p.41
Common Shoulder Pathologies
When is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically worse?
After prolonged periods of rest.
p.48
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is another name for the Medial Collateral Ligament?
Ulnar Collateral Ligament.
p.16
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What vascular reaction occurs in acute tendonitis?
Swelling and tension in the tendon.
p.34
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What materials are commonly used in shoulder replacements?
Metal and plastic are commonly used in shoulder replacements.
p.16
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is a common cause of acute tendonitis in the supraspinatus tendon?
Deposits of calcium hydroxyapatite.
p.13
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are common pathologies associated with shoulder injuries?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and frozen shoulder.
p.44
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What should be considered about post-operative care in social history?
Who will take care of them when they go home post operatively?
p.61
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is cubitus valgus?
A deformity resulting from an old displaced or malunited fracture of the lateral condyle.
p.17
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is a surgical treatment option for acute tendinitis?
Aspiration to rule out calcified material.
p.44
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How can a patient's profession impact their shoulder health?
Painters are prone to tendonitis and rotator cuff tears from overuse.
p.30
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is synovectomy?
A surgical procedure to remove the synovial membrane from a joint.
p.61
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is olecranon bursitis?
Swelling that appears as a soft lump on the back of the elbow.
p.57
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are some risk factors for septic bursitis?
Pre-existing infection, diabetes mellitus (DM), alcoholism.
p.3
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
p.54
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is Tennis Elbow caused by?
Minor trauma or repeated strain of the lateral epicondyle.
p.56
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is olecranon bursitis?
A small fluid-filled sac overlying the tip of the olecranon.
p.29
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What limitations are observed in active and passive movements in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Active movements are limited, and passive movements are painful and may have crepitus.
p.33
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
A condition resulting from a massive untreated rotator cuff tear.
p.28
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the main causes of arthritis?
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Osteoarthritis (OA), Avascular Necrosis (ANV), Rotator Cuff Arthropathy, and Traumatic causes.
p.34
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is the purpose of the metal ball in a shoulder replacement?
The metal ball replaces the head of the humerus bone.
p.30
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What does arthroplasty involve?
Surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.
p.45
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
p.16
Rotator Cuff Disorders
Why is the arm often immobilized in cases of acute tendonitis?
Due to pain and tenderness, making it too sensitive for palpation or movement.
p.14
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What happens in the degeneration process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Scarring and calcification occur in the 'critical zone'.
p.59
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is the primary focus of the history taking for elbow joint issues?
To gather information about symptoms, onset, and any previous injuries.
p.51
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is elbow bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa located at the elbow, leading to swelling and pain.
p.56
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are some causes of olecranon bursitis?
Pressure/friction, infection, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
p.49
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the primary function of the Biceps Brachii?
Flexion at the elbow joint and supination at the forearm.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What does Avascular Necrosis (AVN) refer to?
Disruption of blood supply to bone.
p.4
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What ligaments are important for shoulder stability?
The glenohumeral ligaments and the coracohumeral ligament.
p.59
Clinical Examination Techniques
What should be included in the examination of the elbow joint?
Inspection, palpation, and functional testing.
p.8
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What are the major nerves associated with the shoulder?
Axillary, Radial, and Median nerves.
p.10
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What actions does the Pectoralis Major perform?
Flexes the arm at the clavicular attachment, medially rotates, and abducts the arm.
p.17
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is a common imaging finding in acute tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity on X-ray.
p.13
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is a common management option for rotator cuff tears?
Physical therapy and, in severe cases, surgical intervention.
p.57
Clinical Examination Techniques
What blood test results are indicative of septic bursitis?
Increased white cell count (WCC), positive blood cultures, increased ESR/CRP.
p.51
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is tennis elbow?
A condition characterized by pain on the outer part of the elbow due to overuse of the forearm muscles.
p.54
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is the primary complaint (P/C) associated with Tennis Elbow?
Pain over the outer side of the elbow.
p.57
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the management for moderate to severe septic bursitis?
Aspiration with or without incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
p.19
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What are the signs of chronic tendinitis?
