infants can lead to leukocoria?
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are floaters in the context of eye symptoms?
Small shapes or specks that drift through the field of vision.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 20/40 indicate?
A visual acuity of 20/40 indicates that a person sees at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is considered normal visual acuity on the Snellen chart?
20/20 vision is considered normal visual acuity.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the typical magnification provided by a direct ophthalmoscope?
It typically provides a magnification of about 15 times.
p.46
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is funduscopy?
Funduscopy is a technique used to examine the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, macula, and posterior pole.
p.69
General History in Ophthalmology
What are the two main types of eclipses?
Solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.
p.37
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Why is a head injury a contraindication for dilatation?
Because it can exacerbate the injury or complicate the assessment.
p.46
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What are the main structures examined during funduscopy?
The retina, optic disc, macula, and posterior pole.
p.69
General History in Ophthalmology
What happens during a lunar eclipse?
During a lunar eclipse, the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow on the Moon.
p.90
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Why is gonioscopy performed?
Gonioscopy is performed to evaluate the drainage angle of the eye, which is crucial for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
p.29
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Why is it important to measure proptosis accurately?
To diagnose and monitor conditions like thyroid eye disease, tumors, and orbital inflammation.
p.97
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What kind of eye conditions can be diagnosed using OCT?
Conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
How is visual acuity commonly tested?
Visual acuity is commonly tested using a Snellen chart, where the patient reads letters from a distance of 20 feet.
p.90
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does gonioscopy help in glaucoma management?
Gonioscopy helps in glaucoma management by allowing the clinician to assess the angle structure and determine the type of glaucoma, which guides treatment decisions.
p.80
General History in Ophthalmology
At what age is retinoblastoma most commonly diagnosed?
In early childhood, usually before the age of 5.
p.79
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
Which parasitic infections can cause leukocoria?
Toxocara or toxoplasmosis.
p.83
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the role of the vitreous humor in the posterior segment?
The vitreous humor helps maintain the eye's shape and provides a clear medium for light to reach the retina.
p.80
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What are the treatment options for retinoblastoma?
Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, and surgery.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What does colour vision testing evaluate?
A person's ability to distinguish between different colours.
p.86
General History in Ophthalmology
What is the refractive index?
The refractive index is a measure of how much light bends when it enters a material.
p.23
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
How do you compare the right and left hemifields simultaneously in confrontational visual field testing?
By holding up one finger and asking 'Which finger is most clear?'
p.92
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the primary purpose of corneal topography?
To detect and diagnose corneal conditions such as keratoconus and to plan refractive surgery.
p.90
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is gonioscopy?
Gonioscopy is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the anterior chamber angle of the eye.
p.97
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the primary use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology?
To obtain detailed images of the retina and other structures within the eye.
p.92
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Why is corneal topography considered non-invasive?
Because it does not require any contact with the eye or the use of any instruments that penetrate the cornea.
p.84
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is funduscopy?
Funduscopy is an examination of the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, macula, and posterior pole.
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are flashes in the context of eye symptoms?
Brief bursts of light in the field of vision.
p.83
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What are some common conditions that can be detected during a posterior segment examination?
Common conditions include retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and optic neuritis.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What visual acuity test is commonly used for children?
The Sheridan-Gardener test.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What are the components of an anatomical eye examination?
External inspection, Anterior segment examination, Posterior segment examination.
p.32
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What instrument is used to measure intraocular pressure?
Tonometer (iCare, Schiötz).
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What does discharge from the eye indicate?
It is a current eye complaint that may suggest infection or other eye conditions.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What condition can be diagnosed using a B-scan ultrasound?
A B-scan ultrasound can diagnose conditions like retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and intraocular tumors.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does 'light perception and light projection' assess in visual acuity testing?
It assesses the ability to perceive light and determine the direction from which it is coming, used in cases of severe visual impairment.
p.6
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What should be assessed regarding a patient's previous eye history?
Glasses or contact lenses, diseases of the eye, ophthalmic operations, and injuries of the eye or orbit.
p.90
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What instrument is used in gonioscopy?
A gonioscope, which is a special type of contact lens, is used in gonioscopy.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are some common current eye complaints?
Decrease in vision, pain or discomfort, change in appearance, double vision, discharge, and redness.
p.90
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What conditions can gonioscopy help diagnose?
Gonioscopy can help diagnose conditions such as glaucoma, angle-closure, and other abnormalities of the anterior chamber angle.
p.87
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
Why is a slit lamp examination important in ophthalmology?
It allows detailed examination of the eye's structures to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a Snellen fraction, such as 20/20, represent?
The numerator indicates the test distance (20 feet), and the denominator indicates the distance at which a person with normal vision can read the same line of letters.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the purpose of an Electroretinogram (ERG)?
