p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
How can stem cells be used in drug testing?
Stem cells can be directed to differentiate into specific cell types that the drug targets, potentially mimicking human tissue responses better than animal models.
What does potency specify in stem cells?
The differentiation potential of the stem cell.
What is an adult stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell that occurs in a differentiated tissue.
p.3
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What are tissue-specific structures?
Specific proteins found in certain types of cells that give them their specific functions.
p.1
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What are the unique features of stem cells?
Stem cells include zygotic stem cells (totipotent), embryonic stem cells (pluripotent), and blood stem cells (lymphoid and myeloid, which are multipotent).
p.6
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What conditions can hematopoietic stem cells be used to treat?
Blood disorders and immune system conditions such as leukemia and sickle cell anemia.
p.9
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What type of cells are harvested to provide embryonic stem cells?
Cells from the inner cell mass of the embryo.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What happens during symmetric division of stem cells?
Both daughter cells retain the property of self-renewal.
What is multipotency?
The ability of a cell to give rise to a limited range of cells and tissues appropriate to their location.
What is unipotency?
The ability of a cell to give rise to only one type of cell.
p.10
Functions of Stem Cells in Organisms
How can stem cells contribute to the study of human development?
They can be used to study early events in human development and cell differentiation, aiding in understanding cancer and genetic diseases.
What is an example of a specialized adult stem cell?
Bone marrow stromal (mesenchymal) cells.
What is multipotency?
The ability of lymphoid and myeloid stem cells to differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
p.8
Sources of Adult Stem Cells
What is umbilical cord blood?
Blood from the placenta and umbilical cord that is rich in hematopoietic stem cells.
p.8
Sources of Adult Stem Cells
When is umbilical cord blood collected?
After the umbilical cord has been detached from the newborn.
p.8
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What is a characteristic of umbilical cord blood that reduces the chance of immune response?
It lacks well-developed immune cells.
p.6
Functions of Stem Cells in Organisms
What is the main function of adult stem cells?
To divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What are ethical implications?
Considerations that evaluate actions as 'right' for the greater good or 'wrong' due to potential harm.
p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What is the purpose of toxicity testing?
To determine the degree to which a substance can damage living or non-living organisms.
p.12
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What are the potential health risks associated with oocyte donation?
Donors may not be fully informed or aware of the health risks involved.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What is distributive justice?
It concerns how resources are distributed in society.
p.12
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What is plasticity or trans-differentiation in adult stem cells?
The ability of adult stem cells to generate cell types of different tissues under certain conditions.
p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
How can stem cells assist in screening potential toxins?
They can be used to test substances like pesticides before they are released into the environment.
What are zygotic stem cells?
Totipotent stem cells derived from the morula during the zygotic stage of development.
p.7
Sources of Adult Stem Cells
What is the origin of all blood cells?
Hematopoietic stem cells.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What does the precautionary principle address?
It deals with coping with potential risks due to incomplete scientific understanding.
p.12
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
How do high costs of stem cell therapy affect society?
They make it available only to the rich, widening social divisions.
What is pluripotency?
The ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.
p.9
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
How can human stem cells be used in cell-based therapies?
Specialized cells or tissues grown from stem cells in the lab are transplanted into patients.
p.8
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What is a key advantage of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplants?
They are less prone to rejection than bone marrow transplants.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What are the two possible outcomes when a stem cell divides by mitosis?
Symmetric division and asymmetric division.
What is pluripotency?
The ability of a cell to differentiate into almost any cell type to form any organ or type of cell, except the placenta.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What occurs during asymmetric division of stem cells?
One daughter cell remains a stem cell while the other undergoes differentiation.
p.7
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What types of cells can myeloid stem cells differentiate into?
Monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, and platelets.
p.7
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What types of cells can lymphoid stem cells differentiate into?
T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What happens to a cell's capacity to produce new cells once it becomes specialized?
It has a very limited capacity to produce new cells.
p.9
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What is a major ethical concern regarding the harvesting of embryonic stem cells?
It involves destroying the human embryo.
p.12
Challenges in Stem Cell Research
What is a major challenge of current stem cell technologies?
They are time-consuming and very expensive.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What factors trigger stem cell differentiation?
Chemicals secreted by other cells, physical contact with neighboring cells, and certain molecules in the environment.
p.12
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
How can specialized adult cells be reprogrammed?
By introducing genes that regulate other genes important for embryonic development.
p.9
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What type of stem cells could be transplanted into leukemia patients?
Haematopoietic stem cells.
p.8
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
Why are umbilical cord blood cells less likely to be rejected by the recipient's immune system?
Because they have not yet developed features that can be recognized and attacked by the immune system.
What is totipotency?
The ability of a cell to differentiate into any cell type to form a whole organism.
p.3
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What is a fundamental property of stem cells?
They do not have tissue-specific structures.
p.7
Sources of Adult Stem Cells
How rare are hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow?
About one in 10,000 bone marrow cells.
p.2
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What is a stem cell?
A cell from an embryo, foetus, or adult that is unspecialised and can divide for long periods or throughout the life of the organism.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What ethical controversy arises from deriving human embryonic stem cells?
It often requires the destruction of the embryo, raising questions about when human life begins.
p.7
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What are the two types of cells that hematopoietic stem cells can give rise to?
Myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
p.1
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What are some ethical implications of stem cell research?
Concerns include the moral status of embryos, consent issues, and potential for exploitation.
p.9
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
How do human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) address ethical concerns?
They can be created without destroying embryos, thus avoiding ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells.
p.5
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What happens during gastrulation in embryonic development?
The inner cell mass differentiates into three primary layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What advantages do stem cells offer in drug testing compared to animal models?
They may make drug testing safer, cheaper, and more ethically acceptable.
What are hematopoietic stem cells?
Multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into different blood cells and immune cells.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What is the 'Do no harm' principle?
It suggests that it may be better to do nothing than risk causing more harm than good.
What is totipotency?
The ability of a zygotic stem cell to develop into any cell type, including the entire organism.
p.3
Functions of Stem Cells in Organisms
What are the new cells and tissues produced by specialized cells used for?
To repair or replace damaged or diseased cells in the body.
p.7
Functions of Stem Cells in Organisms
What is a cytokine?
A protein secreted by a cell that signals to other cells.
p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What role do stem cells play in gene therapy development?
They may help develop new methods for gene therapy for genetic illnesses.
p.10
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
Why are stem cells advantageous for toxicity testing?
Their pluripotency allows for an unlimited supply of primary human cells, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, which are hard to obtain traditionally.
p.7
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What regulates the differentiation path of hematopoietic stem cells?
Cytokines and/or hormones.
What is multipotency?
The ability of blood stem cells (lymphoid and myeloid) to differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What are the differing views on the moral status of an embryo?
Some believe it has the same moral status as an adult, while others see it as deserving respect but acceptable for research with justification.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What concerns exist regarding informed consent in stem cell research?
Donors may not have given informed consent for the use of oocytes or embryos in research.
p.2
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What is self-renewal in stem cells?
The capability of stem cells to divide and make identical copies of themselves for the lifetime of the organism.
p.1
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What are the potential uses of stem cells?
Stem cells can be used in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug testing.
p.5
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What is a key characteristic of embryonic stem cell cultures in the laboratory?
They are 'immortal' and can reproduce indefinitely in an undifferentiated state.
Are embryonic stem cells multipotent or totipotent?
They are multipotent but not totipotent.
p.5
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What is the significance of embryonic stem cells in research?
They can be cultured for research and medical purposes.
p.6
Sources of Adult Stem Cells
Where can adult stem cells be sourced from?
Bone marrow, cornea and retina, brain, skeletal muscle, dental pulp, liver, skin, lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas.
What types of potency do zygotic stem cells exhibit?
They are totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent.
What is pluripotency?
The ability of embryonic stem cells to differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.
What is totipotency?
The ability of zygotic stem cells to differentiate into any cell type, including all embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.
p.3
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What may lead to the expression of specific genes in specialized cells?
Signals for differentiation.
p.9
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What potential uses do stem cells have in medicine?
They can replace damaged tissue and treat conditions like heart failure, spinal injuries, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease.
p.1
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
How do induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) address ethical concerns?
iPSCs can be generated from adult cells, reducing the need for embryonic stem cells.
p.12
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What ethical concerns do iPSCs help to overcome?
They bypass the need to destroy embryos for stem cell extraction.
What are embryonic stem cells derived from?
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst.
p.6
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What are the two types of multipotent stem cells that a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into?
Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell.
p.9
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?
A process where the nucleus is removed from a somatic cell and implanted into a donor egg to create an embryo.
p.1
Functions of Stem Cells in Organisms
What are the normal functions of stem cells in living organisms?
Stem cells are involved in growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.
p.11
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What ethical issues arose from the Hwang scandal in South Korea?
It involved scientific fraud and inappropriate payments to oocyte donors, raising concerns about undue influence.
p.12
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
How can iPSCs be patient-matched?
Each individual can have their own pluripotent stem cell line, reducing the risk of immune rejection.
p.5
Unique Features of Stem Cells
Can embryonic stem cells form the placenta?
No, they cannot form the placenta or other extra-embryonic membranes.
p.5
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What are the three primary germ layers formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
p.12
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
Pluripotent stem cells generated directly from adult cells.
p.2
Unique Features of Stem Cells
What is the significance of long-term self-renewal in stem cells?
It allows stem cells to proliferate and yield millions of unspecialised cells over time.
p.12
Ethical Implications of Stem Cell Research
What is the advantage of using skin biopsies for iPSC generation?
They are less invasive and involve fewer risks for donors compared to oocyte donation.
p.9
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What is the hope for using stem cells in damaged tissues?
To regenerate various cell types of that tissue.
p.2
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What are the two types of cell division stem cells can undergo?
Symmetric division (producing two identical daughter cells) and asymmetric division (producing one stem cell and one differentiated cell).
p.2
Differentiation Processes of Stem Cells
What happens during differentiation of stem cells?
Stem cells give rise to specialised cell types under appropriate conditions.
p.12
Applications of Stem Cells in Medicine
What are some applications of iPSCs in medicine?
They can be used for personalized drug development and understanding patient-specific diseases.
What does pluripotency refer to?
The ability of a cell to differentiate into almost any cell type.
