External ear, middle ear, and internal ear.
In the posterior cranial fossa.
It connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear cavity and opens with each swallow and yawn.
Traumatic injury to the olfactory nerve or destruction of the olfactory epithelium.
The tension of the vocal folds and the size of the opening between them.
Inner pillar cells have concave ends, while outer pillar cells have expanded ends.
Regulation of muscle tone and finer control of movements.
It extends across the ampulla and helps maintain balance and equilibrium.
The nasal cavity.
Large stellate cells.
Concerned with the maintenance of body equilibrium.
Inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti in the cochlea.
Axons of bipolar nerve cells in the spiral ganglia of the cochlea.
It causes conjugate deviation of the eye to the left.
The trapezoid body.
As a thin layer covering the central core of white matter, known as the cerebellar cortex.
Columnar ciliated epithelium.
Vestibulospinal tract.
Cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, and three other connections.
To stabilize the eyes on a stationary point while the head and body are moving.
Scala media, scala vestibuli, and scala tympani.
The oval and round windows.
Endolymph.
They transmit mechanical vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the internal ear.
Perilymph.
Cells of Hensen define the outer border of the organ of Corti and are located between outer phalangeal cells and cells of Claudius.
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
Cells of Claudius form the outer edge of the organ of Corti.
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae (or turbinate bones).
As a sound receptor.
Olfactory epithelium.
Mucous glands, pharyngeal tonsil, and openings of Eustachian tubes.
They help preserve the very high ionic gradients across the membrane.
To relay information in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, influencing the activity of the pyramidal tract.
Pillar cells contain microtubules that transfer stiffness and create a canal for endolymph flow, forming the boundaries of the tunnel of Corti, which is important in sound transduction.
It carries sensory information related to smell.
1. Fastigial nucleus, 2. Globose nucleus, 3. Emboliform nucleus, 4. Dentate nucleus.
Masses of grey matter embedded within the central core of white matter.
The presence of many folds called folia.
In the center of each cerebellar hemisphere.
Actin microfilaments.
Vibrations from the auditory apparatus.
Kinocilium.
Maintains equilibrium.
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues), but they are considered organs due to being incompletely encapsulated.
Auditory area in the superior temporal gyrus or Heschl's gyrus (area 41) in the cerebral cortex.
Indirect vestibulocerebellar fibers through the Inferior cerebellar peduncle.
The tympanic cavity.
Granular cells, providing inhibitory feedback.
Input from a single climbing fiber, which provides a powerful excitatory signal.
Edema of the vocal folds, producing hoarseness.
Coordination of voluntary movements.
Stereocilia.
Receives sound waves.
Hair-like appearance.
The anterior dilated portion lined with skin continuous with the exterior.
At the ponto-medullary junction in the lower level of the pons.
The emboliform nucleus.
Predominantly vestibular connections with the cerebral cortex through pontine nuclei.
The globose nucleus.
In the mucus membrane covering the superior conchae, in the roof of the nasal cavity.
Respiratory epithelium.
Malleus, incus, and stapes.
Inflammation of the larynx due to viral infection.
Contains only nerve fibers: afferent (climbing and mossy fibers) and efferent (axons of Purkinje cells).
Stratified squamous epithelium.
The left eye moves to maintain the field of vision.
A plate of elastic cartilage surrounded by perichondrium.
Purkinje cells are large, flask-shaped, multipolar cells arranged in one row among the upper margin of the granular layer.
To produce mucus and serous secretions.
They regulate sound conduction and prevent damage to receptors in the inner ear.
They are stimulated by rotational head movements and help maintain balance.
They pass downwards through the granular layer to enter the white matter and constitute the only efferents of the cerebellar cortex, synapsing predominantly with neurons in cerebellar nuclei.
Thyroid, cricoid, and most of the arytenoids (hyaline cartilages).
They are inhibitory to these neurons.
To maintain an open airway, assist in sound production, and prevent food or fluid from entering the trachea.
It is composed of granular cells and Golgi type II cells.
Simple squamous epithelium.
Absorption of endolymph and clearing debris from endolymph by phagocytic cells.