An ERG measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors, to diagnose retinal diseases.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is the difference between distance visual acuity and near visual acuity?
Distance visual acuity measures the clarity of vision at a distance, typically using a Snellen chart, while near visual acuity measures the clarity of vision at a close range, often using a reading card.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
Why is the optic disc important in direct ophthalmoscopy?
It is the point where the optic nerve enters the retina and can indicate signs of diseases like glaucoma.
p.80
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Is retinoblastoma hereditary?
Yes, retinoblastoma can be hereditary, caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene.
p.14
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is assessed during ocular motility testing?
The movement of the eyes and the function of the eye muscles.
p.14
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is examined during an external inspection of the eye?
The outer structures of the eye, including the eyelids, conjunctiva, and sclera.
p.93
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is Orbscan used for in ophthalmology?
Orbscan is used for corneal topography and pachymetry, providing detailed maps of the cornea's surface and thickness.
p.97
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) work?
It uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of the retina.
p.57
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What should be assessed about the corneal sensation?
Are the corneas’ sensation normal, diminished, or the same on both sides?
p.38
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
Which types of dilation drops are preferably used for short-acting effects?
Cyclopentolate, tropicamide, phenylephrine.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What might a decrease in vision indicate in an eye examination?
It is a common current eye complaint that needs to be assessed.
p.91
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the primary difference between CT and MRI scans?
CT uses X-rays to create images, while MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves.
p.93
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
Why is Orbscan important for refractive surgery planning?
Orbscan is important for refractive surgery planning because it provides detailed corneal maps that help in assessing the suitability of the cornea for surgery and in customizing the surgical approach.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What are the components of a functional eye examination?
Visual acuity (VA), Confrontation field testing, Amsler grid testing, Colour vision testing, Ocular motility.
p.84
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What can abnormalities in the optic disc indicate during funduscopy?
They can indicate conditions such as glaucoma or optic neuritis.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How is Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) utilized in ophthalmology?
UBM is used to visualize the anterior segment of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and ciliary body, providing detailed images for diagnosing and managing anterior segment diseases.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does it mean if someone has a Snellen visual acuity of 20/200?
The person is legally blind in the United States, as they can read at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can read at 200 feet.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How does direct ophthalmoscopy help in diagnosing hypertension?
By observing changes in the retinal blood vessels, such as narrowing or hemorrhages.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How should a patient be positioned for a direct ophthalmoscope examination?
The patient should be seated comfortably, with their eyes level with the examiner's eyes, and the room should be dimly lit.
p.79
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are some causes of leukocoria?
Cataract (congenital or acquired), Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), Retinoblastoma, Parasitic infections of the eye (e.g., Toxocara or toxoplasmosis), Retinal detachment.
p.64
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What could a brown or black appearance of the sclera indicate?
A laceration with uveal tissue protruding or melanosis in darker races.
p.64
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What condition should be suspected if the sclera appears red?
Scleritis, which can be associated with arthritis.
p.94
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does 'B scan' ultrasonography work?
'B scan' ultrasonography works by emitting sound waves that bounce off the internal structures of the eye, creating a two-dimensional cross-sectional image.
p.6
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
Why is it important to know about previous ophthalmic operations in a patient's eye history?
Previous surgeries can impact current eye health and influence treatment decisions.
p.83
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
Which instrument is commonly used for examining the posterior segment of the eye?
The direct ophthalmoscope is commonly used for examining the posterior segment of the eye.
p.6
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What kind of injuries to the eye or orbit should be documented in a patient's previous eye history?
Any trauma or injuries that could have long-term effects on eye health, such as blunt force trauma, chemical injuries, or foreign bodies.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What does Fluorescein Angiography help diagnose?
Fluorescein Angiography helps diagnose retinal conditions by highlighting blood flow in the retina and choroid.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is a direct ophthalmoscope used for?
It is used for examining the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and blood vessels.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How does a direct ophthalmoscope differ from an indirect ophthalmoscope?
A direct ophthalmoscope provides a magnified, upright image of the retina, while an indirect ophthalmoscope provides a wider field of view but with an inverted image.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the role of Corneal Topography in ophthalmology?
Corneal Topography maps the surface curvature of the cornea, aiding in the diagnosis and management of corneal diseases and fitting contact lenses.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is one of the main limitations of indirect ophthalmoscopy?
It requires more skill and practice to master compared to direct ophthalmoscopy.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is examined during a posterior segment examination?
The back part of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.
p.46
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
Why is funduscopy important in ophthalmology?
It helps in diagnosing and monitoring various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and macular degeneration.
p.69
General History in Ophthalmology
What is the difference between a total and partial eclipse?
