p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a critical responsibility of nurses in health promotion?
To collaborate with other healthcare professionals.
p.15
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How is ill health related to disease and illness?
Ill health is the experience of disease plus illness.
p.88
Concept of Health Promotion
What is a key characteristic of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
It focuses on enabling individuals to take control of their health.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one key responsibility of nurses according to the Nursing Council of Hong Kong?
Acting as a key player in intersectoral collaboration.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the cognitive aspect of learning involve?
Information and understanding, such as through leaflets and visual displays.
p.85
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the main focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To help clients develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.
p.78
Health Behavior Models
What is a key focus of the behavior change approach in health promotion?
Evaluating any health behavioral change after the intervention.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the focus of the behavioral aspect of learning?
Skills development, using methods like role play and demonstration.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the relationship between nurse capacity and client capacity?
Nurse capacity contributes to client capacity in health management.
p.97
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the goal of educating individuals about their health needs?
To enable them to promote health and assume self-care.
p.94
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of the Medical approach in health promotion for healthy eating?
To reduce morbidity and premature mortality by identifying those at risk from disease.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the broad concept of health imply?
It has a huge range of meanings.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the educational approach in health promotion focused on?
It focuses on three aspects of learning: cognitive, affective, and behavioral.
p.69
Concept of Health Promotion
What is a key focus of health promotion approaches?
To enhance the well-being and health of individuals and communities.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Why is intersectoral collaboration important in nursing?
It may contribute to health promotion.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
What does well-being encompass?
Quality of life and the ability to contribute meaningfully to society.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How can nurses help individuals regarding their health?
By helping them build capacity to control their own health and make healthy life choices.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Which health promotion approach encourages new mothers to feed their infants?
Encouraging breastfeeding.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the first step in the empowerment approach to health promotion?
Recognize and understand their powerlessness.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
How is well-being defined?
A positive state experienced by individuals and societies.
p.102
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the purpose of building a scientific database in nursing?
For the development of evidence-based practice.
p.81
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What methods are used in the affective aspect of learning?
Group discussions and one-to-one counseling.
p.97
Health Needs Assessment
What is one of the primary responsibilities of a nurse in health promotion?
Assessing health needs of individuals.
p.77
Health Behavior Models
What type of approach is the professional-led behavior change approach?
A 'top to down' approach.
p.75
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a major disadvantage of the medical approach?
It relies on patient compliance with preventive medical procedures.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the goal of primary prevention in health promotion?
Preventing the onset of illness and disease.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of primary prevention.
Immunization or reducing exposure to risk factors.
p.104
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the main goal of the Department of Health's strategy towards 2025?
To prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCD) in Hong Kong.
p.79
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the aim of the educational approach in health promotion?
To provide information and facts, and to develop relevant skills for individuals to make knowledgeable choices about their health.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What must individuals feel to initiate change in their situation?
They must feel strongly enough to want to change their situation.
p.87
Concept of Health Promotion
What do individuals need to feel capable of changing their situation?
They need information, support, and life skills.
p.100
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one of the key roles of a nurse in health promotion?
Promoting health in various settings such as schools, workplaces, hospitals, and communities.
p.89
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the goal of creating an enabling environment in health promotion?
To build health promotion capacity.
p.69
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How do educational programs contribute to health promotion?
They provide knowledge and skills to individuals to make informed health choices.
p.75
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What expertise do health experts provide in the medical approach?
Relevant knowledge and expertise.
p.101
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What should nurses lobby for to promote public health?
Changes in public and social policies conducive to promoting the health of the population.
p.8
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the negative definition of health?
Absent of disease or illness.
p.15
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is ill health?
A state of poor health when there is some disease or impairment, but not usually serious enough to curtail all activities.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the focus of secondary prevention?
Preventing the progression of illness and disease through early diagnosis.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
How does improving health literacy affect partnerships with healthcare providers?
It facilitates better partnerships, resulting in better treatment outcomes.
p.102
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What should nurses do with their research findings?
Disseminate research findings to build a scientific database for evidence-based practice.
p.71
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the clinical method's focus in the medical approach?
Treatment of diseases to prevent complications and premature death.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is an example of an educational approach in health promotion?
Increasing knowledge in self-care of hypertension management.
p.101
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is evaluating health promotion activities important?
