For the information provided.
S phase.
Lipid-soluble molecules.
The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
It acts as the cell control center and contains heredity information.
Sperm cells.
Skeletal muscle.
Two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Hormones.
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Plasma membrane, cytosol, and organelles.
The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down the concentration gradient.
Increased temperature, light, small particle size, increased membrane surface area, and a steeper concentration gradient.
Increased temperature speeds up the diffusion rate.
Close to the nucleus.
A series of chemical reaction processes within a cell for generating energy, usually in the form of ATP, from dietary proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Glycolysis, The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle), and Oxidative phosphorylation/Electron transport chain.
In the cytosol.
The ends of long bones.
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Secondary Active Transport.
It is crucial for understanding how cells grow, divide, and function.
More than half.
All cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
To cover body surfaces.
Cupcake shape.
A DNA nucleotide sequence called the promoter.
A series of phases a cell goes through from formation until it divides.
In the nucleus.
A type of passive transport that assists substances in crossing the cell membrane.
Two cell divisions.
ATP.
It becomes tightly coiled and easier to see under the microscope.
Transcription and Translation.
Involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to create most ATP molecules.
Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that pairs with a corresponding codon on mRNA.
Cytosol and organelles.
Pores through which diffusion occurs.
The synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template catalyzed by RNA polymerase.
Provide movement within the body and of the body itself.
It leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore.
Two hollow cylinders called centrioles.
A more selective form of phagocytosis or pinocytosis that minimizes unnecessary matter intake.
Near the Golgi apparatus and nucleus.
They cushion and stabilize cells.
In the mitochondria.
Because they generate ATP for energy.
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids.
To generate forward motion of the entire cell.
A division in a document or presentation to indicate a change in topic or content.
A steeper concentration gradient speeds up the diffusion rate.
A rich blood supply providing sufficient oxygen, calcium, and nutrients, and removing waste products.
Elastic fibers.
Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.
Small flattened membranes and associated vesicles.
Cytoplasmic division that occurs after mitosis.
To generate ATP and provide energy through aerobic respiration.
Adipose tissue.
The process where materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
White blood cells.
No, it does not require energy.
Because haploid and genetically unique sex cells can combine during fertilization.
Areolar and adipose tissue, along with finely woven reticular fibers.
The process of synthesizing RNA from DNA.
Synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, detoxification of drugs/toxins, and calcium storage.
From low concentration to high concentration.
Secretory cells and nerve cells.
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
8 types.
The cell.
Membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes.
Mitosis and differentiation.
Release waste from body cells.
Tiny structures that perform different functions in the cell.
A colloquial term often used to refer to personal time spent in the restroom.
Connective tissue.
Proteins for secretion, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.
To fill up space between organs.
Support and bind structures, store energy, and provide immunity.
Smooth muscle.
Cellular respiration, protein synthesis, packaging, and processing.
Each pyruvic acid molecule enters the mitochondria to start the Citric Acid Cycle.
To resist compression and absorb shock.
2 more ATP and carbon dioxide as a waste product.
A network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol.
A complex of macromolecules composed of DNA, RNA, and protein found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
2 genetically identical cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original cell (Diploid cells).
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
The process where materials move out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.
No, the transporter itself does not need energy.
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function.
The number of chromosomes is reduced by half to become Haploid cells (n=23).
Stabilize organelle positions and help attach cells to others.
Cell duplicates centrioles and conducts DNA replication.
Carbon dioxide.
Anticodon.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
They condense and shorten into chromosomes.
To conduct output impulses.
All cells come from stem cells.
To enable cells to specialize and become mature cells.
No, a membrane may not be needed.
Flagella have a similar structure to cilia but are much longer.
Able to contract and relax.
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Endocytosis.
Sex cells (gametes).
Anaerobic pathway.
Growth, repair, and replacement of worn-out cells.
Interphase.
Essential for the movement of chromosomes during cell division.