Tenderness below the anterior edge of the acromion and a painful arc between 60 - 120 degrees.
p.24
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are some conservative treatments for Adhesive Capsulitis?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, local heat, physiotherapy.
p.2
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the shoulder?
To comprehend the structure and function of the shoulder joint.
p.38
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is the difference between gradual and sudden pain onset?
Gradual pain may indicate RA or OA, while sudden pain often indicates trauma.
p.9
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What are the three heads of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior, lateral, and posterior.
p.31
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is a primary complaint of Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Progressive restriction of shoulder movement.
p.10
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What are the attachment points of the Pectoralis Major muscle?
From the clavicle and sternum to the bicipital groove of the humerus and greater tuberosity.
p.17
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the conservative treatment options for acute tendinitis?
Resting the arm in a sling, NSAIDs, and steroid injection.
p.44
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is a potential need for patients after surgery?
They may need to go to a step down facility.
p.57
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the management for mild septic bursitis?
Simple aspiration and review, oral antibiotics.
p.51
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is golfer's elbow?
A condition causing pain on the inner side of the elbow, often due to repetitive wrist flexion.
p.40
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How does osteoarthritis (OA) typically progress throughout the day?
It worsens as the day goes on.
p.1
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is the Irish translation of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste RÃoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
p.43
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What should be assessed in a patient's past medical history regarding shoulder issues?
Previous injuries or problems with the shoulder.
p.56
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the treatment for olecranon bursitis?
Treat the underlying disorder; infections must be drained; occasionally, chronic enlarged bursa can be excised.
p.33
Rotator Cuff Disorders
Which structures can wear down due to Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
Acromion, AC joint, and coracoid.
p.18
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What initiates the vascular response in chronic tendinitis?
Over-use or minor tears of the rotator cuff.
p.49
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What are the functions of the Brachioradialis?
Flexion at the elbow and aiding in pronation and supination.
p.30
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is arthrodesis?
A surgical procedure that fuses two bones in a joint.
p.16
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the primary complaint associated with acute tendonitis?
Aching following overuse that increases in intensity for a few days.
p.38
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What should you ask about the activity when pain came on?
What were they doing when the pain came on?
p.4
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What bones make up the shoulder joint?
The humerus, scapula, and clavicle.
p.7
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
p.1
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What does RCSI stand for?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
p.63
Clinical Examination Techniques
What should be noted regarding scars during inspection?
Previous surgery or incision and drainage (I+D) of the joint.
p.46
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
p.40
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?
Presents with morning stiffness and lasts more than 30 minutes; may be intermittent initially.
p.63
Clinical Examination Techniques
Which condition is associated with palpation of the medial epicondyle?
Golfer's elbow and ulnar nerve issues.
p.27
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What causes anterior instability of the shoulder?
Recurrent shoulder dislocation.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are some causes of Avascular Necrosis?
Trauma, steroids, alcohol misuse, radiation, and sickle cell disease.
p.39
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How can a motor vehicle accident affect the shoulder?
It can cause moderate to high-energy traumatic impacts.
p.46
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What are the main ligaments associated with the elbow joint?
The ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament.
p.25
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What are the primary complaints associated with Bicipital Tendonitis due to Impingement?
Pain and tenderness localized to the bicipital groove.
p.12
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What does the acronym SITS stand for in the context of the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
p.46
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the role of the synovial membrane in the elbow joint?
To produce synovial fluid for lubrication.
p.55
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are the primary complaints associated with Golfer's Elbow?
Pain over the inner side of the elbow.
p.21
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is a common presenting complaint (P/C) of a rotator cuff tear?
Immediate pain with inability to abduct the shoulder.
p.3
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is the Irish name for the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland?
Coláiste RÃoga na Máinleá in Éirinn.
p.13
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the primary treatment for frozen shoulder?
Physical therapy to improve range of motion.
p.42
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What might a partner notice regarding a patient's pain?
They may notice that pain is limiting the patient's activities.
p.59
Clinical Examination Techniques
What is an important aspect of the clinical examination of the elbow joint?
Assessing range of motion and stability.
p.37
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What are the time frames to consider when assessing the onset of pain?
Hours, days, weeks, or years.
p.20
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What typically causes complete rotator cuff tears?