Regions of differentiated neuroepithelial cells innervated by branches of the vestibular nerve.
In the spiral ganglion.
In the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx.
Reflexes of the eye, neck, and body according to the position and movement of the head.
Disorders that interfere with the conduction of sound through the outer and middle ear.
Stellate and basket cells.
Elevated and dilated areas (the knob) from which arise long, non-motile cilia.
Three semicircular canals.
They can bypass the vestibular nuclei and go straight to the cerebellum.
Archicerebellum, paleocerebellum, and neocerebellum.
To prevent food or fluids from entering the larynx.
Simple squamous epithelium, transitioning to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium near the auditory tube.
Outer phalangeal cells support three to five rows of hair cells.
They are the primary integrative neurons.
Inner phalangeal cells support a single row of inner hair cells and completely surround them.
The vestibule and the internal nasal cavity.
Border cells support the inner border of the organ of Corti.
The dendrites pass upwards into the molecular layer, dividing to form a dendritic tree that lies in one plane, transverse to the long axis of the folium.
It is responsible for maintaining equilibrium through its vestibular and spinal connections.
Nausea.
Pharyngeal and tympanic openings.
Close to the middle line in the anterior part of the superior vermis.
Movements of the oval window.
Beneath and in contact with the epithelium of the initial portion of the digestive tract.
Olfactory epithelium and a lamina propria of connective tissue.
Palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils.
Carries hearing impulses from both ears, mainly from the opposite side.
IgA, secreted from plasma cells.
Type I hair cells (flask-shaped) and Type II hair cells (cylindrical).
In the cochlear nuclei of the medulla.
It permits vibrations that have passed to sensory receptors for sound to be dissipated.
Supporting cells and two types of hair cells.
Inflammation affecting the middle ear that can result in secretions within the middle ear cavity.
Three semicircular canals and the cochlea.
To maintain equilibrium by sending signals to the vestibular nerve.
Ampulla.
Oval window and round window.
It is a gelatinous membrane that extends over the sensory epithelium.
Type I hair cells are flask-shaped and supported by inner phalangeal cells, while Type II hair cells are cylindrical and supported by outer phalangeal cells.
Simple squamous epithelial lining.
Control of movement, ensuring it is smooth, in the right direction, and to the right extent.
It gradually changes to tall columnar epithelium composed of two cell types.
Lateral and ventral vestibulospinal tracts.
Sound waves are transformed into mechanical vibrations.
It allows vibrations to pass through the perilymph towards the apex of the cochlea.
A series of three small bones: malleus, incus, and stapes.
At the secondary covering the round window.
One from the scala media and the other from the lining of the scala vestibuli.
Maculae of the utricle and saccule, cristae of the semicircular canals, and the organ of Corti.
Extensive tight junctions.
White matter.
They travel through the external auditory canal and strike the eardrum, causing it to vibrate.
Nerve fibers that approximate the hair cells.
Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane for optimal hearing.
It separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.
Macula.
A band containing diffuse free lymphocytes and lymphoid nodules, generally with germinal centers.
Three to five rows.
In the inner wall of the cochlea.
Damage to sensory elements in the organ of Corti.
Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
Adipose connective tissue covered by skin.
Low in potassium (K) and high in sodium (Na), with very low protein content.
To produce cerumen (ear wax), a protective substance.
Producing mucus that washes the cilia of the olfactory epithelium.
The cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
They communicate with the nasal cavity and help in mucus drainage.
It is important for the learning of movements, such as writing.
Lateral lemniscus.
Sinusitis.
In the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the tegmentum.
The nasopharynx.
They cross to the opposite side or ascend on the same side and relay in many stations before reaching the auditory area.
They modulate balance.
False vocal cords (vestibular folds) and true vocal cords.
Granular cells are small, numerous, spherical neurons that occupy most of the granular layer and synapse with mossy fibers in glomeruli.
Respiratory epithelium.
They moisten the air and trap foreign particles.
Cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior.
They bend small hairs and stimulate nerve endings.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
In the internal ear: Macula of the utricle, Macula of the saccule, and Cristae ampullaris of the three semicircular canals.
