What are some commonly abused drugs?
Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, PCP, Inhalants.
p.4
Substance Use Disorders
What are some measures of harm caused by substance use besides mortality?
Harms to users and to others, social and economic costs.
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
What is drug dependence?
Individual depends on drug for normal physiological functioning. Abstinence produces withdrawal reactions. Can be dependent without being addicted (e.g., to pain medication).
p.7
Substance Use Disorders
What does continued use despite subsequent physical or psychological problems (e.g., drinking alcohol despite worsening liver problems) signify?
It signifies a substance use disorder.
p.16
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are some common ways people use tobacco?
Smoking cigarettes, using a pipe, and smoking cigars.
p.16
Commonly Abused Drugs
What is a common form of tobacco shown in the image?
Loose tobacco for use in a pipe.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
At what age can addiction start?
Addiction can happen at any age, but often starts when a person is young.
What are 'behavioral addictions'?
'Behavioral addictions' refer to addictions that involve behaviors rather than substances.
p.14
Opiate Use Disorder Treatment
What are the three main medications used in the treatment of Opiate Use Disorder?
Methadone, Naltrexone, Buprenorphine.
p.14
Opiate Use Disorder Treatment
What is Methadone used for in the treatment of Opiate Use Disorder?
Methadone is used as an opioid substitution.
p.18
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
How can the experience of conflicting emotions be described?
It can be unpleasant but also have a strangely enjoyable element, contributing to a basis of excitement.
What is cocaine known to increase?
Alertness, energy, feelings of well-being, euphoria, competence, and sexuality.
p.7
Substance Use Disorders
What does using substances in dangerous situations (e.g., driving a car) indicate?
It indicates a substance use disorder.
p.7
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What is withdrawal in the context of substance use?
Withdrawal refers to the symptoms that occur when a person stops using a substance they are dependent on.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
Is addiction simply a weakness?
No, addiction is not simply a weakness.
p.13
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
Is opioid withdrawal life-threatening?
No, unless there is a severe medical illness, but it is extremely uncomfortable.
p.14
Opiate Use Disorder Treatment
What is the role of Naltrexone in treating Opiate Use Disorder?
Naltrexone is used to block the effects of opioids.
p.15
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are some common physical effects of stimulant abuse?
Common physical effects include poor hygiene, skin sores, and severe dental problems.
What are sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics used for?
To reduce excitement and anxiety.
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
What is drug abuse?
Substance used in a manner that does not conform to social norms; motivation to use the substance may or may not be particularly strong. Can abuse drugs without being dependent or addicted.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
How long can brain changes caused by drugs last?
Brain changes can last for a long time.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
What are some problems associated with addiction?
Problems with mood and cognition.
p.13
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are the signs of opioid intoxication?
Pinpoint pupils, sedation, constipation, bradycardia, hypotension, and decreased respiratory rate.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What does a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down on substance use indicate?
It is one of the criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What does failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home indicate?
It is one of the criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder.
p.17
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
What is the opponent process theory?
It is a theory that suggests we have pairs of emotions that act in opposing pairs, such as happiness and sadness, fear and relief, pleasure and pain.
p.19
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What are the key components of managing intoxication and withdrawal?
Breaking the cycle, short-term/long-term substitution, and maintaining abstinence.
p.17
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
What happens to the opposing emotion when one emotion is experienced according to the opponent process theory?
The opposing emotion is temporarily suppressed.
What are opiates?
A class of drugs that include heroin, morphine, and codeine, known for powerful pain relief.
What effects does cocaine have on the body?
Increases alertness and energy, feelings of well-being and euphoria, and feelings of competence and sexuality.
p.7
Substance Use Disorders
What does continued use despite social or interpersonal problems due to substance use indicate?
It indicates a substance use disorder.
p.7
Substance Use Disorders
What does limiting social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use signify?
It signifies a substance use disorder.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What does significant time spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from substance indicate?
It is one of the criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder.
p.18
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
What are some examples of conflicting emotions that can be felt simultaneously?
Happy-sad, scared-relieved, love-hate.
p.15
Commonly Abused Drugs
How can stimulant abuse affect dental health?
Stimulant abuse can lead to severe dental problems, often referred to as 'meth mouth,' characterized by tooth decay and gum disease.
p.8
Substance Use Disorders
What determines the severity of a substance use disorder?
The number of symptom criteria endorsed
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
Can someone abuse drugs without being dependent or addicted?
Yes, drug abuse can occur without dependence or addiction.
p.10
Commonly Abused Drugs
What effect do all drugs of abuse have on dopamine levels?
They increase dopamine levels.
p.10
Commonly Abused Drugs
Name some drugs of abuse that increase dopamine levels in the ventral striatum.
Opiates, alcohol, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, cannabinoids.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What is one of the criteria for substance use disorder related to the amount of substance used?
Using substance more than originally intended.
p.19
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What are the possible ranges of intoxication?
From euphoria to life-threatening emergency.
What is a common use for stimulants?
Stimulants are often used to increase alertness and energy.
What effect do hallucinogens have on a person?
They change a person's perception of reality.
p.4
Substance Use Disorders
What are some of the social and economic costs associated with substance use?
Costs related to healthcare, lost productivity, and criminal justice involvement.
p.4
Substance Use Disorders
What are some of the harms to users caused by substance use?
Health issues, addiction, and functional impairments.
p.4
Substance Use Disorders
What are some of the harms to others caused by substance use?
Violence, accidents, and social disruption.
p.12
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Addiction
Name three common psychiatric disorders that are comorbid with addiction.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (PD), Depression, and Suicide.
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
Can someone be dependent on a drug without being addicted?
Yes, it is possible to be dependent on a drug without being addicted.
p.7
Substance Use Disorders
What is tolerance in the context of substance use?