For the continuous improvement of future activities.
p.85
Concept of Health Promotion
Which skills are encouraged in the empowerment approach?
Critical thinking and critical action.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What health promotion strategy addresses issues related to excessive alcohol consumption?
Tackling alcohol-related harm.
p.8
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the positive definition of health?
A state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.
p.50
Concept of Health Promotion
What does health literacy encompass?
Skills necessary to access, assess, and use information in making life choices.
p.34
Health Behavior Models
What concerns have alternative practitioners raised regarding conventional treatments?
Effectiveness and potentially damaging long-term effects.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the origin of the word 'health'?
It is derived from the Old English word 'hael'.
p.45
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does health equity aim to achieve?
The highest attainable level of health for all people.
p.104
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the Nursing Council of Hong Kong provide in their guide?
Guidelines for good nursing practice in health promotion.
What was the mortality rate for COVID-19 in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas in the UK as of January 2021?
1.8 times higher in the most deprived areas.
p.53
Health Behavior Models
What are the consequences of low health literacy?
People with low health literacy experience worse health outcomes due to poor knowledge of health conditions, affecting disease prevention behavior and personal health management.
p.45
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors contribute to health inequities?
Historical and contemporary injustices or socioeconomic disadvantage.
p.71
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Who are the target groups for activities in the medical approach?
Whole populations or high-risk groups.
p.99
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How should nurses contribute to health promotion strategies?
By partnering with other interested parties.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What should a nurse acquire to effectively promote health?
Specialised skills and competence through continuous learning.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one key role of nurses in health promotion?
To educate patients about healthy lifestyle choices.
p.100
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How can nurses help individuals regarding health determinants?
By raising awareness of changing health determinants and individual responsibilities.
p.12
Concept of Health Promotion
How is well-being similar to health?
Both are resources for daily life.
p.97
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How should a nurse assist individuals in promoting health?
By providing information and education.
p.69
Health Behavior Models
What is the purpose of behavior change interventions in health promotion?
To encourage individuals to adopt healthier behaviors.
p.95
Health Behavior Models
How do nurses support behavior change in patients?
By providing counseling and support for healthy behaviors.
p.52
Health Behavior Models
What is Basic / Functional health literacy?
Basic skills in reading and writing that enable individuals to function effectively in everyday situations and make informed health decisions.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Who is the target group for secondary prevention?
Healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the term 'health' encompass?
It concerns 'the whole person' and their integrity, soundness, or well-being.
p.9
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization?
Health is a state of complete physical, social, and mental well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What does the bio-psychosocial model integrate?
The social, psychological, and medical aspects of health.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
What does the Role Performance Model define health as?
An individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles (occupational or familial roles).
p.53
Concept of Health Promotion
How does improving health literacy affect individuals?
It enhances their capacity for making informed choices on health issues and better access to health services and resources.
p.76
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary aim of the behavior change approach in health promotion?
To inspire individuals to adopt healthy lifestyle behaviors, use preventive health services, and take responsibility for their own health.
p.76
Concept of Health Promotion
Why is the behavioral approach popular in health promotion?
Because it views health as an individual asset.
p.82
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the educational approach in health promotion?
An approach that focuses on increasing knowledge about health-related topics.
p.77
Health Behavior Models
What is the behavior change approach in health promotion?
A method that persuades people to change health behaviors.
p.78
Health Behavior Models
Give an example of a health behavior change that might be evaluated after an intervention.
Quitting smoking or changing eating habits.
p.101
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role does a nurse play in advocating for individuals and communities?
A nurse should advocate for community development and social involvement.
p.34
Health Behavior Models
What has contributed to the rise in challenges to conventional medicine?
The rise in complementary therapies.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Provide an example of secondary prevention.
Screening like Papanicolaou (Pap) smear or cancer screening.
p.74
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What are the long-term evaluation goals of the medical approach?
Reduction in disease rates and associated mortality.
p.48
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the focus of the report 'Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach'?
It examines health inequalities in Hong Kong.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
According to the Role Performance Model, can individuals with clinical illness be considered healthy?
Yes, if they can fulfill their societal roles.
p.53
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the relationship between health literacy and social gradient?
Lower levels of health literacy are much more common among the socially and economically disadvantaged.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What has been a challenge to clinical autonomy in medicine?
Managerialism and reforms enhancing the power of managers to control clinicians' activities.
