p.29
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is a characteristic feature of a neuron in nervous tissue?
A neuron has a vesicular (pale) nucleus with a prominent nucleolus located in the cell body.
p.58
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the structure of the thymus gland in lymphoid tissue?
The thymus gland is highly lobulated with a cortex and medulla, and it does not contain lymphatic nodules. The medulla features thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles.
p.56
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the function of an osteocyte?
A mature cell that maintains bone.
p.2
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is a characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
Minimal extracellular space and intercellular junctions such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
p.4
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
In the renal tubules and ducts of exocrine glands.
p.50
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What are the main components of fibro cartilage?
Chondrocytes and collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix.
p.32
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
How is the nucleus of a glial cell different from that of a neuron?
The nucleus of a glial cell is smaller and non-vesicular compared to the nucleus of a neuron.
p.5
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where can simple columnar epithelium without microvilli be found?
In the large duct of exocrine glands.
p.10
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the location of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina.
p.11
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
In the duct of exocrine glands, such as sweat glands.
p.71
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the nail plate derived from?
Keratinized cells analogous to stratum corneum.
p.7
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of epithelial tissue is characterized by cilia and goblet cells?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
p.6
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where is simple columnar epithelium with cilia located?
In the female reproductive tract.
What are the features of Purkinje fibers?
They are paler and larger than cardiac muscle cells.
p.52
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
The Haversian system, also known as the osteon, is the structural unit of compact bone.
p.17
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What type of gland is the salivary gland classified as?
The salivary gland is classified as a multicellular exocrine gland.
p.34
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What components make up a nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system?
An axon and a Schwann cell.
p.53
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the role of Volkmann's canals?
Volkmann's canals, or perforating canals, connect Haversian canals and allow for the passage of blood vessels and nerves between them.
p.63
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the structure surrounding the central artery in the white pulp of the spleen?
The structure surrounding the central artery in the white pulp is the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is composed of T cells.
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle tissue has no cross striation and contains a single central nucleus.
p.31
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is a characteristic of a multipolar neuron?
A multipolar neuron has several cell processes, such as in motor neurons.
p.32
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are glial cells and how do they compare to neurons?
Glial cells (glia) are more numerous than neurons and perform supporting functions. They have smaller, non-vesicular nuclei.
p.32
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What types of glial cells are found in the CNS?
The types of glial cells found in the CNS include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
p.28
Connective Tissue Classification
What are Kupffer cells?
Kupffer cells are macrophages located in the liver that play a crucial role in filtering bacteria and other pathogens from the blood.
p.21
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is an example of an endocrine gland?
Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas.
p.34
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are the two types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells.
p.62
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What are the main components of the spleen's lymphoid tissue?
The spleen's lymphoid tissue consists of red pulp, which includes splenic cords and sinuses, and white pulp, which resembles lymphatic nodules and contains a central artery surrounded by PALS (T cells).
p.53
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What are lamellae in the context of bone structure?
Lamellae are thin layers of bone matrix that form concentric rings around the Haversian canal in compact bone.
p.35
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
It insulates the axon and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
p.27
Connective Tissue Classification
Which cells are considered wandering cells in connective tissue?
Mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils
p.17
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What structural feature is associated with the striated duct in salivary glands?
The striated duct contains mitochondria in basal infoldings.
p.59
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the function of the paracortical zone in a lymph node?
The paracortical zone contains high endothelial venules, which serve as an entrance for T cells.
p.15
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What type of gland is the intestinal gland classified as?
Multicellular exocrine gland
p.37
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the motor ending in nervous tissue called?
Neuromuscular junction (motor end-plate)
p.58
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the function of the thymic medulla?
The thymic medulla is involved in the maturation of T lymphocytes.
p.4
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is a specific location of simple cuboidal epithelium in the kidney?
Distal convoluted tubules.
p.65
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of epithelium is the epidermis composed of?
Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin.
p.3
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of epithelium is found in the endothelium of blood vessels?
Simple squamous epithelium.
p.71
Skin Structure and Functions
What are the associated structures of the nail plate?
Distal phalanx (DP), nail plate (N), eponychium (E), hyponychium (H), nail fold (N F), nail bed (N B), and nail matrix (M).
p.70
Glandular Epithelium Functions
Where does the duct of the apocrine sweat gland open?
The duct of the apocrine sweat gland opens into the hair follicle.
p.51
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the primary characteristic of compact bone?