Haploid cells containing half of the full set of 46 chromosomes.
ATP.
Water comes out from the cell to the solution.
Joins the short segments of DNA together.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
To serve as a template for protein synthesis.
To transmit information from one part of the body to another by means of nerve impulses.
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
Sodium-glucose transporters.
To transport oxygen from lungs to body cells.
Chromosomes.
The process by which cells generate new proteins.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Yes, energy is required.
It explains the process of passive transport in cells.
Connective tissue.
The synthesis of a linear chain of amino acids using the transcribed information provided by the mRNA.
Nervous tissue.
Centrioles are pushed apart to each pole by spindle fibers, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Across the lipid bilayer.
Within the lungs.
The genetic code determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
It serves as a sturdy yet flexible outer surface and a selective barrier.
The intracellular fluid that is the site of many chemical reactions.
It contains the cytosol and organelles, providing a medium for cellular processes.
From an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
Hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts.
A selectively permeable membrane.
Glands and membranes.
It acts as a selective barrier that facilitates communication between the cell and its environment.
The membrane is permeable to water but not to certain solutes.
In the cell nucleus.
The process where the cell engulfs large solid molecules like bacteria and dust.
Phagosome.
Free in the cytosol or attached to rough ER.
Collagenous tissues.
Extracellular matrix.
Rod-like.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Cardiac muscle.
Strong, flexible, and avascular.
Understanding the structural features that enable the cell to perform its functions.
A double membrane.
The DNA of the nucleus through synthesis of specific proteins.
Helicases.
The process where tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up by the cell.
Bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon.
Body cavities and internal organs (viscera).
2 tRNA binding sites.
Blood vessels and nerves.
To connect, provide strength and support.
Channels that open in one direction to allow movement and close in another direction.
Synthesis of carbohydrates, packaging, modifying, and segregating proteins.
Skeletal muscle cell, smooth muscle cell, and cardiac muscle cell.
They can tolerate cycles of extension and recoil.
In the lung and blood vessels.
They assist specific substances in crossing the membrane by binding to them.
Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Site of protein synthesis.
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Four sub-phases.
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
Smooth ER and Rough ER.
Another substance gets a 'free ride'.
By cell division.
Substances that cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer or ion channels.
tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA.
Fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin.
tRNA has a cloverleaf shape with an amino acid attachment site.
It acts as the control center of a cell.
Neurotransmitters.
They are bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus.
Muscle tissue.
They form from the Golgi apparatus.
It separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates the passage of substances to and from the nucleus.
To break down a wide variety of molecules.
It consists of multiple layers of cells.
Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Provides leverage for muscles and assists in movement.
It details the process of transcription in protein synthesis.
To modify and transport proteins and lipids to their destinations.
Stratified squamous epithelium.
tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
By its anticodon, which pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA.
It provides a general overview of the cell division process.
Within the mitochondria.
At right angles to each other.
In the cytoplasm.
The skin, which is the largest membrane in the body.
Reads the exposed nitrogenous bases and assembles the new strand with complementary bases.
Basal bodies.
To initiate the assembly of the new DNA strand.
In the nucleus.
Transport of glucose into the cells.
tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly.
Nucleosomes.
Down their concentration or electrical gradient.
To transmit signals and process information throughout the body.
To produce new cells for growth, repair, and reproduction.
Involved in protein synthesis and attaching sugar groups to proteins.
To move ions against the concentration gradient.
Endocrine and Exocrine glands.
Transcription and translation.
Reduce friction.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Water moves in and out depending on whether the environment is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
Adipose cells that store triglycerides.
Each cell maintains a stable internal environment.
It provides an overview of the structures and functions of DNA and RNA.
Adipose tissue.
Three nitrogen bases in the DNA sequences called a codon.
A base is missing from the DNA sequence.
Base pair complementation occurs between mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon.
Peptide bonds form between the amino acids that the tRNAs brought within the ribosome.
They allow the cell to recognize and respond to the environment.