Which ethnic groups in the UK remained at greater risk of COVID-19 death during Wave 2?
People from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds.
p.71
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the primary focus of the medical approach in health promotion?
Reducing morbidity and mortality.
p.88
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What is a challenge in evaluating the empowerment approach?
The results may appear to be vague.
p.90
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the social change approach in health promotion focus on?
Policy or environmental level.
p.91
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the social change approach in health promotion?
It focuses on changing organizational levels and developing policies and laws.
p.75
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key advantage of the medical approach to health promotion?
People sometimes want to be told what to do.
p.90
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is considered a prerequisite for social progress in the social change approach?
The protection of population health.
p.95
Health Needs Assessment
What responsibility do nurses have regarding patient assessments?
To assess patients' health needs and risks.
p.75
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the medical approach ignore?
The root causes of ill-health.
p.95
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is an important aspect of nurses' role in health education?
To tailor information to meet the diverse needs of patients.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the primary focus of social justice?
The concept of fairness in relations between individuals in society.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the aim of tertiary prevention?
Reducing further disability and suffering in those already ill.
p.34
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What approach emphasizes patient involvement in healthcare decisions?
Patient-centered care and shared decision making.
p.104
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the main subject of 'Foundations for health promotion' by Naidoo & Wills?
The foundational concepts and principles of health promotion.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What biological factors are considered in the bio-psychosocial model?
Genetics and physiological factors.
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What social and environmental factors are explored in the bio-psychosocial model?
Relationships, employment, and income.
p.45
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the goal of health equity regarding different groups?
Optimal health for all groups.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
How is disease defined in the context of the Adaptive Model?
As the failure to respond to changes to maintain stability (adaptation).
p.102
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How can a nurse maintain their knowledge of health promotion?
By conducting research on health promotion information and programmes.
p.89
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the social change approach aim to adjust?
The physical, social, and fiscal environment.
p.101
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What should a nurse include in the initial planning for health promotion activities?
Strategies for evaluating their effectiveness and health outcomes.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How do nurses contribute to community health promotion?
By participating in community health initiatives and programs.
p.91
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of a policy developed through the social change approach.
Nutritional standards of school meals.
p.85
Concept of Health Promotion
What are some methods used in the empowerment approach?
Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.
p.97
Health Across the Lifespan
At what stages of life should nurses assess health needs?
At different stages of their lives.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the Ottawa Charter?
The first international conference on health promotion.
What is the focus of the report by CUHK Institute of Health Equity (2022)?
Health Inequalities in Hong Kong: A Life Course Approach.
p.50
Concept of Health Promotion
What are some skills involved in health literacy?
Cognitive ability and personal skills.
p.65
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, health education, and cultural, social, and political development.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What methods are used in the Behaviour change approach?
Persuasion through one-to-one advice or counseling and mass media campaigns.
p.65
Concept of Health Promotion
What aspects are included in health promotion?
Disease prevention, health education, cultural, social, and political development.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are exogenous factors in the context of disease?
Factors outside the body, such as viral infections.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are endogenous factors in the context of disease?
Factors inside the body, such as inadequate thyroid function.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
How are people viewed in the Medical Model?
As physiological systems with related functions.
p.94
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the goal of the Social change approach?
To bring about changes in the physical, social, and economic environment to promote healthy eating.
p.67
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of health promotion?
To improve health and prevent disease through education and community engagement.
p.102
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one responsibility of a nurse regarding health promotion?
To upkeep knowledge of health promotion.
p.88
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
How is the evaluation of the empowerment approach conducted?
By assessing the extent to which specific aims have been met.
p.83
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the main aim of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
To help people identify their own concerns and gain the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health.
p.89
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the social change approach in health promotion?
Changing societal behavior in physical, social, and economic environments.
p.71
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What does the medical approach seek to increase?
Clinical interventions to prevent disease.
p.12
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors determine well-being?
Social, economic, and environmental conditions.
p.69
Health Needs Assessment
What role do community engagement strategies play in health promotion?
They involve the community in identifying health needs and developing solutions.
p.98
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key responsibility of a nurse in health promotion?
To adopt various health promotion strategies.
p.93
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is one approach to health promotion focused on emotional health?
Enhancing mental well-being.
p.91
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are some methods used in the social change approach?
Implementation of healthy public policy, lobbying, and legislation.
p.96
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the role of nurses in managing patient care and resources?