Sudden strain or as a complication of tendonitis.
p.60
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are the common causes of medial elbow pain?
Ulnohumeral joint pathology, golfer’s elbow, fracture, ulnar nerve entrapment.
p.43
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is the risk associated with previous shoulder dislocations?
Increased chance of dislocating again.
p.25
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the treatment for Bicipital Tendonitis caused by Impingement?
Rest, heat, and steroid injection.
p.31
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the conservative treatment options for Glenohumeral osteoarthritis?
Analgesia, NSAIDs, and physiotherapy.
p.26
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What history should be taken for a dislocation?
How it happened, if anyone tried to relocate it, and if it has happened before.
p.36
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What conditions are associated with deep shoulder pain?
Frozen shoulder and glenohumeral arthritis.
p.49
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What does the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis assist with?
Extension of the elbow and extension at the wrist.
p.55
Common Elbow Pathologies
What signs indicate Golfer's Elbow?
Tenderness over the medial epicondyle, aggravated by passive flexion of the wrist.
p.10
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Which nerves supply the Pectoralis Major muscle?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5 - C8, T1).
p.57
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are common presenting complaints (P/C) of septic bursitis?
Pain, restricted range of motion (ROM), erythema, cellulitis, pyrexia.
p.15
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is acute tendonitis in the context of rotator cuff disorders?
A sudden inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons.
p.42
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Are patients still able to engage in their favorite hobbies despite pain?
This can vary; some may be limited while others may still participate.
p.57
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the treatment for severe septic bursitis?
Incision and drainage, intravenous antibiotics.
p.29
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the key X-ray findings in Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Loss of articular space, articular surface erosions, and soft tissue swelling.
p.59
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Why is it important to understand the history of elbow joint issues?
It helps in diagnosing the condition and planning treatment.
p.42
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Does pain affect sleep?
Yes, pain can wake patients up from sleep.
p.15
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What are biceps tendon lesions?
Injuries or damage to the biceps tendon associated with the shoulder.
p.43
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What conditions may become aggravated due to past medical history?
Previous bursitis or tendonitis.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How can trauma lead to Avascular Necrosis?
By disrupting the blood supply to the affected bone.
p.31
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What does the acronym LOSS stand for in X-ray findings for osteoarthritis?
Loss of articular space, Osteophytes, Subchondral cysts, Subchondral sclerosis.
p.2
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is a key component of history taking for shoulder and elbow issues?
Understanding the patient's symptoms and their onset.
p.2
Clinical Examination Techniques
What is an important aspect of clinical examination for shoulder and elbow conditions?
Assessing range of motion and strength.
p.18
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are common symptoms of chronic tendinitis?
Pain in the shoulder over the deltoid, worse at night, aggravated by certain movements like putting on a coat.
p.12
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the primary action of the Infraspinatus muscle?
External rotation of the arm.
p.8
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Which artery is known for supplying the shoulder region?
Circumflex humeral artery.
p.11
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the primary function of the rotator cuff muscles?
To stabilize the shoulder by holding the humeral head in the glenoid socket.
p.51
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are common pathologies of the elbow joint?
Conditions such as tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and elbow bursitis.
p.58
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How do the presenting complaints (P/C) of non-septic bursitis compare to septic bursitis?
They are the same but less severe.
p.1
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Which institution offers the Musculoskeletal Education IC3 program?
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI).
p.40
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
How should a patient describe their pain?
By scoring it based on their pain threshold.
p.38
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What injuries are associated with playing sports?
Muscle sprain, labral tear, rotator cuff tear, dislocation.
p.14
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What causes trauma to the supraspinatus?
When it contracts against firm resistance.
p.54
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are the signs of Tennis Elbow?
Tenderness over the lateral epicondyle and pain on resistance to wrist extension.
p.20
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What allows for vascular ingrowth and repair in partial rotator cuff tears?
Intact tendon fibers provide continuity.
p.2
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the primary focus of understanding the anatomy of the elbow?
To comprehend the structure and function of the elbow joint.
p.19
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the conservative treatment options for chronic tendinitis?
NSAIDs and steroid injection (Hydrocortisone).
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the function of the glenoid labrum?