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and support.
p.64
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
MALT refers to lymphoid tissue such as Peyer’s patches found in the wall of the small intestine, which are lymphatic nodules.
p.64
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the function of M cells in lymphoid tissue?
M cells are apical cells without microvilli that play a role in antigen presentation.
p.23
Connective Tissue Classification
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
It has low extracellular fibers and high cells.
What is the relationship between subsarcolemmal nuclei and muscle fibers in skeletal muscle?
The subsarcolemmal nuclei are similar in size to the muscle fibers.
p.37
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are examples of sensory endings in nervous tissue?
Meissner’s corpuscle, muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle
What structures are found in intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain gap junctions, fascia adherens, and desmosomes.
p.3
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the location of simple squamous epithelium?
Endothelium of blood vessels, alveolus, nephron.
p.20
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What are the three modes of secretion in glandular epithelial tissue?
Merocrine, Holocrine, and Apocrine.
p.36
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is observed in a longitudinal section of nerve tissue stained with H & E?
Nerve fibers arranged like ocean waves, with nuclei of fibroblasts and Schwann cells indicated by arrows.
p.59
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is found in the cortex of a lymph node?
The cortex of a lymph node contains lymphatic nodules.
p.48
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What are the two types of matrix found in cartilage?
Interterritorial matrix and Territorial matrix
What are T tubules and their function in cardiac muscle?
T tubules are extensions of the cell membrane that help transmit electrical signals deep into the muscle fiber, facilitating coordinated contraction.
What is a key characteristic of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is striated and under voluntary control.
p.14
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is a unicellular exocrine gland found in the respiratory and GI epithelium?
Goblet cell secreting mucin.
p.2
Epithelial Tissue Types
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue?
Covering epithelium and glandular epithelium.
p.31
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is an example of a pseudounipolar neuron?
An example of a pseudounipolar neuron is a spinal ganglion neuron.
What are the key characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue is characterized by cross striation and multiple subsarcolemmal nuclei.
p.56
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What characterizes an osteoclast?
A multinucleated cell that resorbs bone and stays in Howship's lacuna.
What is a Purkinje fiber?
A modified cardiac muscle cell that conducts electrical impulses.
p.13
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What distinguishes covering epithelial tissue from glandular epithelial tissue?
Covering epithelial tissue primarily serves as a protective layer, while glandular epithelial tissue is specialized for secretion.
p.33
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
They form the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through their perivascular feet.
Where are Purkinje fibers located?
In the subendocardial layer of the heart.
p.62
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the function of the red pulp in the spleen?
The red pulp in the spleen is involved in filtering blood and recycling iron from red blood cells.
p.51
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
Where is trabecular bone typically found?
Trabecular bone is typically found at the ends of long bones and in the interior of others.
p.35
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the Node of Ranvier?
It is a gap in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed, facilitating rapid signal transmission.
p.59
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What structures are present in the medulla of a lymph node?
The medulla of a lymph node contains medullary cords and sinuses.
p.66
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis of thick skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin.
p.38
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
Where are Meissner's corpuscles found?
Meissner's corpuscles are found in the dermal papillae of the skin.
What is indicated by the red arrows in the cross section of skeletal muscle?
The red arrows indicate the nuclei of muscle fibers.
p.10
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is a function of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Secretion and reducing friction with food.
p.50
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
Where can fibro cartilage be found?
At the symphysis pubis and annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc.
p.69
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle associated with hair follicles?
The arrector pili muscle contracts to cause hair to stand upright, often in response to cold or fear.
p.5
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the function of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium?
They increase cell surface area.
p.68
Skin Structure and Functions
What are the three main parts of hair?
Medulla (M), cortex (Cx or Co), and cuticle (Cu).
p.53
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the Haversian system?
The Haversian system is the structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central Haversian canal.
p.68
Skin Structure and Functions
What are the types of root sheaths associated with hair follicles?
External root sheath (ERS) and internal root sheath (IRS).
p.63
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What are the main components of the spleen's lymphoid tissue?
The spleen's lymphoid tissue consists of red pulp, which includes splenic cords and sinuses, and white pulp, which resembles lymphatic nodules and contains a central artery surrounded by PALS (T cells).
p.30
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What do Nissl bodies appear as under a microscope?
Nissl bodies appear as blue clumps under a microscope.
p.62
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What does the white pulp of the spleen resemble?
The white pulp of the spleen resembles lymphatic nodules.
p.60
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What is the function of high endothelial venules in lymph nodes?