AGTCTGC ➔ AGGCTGC.
Four genetically unique cells.
Three types.
It is dry.
Movement of molecules from a low concentration area to a high concentration area using an ionic pump that requires ATP.
Up to 38 ATP molecules.
Greater than the concentration in a cell.
The reproductive system.
Most cells have a single nucleus, except mature red blood cells and skeletal muscle cells.
tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Organelle duplication and protein synthesis occur.
tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA.
The process of blood cell formation in red bone marrow.
The nucleus and other organelles.
The movement of ions or molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, requiring energy.
To receive inputs.
Transfers specific amino acids to ribosomes and ensures their proper alignment.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
A sequence of three bases on tRNA that pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA.
Cylindrical structures that help in cell division.
They help recycle worn-out cell structures.
In the ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands.
To cover and protect surfaces.
It explains the process of translating genetic information into proteins.
AGTCTGC ➔ AGCTGC.
An extra base is added to the DNA sequence.
Mucus.
They may be beneficial, harmful, or have no effect at all.
It binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter changes shape.
Lipids.
The basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
A route for diffusion of materials.
Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
23 pairs of chromosomes (n=46).
They cover organs and line the walls of body cavities.
A two-step division process called Meiosis.
Assist movement and provide support.
Nucleosomes can be further folded.
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
It forms the first line of defense against microbes.
tRNA has a cloverleaf shape with an amino acid attachment site and an anticodon.
tRNA ensures that the correct amino acids are added in the proper sequence.
The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume or pressure in a cell.
It organizes microtubules and is involved in cell division.
By mitosis.
It discusses the mechanisms and processes involved in active transport.
Protection and limited secretion and absorption.
It can lead to a subsequent change in the mRNA sequence.
Sweat, tears, saliva, and digestive enzymes.
Secretion and absorption.
In the liver and kidney.
To decompose fatty acids to generate energy for ATP synthesis.
Positive, negative, or neutral.
A system of interconnected channels extending from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm.
Tendons.
It can move another substance at the same time as facilitated diffusion, regardless of its concentration gradient.
To perform specific functions within the body.
It supports, binds together, and protects tissues and organs.
The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication.
It is a resting phase.
In the skin surface, linings of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, and vagina.
Involved in the synthesis of peptides in the ribosomes.
To protect against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and foreign invasion.
Epithelium found in cells or organs that secrete substances for use in other body parts.
Energy is needed to pump out sodium.
Determine cell shapes and help with organelle movement.
It stores and processes genetic information and provides instructions for protein synthesis.
Male sperm and female oocyte.
It consists of a single layer of cells.
They act as receptors, are involved in second messenger systems, and function as enzymes, carriers, channel proteins, cell markers, and adhesion molecules.
Structural support.
In the connective tissue of almost all organs and in lymphatic ducts and nodules.
Through ducts that bring secretion to the surface.
It provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
To neutralize toxic compounds and break down fats and other organic compounds.
They are used for movement of the cell or movement of substances across the cell surface.
To the body surface or into the cavity or lumen of another organ.
To store genetic material and control cell activities.
Cell wall.
To synthesize proteins and lipids.
They produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
Relays instructions from the genes to transcribe amino acids.
Any cell of the body except sex cells that undergoes nuclear division (Mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (Cytokinesis).
Thousands, depending on its activity.
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
All body cavities that open to the outside, such as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
The nucleus.
A process that requires no energy for molecules movement across the membrane.
To facilitate movement through contraction.
Approximately 75-98%.
Rough ER is covered with ribosomes.
Water comes into the cell.
Sex cells (germ cells) and somatic cells.
tRNA is released and can be recharged with another amino acid.
~300 mOsm/L.
DNA replication, transcription, and cell division.
ATP.
Calcium and phosphate.
It has a variable appearance and is subject to expansion.
Chromatids.
Neuroglia.
Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain as tRNAs bring them to the ribosome.