It deepens the articular surface of the shoulder joint.
p.22
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What does X-ray show in cases of rotator cuff tear?
No abnormality detected (NAD).
p.36
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the potential causes of lateral shoulder pain?
Impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tear.
p.62
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What is important in the patient's medical history regarding ulnar nerve issues?
Previous tendonitis, fractures, and rheumatoid arthritis.
p.34
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is the appearance of a shoulder replacement?
Shoulder replacements typically consist of a metal ball and a plastic socket.
p.55
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is Golfer's Elbow?
A condition caused by minor trauma or repeated strain of the medial epicondyle.
p.47
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What bones form the joint in the anatomy discussed?
Humerus, Ulna, and Radius.
p.34
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What does the plastic socket do in a shoulder replacement?
The plastic socket replaces the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade.
p.64
Clinical Examination Techniques
What should you observe when a patient undresses?
Watch for any difficulty taking off the shirt.
p.61
Common Elbow Pathologies
What is cubitus varus?
A deformity caused by a malunited supracondylar fracture.
p.58
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is the first step in diagnosing non-septic bursitis?
Always rule out infection.
p.11
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Where do the rotator cuff muscles lie in relation to the shoulder capsule?
They lie outside the shoulder capsule.
p.14
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the first pathological process in Rotator Cuff Disorders?
Degeneration, which involves micro tears developing with increasing age.
p.7
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What structures contribute to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Glenoid labrum, ligaments, and rotator cuff muscles.
p.42
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
How does pain affect daily life activities?
It can cause difficulty in tasks like combing hair or lifting groceries.
p.38
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What injuries might occur if a person fell?
Fractures, rotator cuff tear, hematomas.
p.58
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the treatment options for non-septic bursitis?
NSAIDs, splinting, aspiration, and excision of thickened bursa.
p.13
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What role does corticosteroid injection play in managing shoulder pathologies?
It helps reduce inflammation and pain.
p.44
Management of Shoulder Injuries
Why might athletes seek surgical correction sooner?
They may want surgical correction of dislocations sooner.
p.20
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What frequently causes partial rotator cuff tears?
Supraspinatus tendonitis.
p.15
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What does a tear in the rotator cuff refer to?
A rupture or damage to one or more of the rotator cuff tendons.
p.44
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is the risk associated with smoking for post-operative patients?
Higher risk of infection and wound breakdown.
p.42
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
Are patients taking regular analgesia for their pain?
This is an important aspect to assess during history taking.
p.14
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What occurs in the vascular pathological process of Rotator Cuff Disorders?
New blood vessels form in an attempt to repair micro tears, leading to congestion and pain.
p.50
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What are the three main nerves supplying the arm?
Radial, Ulnar, and Median.
p.43
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How can previous fractures affect shoulder health?
They may lead to osteoarthritis (OA).
p.46
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the primary function of the elbow joint?
To allow flexion and extension of the forearm.
p.62
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are the symptoms of ulnar nerve entrapment?
Tingling, numbness, and weakness of the hand.
p.5
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Which three bones make up the shoulder joint?
Clavicle, Humerus, Scapula.
p.27
Clinical Examination Techniques
What is a characteristic finding on an X-ray for anterior instability?
Depression in the posteriosuperior part of the humeral head (Hill-Sach lesion).
p.41
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What should you find out if analgesia works for a patient?
What they take and how often.
p.13
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is shoulder impingement?
A condition where shoulder tendons are intermittently trapped and compressed during shoulder movements.
p.29
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are common symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the shoulder?
Pain in the shoulder with difficulty in tasks such as combing hair.
p.54
Common Elbow Pathologies
What activities can aggravate the pain of Tennis Elbow?
Pouring tea, turning a stiff door handle, shaking hands, etc.
p.4
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the role of the rotator cuff in the shoulder joint?
To stabilize and support the shoulder joint.
p.19
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What makes the painful arc in chronic tendinitis easier?
External rotation of the arm.
p.4
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the significance of the glenoid cavity?
It is the socket that holds the head of the humerus in the shoulder joint.
p.24
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What does MUA stand for in the surgical treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Manipulation Under Anesthesia.
p.20
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What happens to proximal fibers in a complete rotator cuff tear?