They serve as the entrance for T cells.
p.67
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
Melanocytes synthesize and distribute melanin.
p.66
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What are the layers of the epidermis in order from outermost to innermost?
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
What is a defining feature of smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, found in walls of hollow organs.
p.61
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What type of epithelium is found on the top of the palatine tonsil?
Stratified squamous epithelium
p.26
Connective Tissue Classification
How can elastic fibers be visualized in histological staining?
Elastic fibers can be visualized using special stains that color them black.
p.16
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What type of gland is a sebaceous gland?
A sebaceous gland is a multicellular exocrine gland.
p.16
Glandular Epithelium Functions
Which organ is associated with glandular epithelial tissue and functions in digestion?
The pancreas is associated with glandular epithelial tissue and functions in digestion.
p.9
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of cells are found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Dead cells on the surface and living cells underneath.
p.13
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is the primary function of glandular epithelial tissue?
The primary function of glandular epithelial tissue is to produce and secrete substances such as hormones, enzymes, and mucus.
p.65
Dense vs. Loose Connective Tissue
What tissues are found in the hypodermis?
Loose connective and adipose tissues.
p.69
Skin Structure and Functions
What does 'H' represent in the context of hair follicle associated structures?
'H' represents the Hair follicle.
p.35
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What does the endoneurium surround?
It surrounds individual nerve fibers.
p.59
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What are the main components of a lymph node?
The main components of a lymph node are the cortex, paracortical zone, and medulla.
What are the key components of cardiac muscle cells?
Cardiac muscle cells contain intercalated discs, sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules, mitochondria, glycogen granules, and lipid droplets.
What is the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs facilitate communication and synchronization between cardiac muscle cells.
p.23
Connective Tissue Classification
What are some types of specialized connective tissue?
Blood, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, reticular tissue, and elastic tissue.
p.61
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What are the structures present in the palatine tonsil?
Many lymphatic nodules and tonsillar crypts
p.18
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What type of secretion is produced by serous glands?
Serous glands produce a watery secretion, such as that from the pancreas and parotid salivary gland.
p.18
Glandular Epithelium Functions
Can you name an example of a serous gland?
The pancreas and the parotid salivary gland are examples of serous glands.
p.22
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is an example of an endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland, which contains numerous follicles filled with colloid.
p.57
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is endochondral ossification?
It is the process of replacing cartilage with bone, particularly at the growth (epiphyseal) plate.
p.28
Connective Tissue Classification
Where do bacteria reside in relation to macrophages?
Bacteria can reside in various tissues, including the alveoli and liver, where they are targeted by macrophages for destruction.
p.7
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium typically located?
In the upper airway, specifically as respiratory epithelium.
p.24
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue.
p.68
Skin Structure and Functions
What is the glassy membrane in hair follicles referred to as?
Glassy membrane (GM or G).
p.34
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is observed in a cross-section of a nerve using a special stain?
The myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers.
p.24
Connective Tissue Classification
What is a characteristic feature of fibroblasts in dense connective tissue?
They have blue flattened nuclei.
p.24
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the orientation of collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissue?
They are oriented in a parallel fashion.
What role do mitochondria play in cardiac muscle cells?
Mitochondria provide the energy necessary for the continuous contraction of cardiac muscle cells.
p.66
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the main difference between thick skin and thin skin?
Thick skin has 5 layers and includes the stratum lucidum, while thin skin has 4 layers and does not include the stratum lucidum.
How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle is striated but involuntary, found only in the heart.
p.26
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the characteristics of elastic tissue in general connective tissue?
Elastic tissue contains bundles of elastic fibers that appear wavy or spring-like, and can be distinguished from collagen fibers.
What are the key characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
Cardiac muscle tissue features cross striation, a single central nucleus, intercalated discs (which include gap junctions, fascia adherens, and desmosomes), and branching.
p.8
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What are stereocilia?
Long, less motile microvilli with actin filaments inside.
p.28
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the role of macrophages in the alveoli?
Macrophages in the alveoli, known as 'dust cells', help to engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
p.5
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
Where is simple columnar epithelium with microvilli located?
Inner wall of the small intestine.
p.70
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is a key characteristic of the apocrine sweat gland?
The apocrine sweat gland has a wider lumen and is found in areas such as the axilla, pubic, and anal skin.
p.20
Glandular Epithelium Functions
Which glands are examples of merocrine secretion?
Sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.
p.36
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
How do the nuclei of fibroblasts and Schwann cells differ in appearance?
The nucleus of the fibroblast is larger and darker compared to the nucleus of the Schwann cell, which is larger and lighter.
p.69
Skin Structure and Functions
What does 'S' signify in the context of hair follicle associated structures?
'S' signifies the Sebaceous gland.
p.64
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
Where are Peyer’s patches located?
Peyer’s patches are located in the wall of the small intestine.
p.62
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What surrounds the central artery in the white pulp of the spleen?
The central artery in the white pulp is surrounded by periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS), which contain T cells.
p.23
Connective Tissue Classification
What are examples of irregular dense connective tissue?
Reticular layer of dermis, submucosa, and organ capsule.
p.38
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Pacinian corpuscles are sensory receptors located in the skin that respond to pressure and vibration.
p.8
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the male reproductive tract?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia.
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
Cardiac muscle tissue features central nuclei, various sizes of muscle fibers, and many capillaries.
p.70
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What type of gland is the eccrine sweat gland?
The eccrine sweat gland is a simple coiled tubular gland.
p.57
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What does E, GP, and D stand for in the context of bone and cartilage?
E = Epiphysis, GP = Growth plate, D = Diaphysis.
p.69
Skin Structure and Functions
What type of gland is a sebaceous gland?
Sebaceous glands are exocrine glands that secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.30
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are Nissl bodies composed of?
Nissl bodies are composed of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes.
p.34
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of satellite cells in the PNS?
They surround the soma of spinal ganglion neurons.
p.30
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are the two types of cell processes in neurons?
The two types of cell processes in neurons are dendrites (which have Nissl bodies) and axons (which do not have Nissl bodies).
p.35
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of Schwann cells?
They produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system.
p.55
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What type of bone preparation is referred to as decalcified?
Decalcified bone preparation
p.67
Skin Structure and Functions
What type of tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis?
The reticular layer is made up of dense irregular tissue.
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
p.56
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the role of an osteoblast?
A cell with basophilic cytoplasm that produces bone matrix.
p.70
Glandular Epithelium Functions
Where does the duct of the eccrine sweat gland open?
The duct of the eccrine sweat gland opens onto the skin surface.
p.33
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are the types of glial cells found in the CNS?
Astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia, ependymal cell.
p.35
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What are the two types of nerve fibers?
Myelinated and unmyelinated.
p.6
Covering Epithelium Characteristics
What is the core structure of cilia in simple columnar epithelium?
The core of cilia is called axoneme, which consists of microtubules arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern.
p.33
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What role do ependymal cells play in the CNS?
They line the walls of the ventricles and have cilia that help in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.52
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What are lamellae in the context of compact bone?
Lamellae are concentric rings of bone matrix that surround the Haversian canal in compact bone.
p.17
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is a characteristic feature of myoepithelial cells?
Myoepithelial cells have a cell membrane that is involved in the secretion of watery substances.
p.51
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
How does the structure of compact bone differ from trabecular bone?
Compact bone has a solid structure, while trabecular bone has a porous, lattice-like structure.
p.19
Glandular Epithelium Functions
What is a characteristic feature of the submandibular gland?
It contains serous demilune (SD) cells.
p.67
Skin Structure and Functions
What are the characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis?
The papillary layer is composed of loose tissue.
p.51
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is trabecular bone also known as?
Trabecular bone is also known as spongy bone.
p.53
Bone and Cartilage Characteristics
What is the function of the Haversian canal?
The Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves, providing nutrients and communication within the bone.
p.63
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What does the red pulp of the spleen contain?
The red pulp of the spleen contains splenic cords and sinuses.
p.23
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the primary function of general connective tissue?
To interconnect other tissues.
p.24
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the primary function of dense connective tissue?
To provide strength and support to structures such as tendons and ligaments.
p.38
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of muscle spindles?
Muscle spindles are sensory receptors that detect changes in muscle length and the rate of that change.
p.60
Lymphoid Tissue Structure
What are the components of the medulla in a lymph node?
Medullary cord and sinus (MC & MS).
What is the significance of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions, which are crucial for muscle contraction.
p.23
Connective Tissue Classification
What characterizes dense connective tissue?
It has high extracellular fibers and low cells.
p.38
Nervous Tissue Structure and Function
What type of sensory endings are Meissner's corpuscles?
Meissner's corpuscles are sensory endings that respond to light touch.