A total eclipse occurs when the celestial body is completely covered by the shadow, while a partial eclipse occurs when only part of the celestial body is covered.
p.51
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
Why is blue light used in conjunction with fluorescein during an anterior segment examination?
Blue light causes fluorescein to fluoresce, making it easier to detect corneal abrasions and other abnormalities.
p.80
General History in Ophthalmology
What is retinoblastoma?
Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that typically develops in early childhood.
p.91
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What does MRI stand for in medical imaging?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
p.31
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What conditions can be diagnosed by examining ocular position?
Conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, and cranial nerve palsies can be diagnosed by examining ocular position.
p.45
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the foveal reflex and how does it appear in a normal fundus?
The foveal reflex is a small, bright reflection seen at the center of the macula, indicating a healthy fovea.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
How is the Snellen visual acuity test typically conducted?
The patient reads letters from a Snellen chart at a standard distance, usually 20 feet or 6 meters.
p.83
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
Why is the posterior segment examination important?
It is important for diagnosing and managing diseases that can lead to vision loss or other serious eye conditions.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What do the notations 6/6 and 20/20 represent in visual acuity testing?
They represent normal visual acuity, where the first number is the distance at which the test is performed and the second number is the distance at which a person with normal vision can read the same line.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What are the key structures observed during direct ophthalmoscopy?
The optic disc, macula, retina, and blood vessels.
p.14
Confrontational Visual Field Testing
What does confrontation field testing assess?
The peripheral vision of a patient.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 3/60 or 10/200 indicate?
It indicates profound visual impairment, where the person can see at 3 meters what a person with normal vision can see at 60 meters.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the Amsler grid used for?
To detect visual disturbances caused by changes in the retina, particularly the macula.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does 'counting fingers at 3 meters and one meter' assess?
It assesses the ability to see and count fingers at specified distances, used when standard visual acuity tests are not possible.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
Why is indirect ophthalmoscopy particularly useful for examining the peripheral retina?
Because it provides a wider field of view compared to direct ophthalmoscopy.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the purpose of a Pachymetry test?
Pachymetry measures the thickness of the cornea, which is important for assessing conditions like glaucoma and for pre-surgical evaluations.
p.61
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How is Munson’s sign observed?
By having the patient look downward, causing a V-shaped indentation in the lower eyelid.
p.92
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What kind of conditions can corneal topography help diagnose?
Conditions like keratoconus, corneal ectasia, and irregular astigmatism.
p.3
Five Cornerstones of Eye Examination
What is the fifth cornerstone of eye examination?
Medication and allergies.
p.87
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What aspects of the eye can be examined using a slit lamp?
The anterior segment of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber.
p.78
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is the primary treatment for cataracts?
The primary treatment for cataracts is surgical removal of the cloudy lens, often replaced with an artificial intraocular lens.
p.94
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What conditions can 'B scan' ultrasonography help diagnose?
'B scan' ultrasonography can help diagnose conditions such as retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, intraocular tumors, and foreign bodies.
p.31
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What tools are commonly used to assess ocular position?
Tools such as the Hirschberg test, cover test, and prism cover test are commonly used to assess ocular position.
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What is transient loss or amaurosis fugax?
Temporary loss of vision in one eye due to lack of blood flow to the retina.
p.80
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
How is retinoblastoma typically detected?
Retinoblastoma is often detected through a routine eye examination or when parents notice unusual signs such as a white reflection in the pupil.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the primary advantage of using a direct ophthalmoscope?
It provides a magnified, detailed view of the retina and other internal structures of the eye.
p.91
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
For what type of conditions is MRI particularly useful?
Conditions involving soft tissues, such as brain and spinal cord abnormalities.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What does a Visual Field Test assess?
A Visual Field Test assesses the range and sensitivity of a person's peripheral vision, which is crucial for diagnosing conditions like glaucoma.
p.91
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is a common use of CT scans in ophthalmology?
To assess orbital fractures and other bony abnormalities.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the typical field of view provided by indirect ophthalmoscopy?
A wide field of view, allowing for better examination of the peripheral retina.
p.29
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What anatomical landmarks are used with a Hertel exophthalmometer?
The lateral orbital rim and the corneal apex.
p.6
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What types of diseases of the eye should be noted in a patient's previous eye history?
Any past diagnoses such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, or other eye conditions.
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are halos in the context of eye symptoms?
Rings or circles of light seen around a light source.
p.93
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What specific measurements can Orbscan provide?
Orbscan can measure corneal curvature, elevation, and thickness.
p.51
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How does a direct ophthalmoscope assist in anterior segment examination?
A direct ophthalmoscope allows for close-up examination of the eye's anterior structures, such as the cornea and lens.
p.85
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) used for in ophthalmology?