They may retract and become stuck down.
p.52
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What do X-rays typically show in cases of osteoarthritis?
Typical signs of osteoarthritis.
p.2
Common Elbow Pathologies
What are common pathologies affecting the elbow joint?
Tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, and elbow bursitis.
p.49
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What actions does the Pronator Teres perform?
Flexion of the elbow and pronation of the forearm.
p.23
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What type of history do patients with Adhesive Capsulitis often report?
A trivial history of trauma.
p.62
History Taking for Shoulder and Elbow Issues
What questions should be asked during the assessment of a patient with ulnar nerve entrapment?
What do they work as? Are they a smoker?
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What are the three types of glenohumeral ligaments?
Superior, Middle, and Inferior.
p.12
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the primary action of the Subscapularis muscle?
Internal rotation of the arm.
p.7
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Where do the rotator cuff muscles attach?
Three attach to the Greater Tuberosity and Subscapularis attaches to the Lesser Tuberosity.
p.52
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is a common cause of osteoarthritis in uncommon sites?
Usually secondary to trauma.
p.19
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What does an X-ray show in cases of chronic tendinitis?
Calcification above the greater tuberosity.
p.52
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the primary complaints associated with osteoarthritis?
Pain, stiffness, and possibly ulnar palsy.
p.2
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are common pathologies affecting the shoulder joint?
Rotator cuff tears, shoulder impingement, and arthritis.
p.18
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What causes the impingement of the rotator cuff?
Impingement against the coraco-acromial arch during abduction.
p.63
Clinical Examination Techniques
What should be assessed at the olecranon during palpation?
Bursitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) nodules.
p.18
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What exacerbates the impingement in chronic tendinitis?
Osteophytes on the undersurface of the AC joint due to osteoarthritis.
p.60
Clinical Examination Techniques
What does limited supination in the elbow affect?
The ability to hold something in the palm or carry a heavy object.
p.53
Epicondylitis and Bursitis
Who is most affected by epicondylitis?
Sportsmen and women due to repetitive use of forearm muscles.
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the function of the coracoacromial ligament?
It provides stability to the shoulder joint.
p.39
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What type of energy impacts can cause shoulder injuries?
Moderate or high-energy traumatic impacts.
p.29
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the treatment options for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Conservative and surgical treatments.
p.26
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is an anterior dislocation?
An acute injury where the arm is forced into abduction, external rotation, and extension.
p.37
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What does sharp pain typically indicate?
Muscle strain/tear, fracture, or tendonitis.
p.62
Common Elbow Pathologies
Which muscles are affected by ulnar nerve entrapment?
Hypothenar eminence and small muscles of the hand.
p.23
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are the main characteristics of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Progressive pain and stiffness, usually resolving spontaneously after 18 months.
p.28
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What type of arthritis is associated with rotator cuff issues?
Rotator Cuff Arthropathy.
p.37
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What does achy pain suggest?
Osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), avascular necrosis (AVN), or rotator cuff injury.
p.25
Rotator Cuff Disorders
Who is most likely to experience a tear in the biceps tendon?
Middle-aged to elderly individuals due to degeneration.
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
Where does the long head of the biceps tendon attach?
At the site of the glenoid labrum.
p.25
Clinical Examination Techniques
What is a common sign of a biceps tendon tear?
The belly of the muscle contracts into a ball when flexing the bicep.
p.12
Rotator Cuff Disorders
What is the primary action of the Teres Minor muscle?
External rotation of the arm.
p.33
Rotator Cuff Disorders
Why is the escape of synovial fluid important in Rotator Cuff Arthropathy?
It is essential for the nutrition of cartilage.
p.26
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What typically causes a posterior dislocation?
Usually due to a violent jerk in an unusual position, such as during an epileptic fit or severe electric shock.
p.62
Common Elbow Pathologies
What activities may be impacted by loss of function due to ulnar nerve entrapment?
Grooming activities, carrying, and hand work.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What role do steroids play in Avascular Necrosis?
They can disrupt blood supply and contribute to bone damage.
p.49
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the main function of the Triceps Brachii?
