p.3
Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What breath sounds are associated with bronchiectasis?
Coarse inspiratory and expiratory crackles and wheeze.
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Hands Examination and Findings
What does palmar erythema and a positive flap indicate?
CO2 retention, but could also suggest liver disease.
p.1
General Inspection and Observations
What should be assessed during the general inspection around the bed?
O2, medication (MDIs, nebs), IV drips, sputum pots, and cigarettes.
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Hands Examination and Findings
What can cause a fine tremor in patients using B2 agonists?
Medications like salbutamol.
What does dull percussion note indicate?
Consolidation, fibrosis, or collapse.
p.1
WIPPPE Protocol for Respiratory Examination
What is the purpose of gaining permission in the WIPPPE protocol?
To gain consent from the patient.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What is the tracheal deviation in a large pleural effusion?
Deviated away from the affected side.
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Auscultation Methods and Findings
What is the purpose of auscultation in a respiratory examination?
To listen for breath sounds and assess vocal resonance.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What is the purpose of pursed lips in patients with severe airway obstruction?
To prevent bronchial wall collapse by keeping lung pressure high.
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Interpretation of Vital Signs
What does tachycardia indicate in respiratory conditions?
COPD/asthma exacerbations, pulmonary embolism, or infection.
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Hands Examination and Findings
What does a fine or flaming tremor in the hands indicate?
Possible respiratory or systemic issues.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What is the characteristic finding in fibrosis during a respiratory examination?
Fine end inspiratory crackles.
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General Inspection and Observations
What does cervical lymphadenopathy suggest?
Infection, cancer, lymphoma, or sarcoidosis.
p.1
Head, Neck, and Chest Inspection
What are some facial signs to look for during the head, neck, and chest inspection?
Cushingoid appearance, plethoric face, telangiectasia, butterfly rash.
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Summary of Respiratory Examination Findings
What should be included in the summary of the respiratory examination findings?
Major findings, patient's comfort, respiratory rate, pulse, and any abnormalities.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What does stridor indicate?
Large airway obstruction due to conditions like mediastinal masses or bronchial cancer.
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Head, Neck, and Chest Inspection
What does tracheal deviation towards the affected side suggest?
Collapsed lung or pneumonectomy.
p.1
Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What are some signs of respiratory distress to look for?
Breathlessness, pallor, cyanosis.
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Palpation and Percussion Techniques
What should be assessed during palpation and percussion?
Tracheal deviation, chest wall expansion, tenderness, and percussion sounds.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What is a notable characteristic of pulmonary embolism (PE) during examination?
It will have few abnormal signs.
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Auscultation Methods and Findings
What does bronchial breathing indicate?
Consolidation, fibrosis, and collapse.
p.3
Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What breath sounds are typically heard in pneumonia?
Bronchial sounds with localized crackles.
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Signs of Respiratory Conditions
What are the breath sounds in COPD?
Reduced vesicular sounds with early widespread crackles and an expiratory wheeze.
p.2
General Inspection and Observations
What does the use of accessory muscles during breathing suggest?
COPD, effusions, pneumothorax, and severe asthma.
p.2
Auscultation Methods and Findings
What are coarse crackles associated with?
Bronchiectasis or consolidation.
p.2
Summary of Respiratory Examination Findings
Why is it important to present findings in terms of zones?
It is difficult clinically to identify the precise lobe.