Coordinator / Case manager.
p.100
Concept of Health Promotion
What can nurses do to remove obstacles to health promotion?
Help individuals understand their responsibilities in controlling health determinants.
p.69
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is the significance of policy advocacy in health promotion?
It aims to influence policies that affect health outcomes at local, national, and global levels.
p.78
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is emphasized for health workers in the behavior change approach?
To seize every opportunity to teach healthy lifestyles.
p.77
Health Behavior Models
What are some examples of health behaviors targeted by the behavior change approach?
Desisting from smoking, adopting a healthy diet, and undertaking regular exercise.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
In what way can nurses advocate for patients?
By promoting access to health resources and services.
p.96
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What leadership role do nurses have in health promotion?
Leader / member of a profession.
p.97
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What types of conditions should nurses help individuals cope with?
Acute and chronic illnesses and injuries.
p.95
Health Promotion in Different Settings
How can nurses utilize technology in health promotion?
By using telehealth and digital resources to reach patients.
p.52
Health Behavior Models
What does Interactive / Communicative health literacy involve?
Advanced skills that allow an individual to obtain, extract, and derive meaning from health information and apply it to changing circumstances.
p.94
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What method is used in the Medical approach to identify high-risk groups?
Screening or individual risk assessment, such as measuring body mass index.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What is the goal of the Behaviour change approach?
To encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health and adopt healthier eating habits.
p.104
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the focus of 'Health promotion in nursing' by Maville & Huerta?
Health promotion strategies within nursing practice.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
What can happen if health information is inaccurately interpreted?
It may lead to adverse consequences, such as incorrect medication usage and increased risk of medication-related complications.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What is the aim of the Empowerment approach?
To help people identify their own concerns and gain skills and confidence for healthy eating.
p.94
Health Behavior Models
What methods are used in the Empowerment approach?
Advocacy, negotiation, networking, and facilitation.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What is a key characteristic of the medical model in relation to population health?
Medicine acts as surveillance through mass screening programs.
p.80
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Is the educational approach intended to motivate people towards specific behaviors?
No, it is not intended to motivate people in certain directions, but hopes to lead them to an outcome.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
Is the Medical Model still prevalent in healthcare settings?
Yes, it is still dominant in many health care settings.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What is the relationship between disease and illness?
Disease refers to the pathological condition, while illness is the subjective experience of that condition.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the key concepts of health?
Health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What happens in Stage 2 of illness?
The individual assumes the sick role and tries alternatives to relieve symptoms.
p.67
Health Behavior Models
What is a key strategy in health promotion?
Empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health.
p.58
Concept of Health Promotion
How does health promotion differ from health education?
Health promotion encompasses broader strategies to improve health at the community level, while health education focuses on individual knowledge and skills.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What key aspects does the Ottawa Charter emphasize beyond individual lifestyle?
Wellbeing, community empowerment, and participation.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What is another obligation of clients in the Sick Role?
Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.
p.19
Health Across the Lifespan
What role changes might a family experience due to a member's illness?
There may be task reassignments and increased demands on time.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do individual lifestyle factors play in health?
They include personal behaviors, knowledge, awareness, and skills that can enable change.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are health inequalities?
Avoidable and unfair differences in health status between groups of people based on socio-economic status or gender.
p.3
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are some contemporary health issues in health education and promotion?
Issues include obesity, mental health, substance abuse, and access to healthcare.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus shift highlighted in the Ottawa Charter?
From individual to community.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why is employment considered a social determinant of health?
Employment influences income, self-esteem, and overall health.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What financial issues can arise from a family member's illness?
Financial problems due to increased demands and changes in roles.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the educational approach in health promotion emphasize?
Providing information and skills to individuals to make informed health choices.
p.36
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are the two main issues concerning lay vs professional concepts of health?
1. Poor communication between health worker and client 2. Clients' lack of compliance with prescribed treatment regimen.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions that affect health?
Conditions such as pollution levels, standards of living, and the labor market.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the mental dimension of health characterized by?
A positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one’s own worth.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
What is a consequence of low health literacy in communication with healthcare providers?
Poor quality of communication.
p.7
Concept of Health Promotion
Can the concept of health be culturally specific?
Yes, it can vary based on cultural contexts.
p.9
Concept of Health Promotion
What three aspects are included in the definition of health?