Main extensor of the elbow.
p.48
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the attachment point of the posterior portion of the Medial Collateral Ligament?
The back of the Olecranon process.
p.27
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is the purpose of a Bankart repair?
To re-attach the glenoid labrum.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is the impact of radiation on bone health related to AVN?
Radiation can damage blood vessels, leading to Avascular Necrosis.
p.24
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is a surgical option for Adhesive Capsulitis involving the supraspinatus and infraspinatus?
Arthroscopic division of the interval between supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
p.60
Common Elbow Pathologies
What conditions are associated with posterolateral elbow pain?
Tennis elbow and fracture.
p.36
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What conditions can cause top shoulder pain?
ACJ dysfunction and cervical spine disorder.
p.26
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What is Luxatio Erecta?
It refers to an inferior dislocation.
p.43
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What should be evaluated regarding a patient's fitness for surgery?
If they need to be reviewed by respiratory, cardiology, etc.
p.60
Clinical Examination Techniques
What does loss of flexion in the elbow affect?
The ability to reach the mouth with the hand.
p.9
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What action does the deltoid muscle perform at the shoulder joint?
Abducts the shoulder joint.
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the role of the coracohumeral ligament?
It helps stabilize the shoulder joint.
p.53
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What surgical option is considered if conservative treatment fails for epicondylitis?
Detaching the tendon from its origin at the humeral epicondyle.
p.19
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What are the medical risks associated with NSAIDs?
They can have various medical risks, including gastrointestinal issues and cardiovascular problems.
p.37
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What conditions are associated with dull pain?
Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
p.36
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What could generalized shoulder pain indicate?
Fracture, thoracic outlet syndrome, or shoulder dislocation.
p.22
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is the treatment for partial rotator cuff tears?
Physiotherapy unless there is persistent pain, then consider surgery.
p.53
Epicondylitis and Bursitis
What is epicondylitis?
Inflammation around tendinous insertions into bone.
p.39
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What can cause a blow to the shoulder?
A direct impact to the point of the shoulder.
p.52
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What are some surgical treatment options for osteoarthritis?
Removal of loose bodies, removal of osteophytes, and transposition of the ulnar nerve.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How does alcohol misuse contribute to Avascular Necrosis?
It can impair blood flow and lead to bone tissue death.
p.48
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is another name for the Lateral Collateral Ligament?
Radial Collateral Ligament.
p.19
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What are the surgical treatment options for chronic tendinitis?
Decompression (SAD) and possibly removing osteophytes.
p.43
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What factors may increase the risk of infection in patients?
Conditions like diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
p.23
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What are common presenting complaints (P/C) of Adhesive Capsulitis?
Gradual increase in pain, waking from sleep, and stiffness.
p.32
Common Shoulder Pathologies
How does sickle cell disease relate to Avascular Necrosis?
It can cause blockages in blood vessels, disrupting blood supply.
p.48
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
What is the function of the Annular Ligament?
It circles the head of the Radius, maintaining contact between the Radius and Humerus.
p.6
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What does the acromioclavicular ligament connect?
The acromion and the clavicle.
p.23
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What age group is most commonly affected by Adhesive Capsulitis?
Patients aged 40 to 60 years.
p.5
Anatomy of the Shoulder Joint
What is the fourth articulation of the shoulder joint?
Scapulothoracic articulation.
p.26
Clinical Examination Techniques
What is the significance of the Regimental Patch?
It indicates the function of the axillary nerve.
p.25
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is the treatment required for a biceps tendon tear?
None required as function is usually intact.
p.25
Common Shoulder Pathologies
What sensation might someone feel during a biceps tendon tear?
They might feel something 'snap' while lifting a heavy object.
p.27
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What does the Putti-Platt procedure involve?
Reinforcement of the purely anterior capsule.
p.53
Management of Shoulder Injuries
What is a common treatment for both lateral and medial epicondylitis?
Rest, avoiding precipitating activity, and steroid injection.
p.27
Surgical and Conservative Treatment Options
What is the Bristow procedure designed to do?
Reinforce the anterior inferior capsule.
p.48
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
Where does the Lateral Collateral Ligament pass from and to?
From the base of the Lateral Epicondyle to the Annular Ligament.