Damage to the sensory receptors of the inner ear or the auditory nerve.
Epithelial invaginations that penetrate the tonsil deeply, containing desquamated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, and bacteria.
An unusual vascularized epithelium located in an outer position of the cochlea.
Inferior olivary nucleus.
The olfactory nerve.
Columnar shape with broad, cylindrical apexes and narrower bases, having microvilli on their free surfaces.
Elastic fibrocartilage covered by tightly adherent skin.
In the spiral ganglion within the modiolus.
Elastic cartilage in its outer third and temporal bone in the inner part.
A connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastic fibers.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
To increase the tone in extensor muscles of the leg to support the body against gravity.
In the superior olive and in the nuclei of the trapezoid body and lateral lemniscus.
To increase the tone in extensor muscles of the neck to support the head against gravity.
Inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body.
The vomiting center, which can lead to motion sickness.
Scala vestibuli, scala media (cochlear duct), and scala tympani.
It contains a complex vasculature of capillaries that warms inspired air.
An opening at the apex of the cochlea that allows communication between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani.
Utricle and saccule.
Glycoprotein layer.
Olfactory neurons, supporting cells, and basal cells.
A membrane similar to the tympanic membrane, known as the secondary tympanic membrane.
It rests on the basilar membrane.
They enter the thalamus and then continue to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
Cupula.
There is a single row of inner hair cells.
The ear pinna.
Hair-like structures on the hair cells that are important for sensory transduction.
Modiolus.
Spiral lamina.
At the round window.
A small triangular area of the tympanic membrane that lacks collagen.
It is responsible for the sense of smell.
Tight junctions.
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the lower pons.
Pseudostratified respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells.
The basilar membrane.
The vestibule.
Three layers.
It sends electrical impulses to the brain.
A foreign body or wax.
Dendrites of Purkinje cells.
A short, Y-shaped duct.
The internal auditory canal.
An inherited disease where the ossicles fuse together, preventing conduction of sound.
Surgery.
A thin bony plate.
A series of spaces within the petrous portion of the temporal bone that houses the membranous labyrinth.
Spaces containing blood vessels, cell bodies, and processes of the acoustic branch of the eighth cranial nerve (spiral ganglion).
The organ of Corti.
The tympanic membrane.
Afferent fibers, projection fibers, association fibers, commissural fibers, and fibers from cerebellar nuclei.
They conduct vibrations from the eardrum to the oval window across the middle ear.
It transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the perilymph in the inner ear.
It is the neuroreceptor for hearing present in the cochlear duct.
Nasal polyps due to thickening of the mucosa.
Cristae ampullares.
Bipolar nerve cells.
Two are in vertical planes at right angles to one another, and one is in a near-horizontal plane.
Endolymph.
Acts as a barrier against spreading tonsillar infections.
About 35 mm.
A flattened canal extending from the surface into the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane.
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands.
Triangular in cross-section.
They send parallel fibers up into the molecular layer, where they synapse with the dendrites of Purkinje cells and other types of cells.
The macula of the saccule lies in its floor, while the macula of the utricle occupies the lateral wall, making them perpendicular to one another.
The cochlear nerve.
Calcium carbonate.
They are bipolar neurons with rounded nuclei below the nuclei of supporting cells.
Low sodium (Na) and high potassium (K) content.
It is thicker.
Intrauterine infection or poor oxygen supply near birth.
They can restore hearing.
It is important for the sense of hearing.
They act as stem cells for the other two types of cells.
In the tectorial membrane.
Stratified squamous epithelium.
At the oval window.
Outer surface: epidermis; Inner surface: simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium.
They respond to odoriferous substances by generating a receptor potential.
Purulent spots.
A band of dense connective tissue known as the capsule of the tonsil.
A kinocilium.
On the surface, not on the base of crypts.
Perilymph.
Semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea.
The ear drum.
To transmit sound waves to the ossicles of the middle ear.
The tense part of the tympanic membrane that is firmly attached to surrounding bone.