OCT is used to capture detailed images of the retina and optic nerve, aiding in the diagnosis and management of conditions like macular degeneration and glaucoma.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is direct ophthalmoscopy?
A technique used to examine the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, macula, and blood vessels.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a Snellen visual acuity of 20/40 indicate?
The patient can read at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can read at 40 feet.
p.8
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What is cloudy vision?
Vision that appears foggy or blurry.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What type of lens is typically used in indirect ophthalmoscopy?
A condensing lens, often with a power of +20 diopters.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does 'hand movements' test in visual acuity assessment?
It tests the ability to detect hand movements when the person cannot see well enough to count fingers.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the purpose of the red-free filter in a direct ophthalmoscope?
The red-free filter enhances the visibility of blood vessels and hemorrhages by filtering out red light.
p.14
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the focus of an anterior segment examination?
The front part of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens.
p.31
Ocular Motility and External Examination
What is ocular position?
Ocular position refers to the alignment and orientation of the eyes in relation to each other and to the head.
p.94
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
What is 'B scan' ultrasonography used for in ophthalmology?
'B scan' ultrasonography is used to visualize the internal structures of the eye, especially when the view is obstructed by opacities like cataracts or vitreous hemorrhage.
p.78
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
How is a cataract diagnosed?
A cataract is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test and a slit-lamp examination.
p.46
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
How does funduscopy help in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy?
Funduscopy allows visualization of retinal blood vessels, helping to identify signs of diabetic retinopathy such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates.
p.45
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the general color of the retina in a normal fundus?
The retina generally appears as an orange-red color due to the reflection of light from the underlying choroid.
p.19
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is the purpose of the Snellen visual acuity test?
To measure a person's visual acuity, or the clarity and sharpness of their vision.
p.84
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What are the key structures examined during funduscopy?
The retina, optic disc, macula, and posterior pole.
p.80
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What are common symptoms of retinoblastoma?
Common symptoms include a white color in the pupil when light is shone in the eye, eye redness, and vision problems.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What are the main components used in indirect ophthalmoscopy?
A light source and a condensing lens.
p.89
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the primary advantage of indirect ophthalmoscopy over direct ophthalmoscopy?
It provides a wider field of view and better visualization of the peripheral retina.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What factors can affect visual acuity?
Factors that can affect visual acuity include refractive errors (such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism), eye diseases, age, and overall health.
p.39
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What are the key components of a direct ophthalmoscope?
The key components include a light source, a series of lenses, and a viewing aperture.
p.78
Previous Eye History and Systemic Conditions
What are some risk factors for developing cataracts?
Risk factors include aging, diabetes, smoking, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and certain medications.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is visual acuity?
Visual acuity is the clarity or sharpness of vision, which is measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a standardized distance.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is the Snellen visual acuity test used for?
To measure visual acuity using a chart with letters or symbols.
p.94
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
When is 'B scan' ultrasonography particularly useful?
'B scan' ultrasonography is particularly useful when the view of the retina is obscured by media opacities like dense cataracts or vitreous hemorrhage.
p.84
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
Why is funduscopy important in ophthalmology?
It helps in diagnosing and monitoring various eye conditions such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is the purpose of visual acuity testing?
The purpose of visual acuity testing is to determine the smallest letters a person can read on a standardized chart, which helps in diagnosing vision problems.
p.14
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What is the purpose of visual acuity (VA) testing?
To measure the clarity or sharpness of vision.
p.80
General History in Ophthalmology
What is the prognosis for children diagnosed with retinoblastoma?
The prognosis is generally good if the cancer is detected early and treated promptly.
p.93
Special Investigations in Ophthalmology
How does Orbscan contribute to the assessment of corneal health?
Orbscan helps in diagnosing corneal diseases, planning refractive surgery, and monitoring post-surgical outcomes by providing detailed corneal maps.
p.51
Functional and Anatomical Examination Techniques
What is the role of a slitlamp in anterior segment examination?
A slitlamp provides a magnified, three-dimensional view of the eye's anterior segment, allowing for detailed examination.
p.18
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does 20/20 vision mean?
20/20 vision means that a person can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 20 feet.
p.4
Current Eye Complaints Assessment
What does a change in appearance of the eye signify?
It is a current eye complaint that may indicate an issue needing further examination.
p.20
Visual Acuity Testing Methods
What does a visual acuity of 20/200 indicate?
It indicates severe visual impairment, where the person can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 200 feet.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What can abnormalities in the macula indicate during direct ophthalmoscopy?
Conditions such as macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
p.88
Direct Ophthalmoscope Usage and Techniques
What is the significance of the red reflex in direct ophthalmoscopy?
It indicates a clear optical path from the cornea to the retina; its absence can suggest cataracts or other obstructions.