A type of lymph found in connective tissue.
They change shape to move a substance from one side of the membrane to the other.
Centromeres split, and sister chromatids are separated and move toward opposite poles.
Water and most lipid-soluble molecules.
Ions and charged/polar molecules.
The ribosome translocates to another codon along the mRNA and continues the amino acid chain synthesis.
Digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials.
DNA ➔ RNA ➔ Protein.
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Histones.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
The concentration of solutes is the same in both, with no net gain or loss of water from the cell.
Interphase and mitotic phase.
Protection, support, blood cell formation, mineral and lipid storage, leverage for muscles.
Polar heads are hydrophilic and attracted to water; non-polar tails are hydrophobic and avoid water.
In the cytoplasm.
They protect the membrane from injury, enable immune recognition, assist in compatibility for transfusions and transplants, allow cell adhesion, and guide embryonic cells.
By meiosis.
Transports nutrients and hormones, regulates body temperature, aids in body defense, and prevents excessive blood loss from injury.
The ribosome assembles around the mRNA and the first tRNA binds to the start codon.
One half of a duplicated chromosome.
A type of active transport involving the movement of materials in vesicles.
A change in the order of the nitrogen bases (A, C, G, T) that makes up the genes.
To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
In the cytoplasm.
Protein synthesis.
A change in the amino acid sequence, potentially altering protein structure and function.
Cytoplasm.
They increase the surface area for absorption.
They synthesize proteins.
It is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
A single strand of nucleotides.
Support cell shape, organize contents, direct movements within the cell, and contribute to cell movement.
G0 Phase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase.
A semipermeable lipid bilayer found outside the cytoplasm of a cell that surrounds the inner contents.
Bone.
The process of assembling functional polypeptides from RNA.
They differentiate into different cell types for their purpose.
Na+, K+, Ca2+, amino acids, monosaccharides.
Digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, or other secretions.
Blood, bone, and epithelial tissue.
In the heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels linings.
Simple and stratified epithelial tissue.
It holds the phospholipids together and stiffens the membrane.
Phospholipids.
The plasma membrane.
The anticodon ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
Chromatin, which is made up of DNA.
Anticodons help transfer specific amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Translation ends when a stop codon is reached, releasing the completed polypeptide.
Protection and secretion.
A long double helix chain of nucleotides.
It discusses the process of DNA replication.
It focuses on the M phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
AGTCTGC ➔ AGTCGTGC.
It receives chemical signals from other cells to activate or deactivate cellular activities.
They break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
Cell continues growing, makes more organelles, finishes replicating centrioles, synthesizes enzymes for cell division, and checks DNA for errors.
In the urinary tract, including the bladder.
They have no ducts and secrete directly into the blood.
The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Vessel permeability.
Nucleotides.
Diffusion and secretion.
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
By size, shape, and function.
By providing structural support.
Peroxisomes are structurally similar to lysosomes but are smaller.
A type of connective tissue.
A pairs with T, and G pairs with C.
The inherited genetic material.
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
Mitochondria.
Allow substances to move in and out.
Deoxyribose and ribose.
In the secreting portion of the thyroid gland and ducts of the pancreas.
Simple columnar epithelium.
It allows some substances to enter or exit the cell while restricting others.
Ciliated simple epithelial tissue.
Sweep away mucus for elimination from the body.
Cytokinesis occurs, splitting the cytosol and organelles to form two identical daughter cells.
A segment of a DNA molecule.
One base is replaced by another base.
Membranous organelles are surrounded by a membrane, while non-membranous organelles are not.
They align at the center of the spindle fibers, attached by their centromeres.
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
tRNAs with matched anti-codon bring the specific amino acid to the ribosome to start the translation process.
Chromatids become chromosomes and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear envelope reforms, and nucleoli reappear.
Lines large ducts, epididymis, and part of the male urethra.
It separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid.
The completed amino acid chain is released.
Cellular organelles.