Tolerance is the need to use more of the substance to achieve the same effect.
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
What characterizes drug addiction?
Compulsive use and strong motivation to acquire and use the drug.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
Is addiction considered a disease?
Yes, addiction is considered a disease.
p.7
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What are some common symptoms of withdrawal?
Symptoms can include not being able to sleep, irritability, changing moods, depression, anxiety, aches and pains, cravings, and tiredness.
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
Who can experience addiction?
People from all backgrounds, rich or poor, can experience addiction.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What characterizes substance use disorders according to DSM V?
A problematic pattern of substance use causing impairment or distress.
p.13
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal?
Dilated pupils, lacrimation, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgias, dysphoria, or agitation.
p.13
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
How is opioid withdrawal treated symptomatically?
With antiemetics, antacids, antidiarrheals, muscle relaxants (methocarbamol), NSAIDs, clonidine, and maybe benzodiazepines (BZDs).
p.9
Addiction as a Brain Disease
How do drugs affect the brain?
Drugs change how the brain works, often by mimicking the brain's usual chemicals such as endorphins and heroin.
p.5
Drug Abuse Terminology
What is drug addiction?
Behavioral syndrome where acquiring and using drug are strong motivators of behavior. Compulsive use.
p.14
Opiate Use Disorder Treatment
What are the key components of treatment for Opiate Use Disorder?
Support, education, skills building, psychiatric and psychological treatment.
p.11
Substance Use Disorders
What are some disorders that can be substance-induced?
Intoxication, Withdrawal, Psychotic Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Sleep Disorder, Delirium, Neurocognitive Disorder, Sexual Dysfunction.
p.11
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Addiction
Which substance-induced disorder involves experiencing psychotic symptoms?
Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder.
p.18
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
What happens when two conflicting emotions are felt at the same time?
The second emotion intrudes before the first emotion wanes, resulting in a confusing combined experience of two mutually exclusive emotions.
p.14
Opiate Use Disorder Treatment
What is Buprenorphine used for in the treatment of Opiate Use Disorder?
Buprenorphine is used as an opioid substitution.
p.11
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Addiction
Name two mood disorders that can be substance-induced.
Bipolar Disorder and Depressive Disorder.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
Why is family involvement important in addiction treatment?
It provides support and helps address family dynamics that may contribute to substance use.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
What is the historical nickname for benzodiazepines due to their calming effects?
Benzodiazepines were historically nicknamed 'Mother's Little Helper'.
p.6
Substance Use Disorders
What does craving to use a substance indicate in the context of DSM V?
It is one of the criteria for diagnosing substance use disorder.
p.13
Addiction as a Brain Disease
What neuroadaptations occur with opioid use?
Increased dopamine (DA) and decreased norepinephrine (NE).
p.21
Commonly Abused Drugs
ما هي الأعراض الشائعة لتعاطي المواد الأفيونية؟
تشمل الأعراض الشائعة لتعاطي المواد الأفيونية: النعاس، والدوار، والغثيان، والتقيؤ، والإمساك، وصعوبة التنفس.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
What are Therapeutic Communities in the context of addiction treatment?
Residential treatment programs where individuals live and work together to support recovery.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
What is Midazolam used for?
Midazolam is used for sedation, anesthesia, and to treat seizures.
p.15
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are stimulants?
Stimulants are a class of drugs that increase brain activity, resulting in increased alertness, attention, and energy.
p.17
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
How can the opponent process theory be used to explain drug use and other addictive behavior?
The pleasure of the high is used to suppress the pain of withdrawal.
p.21
Commonly Abused Drugs
ما هي بعض الأدوية الأفيونية الشائعة؟
بعض الأدوية الأفيونية الشائعة تشمل: أوكسيكودون، هيدروكودون، مورفين، وكودين.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
What is a potential risk of using benzodiazepines and barbiturates?
Both benzodiazepines and barbiturates have a high potential for addiction and overdose.
p.19
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What are the two types of detoxification programs?
Outpatient 'social detox' program and inpatient close medical care.
p.21
Commonly Abused Drugs
ما هي المخاطر المرتبطة بتعاطي المواد الأفيونية؟
يمكن أن يؤدي تعاطي المواد الأفيونية إلى الإدمان، والجرعة الزائدة، والموت.
p.15
Commonly Abused Drugs
How does stimulant abuse impact personal hygiene?
Stimulant abuse often leads to poor personal hygiene.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
Name a commonly known benzodiazepine.
Xanax (alprazolam) is a commonly known benzodiazepine.
p.17
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
What is likely to happen to the suppressed emotion in the opponent process theory?
The suppressed emotion is likely to re-emerge strongly and may curtail or interact with the initial emotion.
p.17
Opposing Emotions in Addiction
How do emotions interact according to the opponent process theory?
Activating one emotion also activates its opposite, and they interact as a linked pair.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are benzodiazepines commonly used for?
Benzodiazepines are commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
What is the goal of relapse prevention in addiction treatment?
To help individuals recognize and manage triggers and high-risk situations to prevent relapse.
p.15
Commonly Abused Drugs
What is a visible sign of stimulant abuse on the skin?
Skin sores or lesions are a visible sign of stimulant abuse.
p.19
Withdrawal Symptoms and Management
What is the purpose of detoxification?
Preparation for ongoing treatment.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
What are Self-Help Recovery Groups, such as AA, designed for?
To provide peer support and mutual aid for individuals in recovery.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
What is the purpose of motivational interventions in addiction treatment?
To increase the individual's motivation to change.
p.20
Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders
What do behavioral interventions target in addiction treatment?
Internal and external reinforcers.
p.22
Commonly Abused Drugs
What are barbiturates used for?
Barbiturates are used for anesthesia, as anticonvulsants, and for sedation.