Physical, social, and mental well-being.
p.48
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Which institution published the report on health inequalities in Hong Kong?
CUHK Institute of Health Equity.
p.28
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the medical model's definition of health?
Health is defined as the absence of disease and illness.
p.80
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the main assumption of the educational approach in health promotion?
Increasing knowledge will lead to a change in attitudes, which may result in a change in behavior.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What is necessary for maintaining health according to the Adaptive Model?
Continuous readjustment to life’s stressful demands.
p.57
Health Behavior Models
How does improving health literacy affect the healthcare system?
It eases the burden on the healthcare system and allows for better allocation of resources.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What model is health education based on?
Expert authority model derived from medicine and education.
p.58
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the primary focus of health education?
To inform and empower individuals to make healthier choices.
p.84
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the outcome for clients in the empowerment approach?
Clients become empowered.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What is the focus of the Medical Model of health?
It emphasizes the absence of disease and the biological aspects of health.
p.4
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the key concepts of health?
The key concepts of health include physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What characterizes Stage 3 of illness?
Medical care contact occurs when symptoms persist despite home remedies, motivating the individual to seek professional health services.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
How might lifestyle factors influence medical decisions in the medical model?
Deservingness for surgery may be linked to lifestyle factors.
p.57
Health Needs Assessment
How can access to health services be improved to enhance health literacy?
By improving access to health services.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the medical approach in health promotion focus on?
Preventing and treating diseases through medical interventions.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What emotional impact can illness have on a family?
Increased stress and feelings of loneliness due to separation.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do social factors play in determining health?
Social factors significantly influence health outcomes, including living conditions, sanitation, and nutrition.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
Why is it important for health promoters to understand health beliefs?
Because people's explanations for their health and illness are complex.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact do war and disasters have on health?
They are considered structural determinants that negatively affect health.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What do you need to do to stay healthy?
To stay healthy, I need to get enough sleep and manage stress effectively.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the emotional dimension of health involve?
The ability to feel, recognize, and express feelings, as well as to develop and sustain relationships.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
When does your health improve?
My health improves when I engage in regular physical activity and eat nutritious foods.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the social dimension of health focused on?
The ability to maintain harmonious relationships with other members of society.
p.74
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the medical approach in health promotion?
A strategy focused on reducing disease rates and associated mortality.
p.50
Concept of Health Promotion
Why is health literacy important?
It helps individuals make informed life choices.
p.55
Health Behavior Models
How does low health literacy impact the benefits received from health education?
People with low health literacy do not benefit as much due to difficulty in reading health information and instructions.
p.73
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of tertiary prevention.
Rehabilitation, patient education, or palliative care.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
What is an example of a lack of health literacy regarding cancer screening?
People may be unaware of the launch of cancer screening programs due to insufficient media coverage or unclear health messages from healthcare workers.
p.28
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What contributed to the disappearance of most fatal diseases in the 19th century?
Antibiotics and immunization programs (e.g., smallpox).
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What shift did the Ottawa Charter promote in health promotion?
It steered health promotion away from individual behavior change models towards a socio-ecological approach.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What potential issue arises from mass screening programs?
They may invite new forms of control in the name of health.
p.49
Health Behavior Models
What is health literacy?
The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make informed health decisions.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the role of a health educator?
To act as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
What is a potential consequence of low health literacy?
It may induce a higher rate of hospitalization and emergency care.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
How is health defined in terms of fitness according to Seedhouse (1986)?
Health as mental and physical fitness.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What physical environmental factors influence health?
Housing, water, sanitation, air and food pollution, waste disposal, and pest control.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What does the Agent-Host-Environment Model extend from?
The individual to the surrounding community.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
How is wellness described in terms of process?
As a dynamic, growing process.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is a key goal of health education?
To work towards informed choices.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is the main argument of Illich regarding the medical model?
Doctors and health workers contribute to ill health and create harm (iatrogenesis).
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What are the positive aspects of illness experience?
It can lead to increased awareness and understanding of one's health.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
What is often criticized about the Western scientific medical model?
It is often criticized for neglecting the psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence health.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How do social and community networks affect health?
They provide support and influence within communities that can sustain or damage health.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What does wellness encompass?
The whole being of the individual.
p.3
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is involved in devising a health education and promotion plan?
It includes assessing needs, setting goals, developing strategies, and evaluating outcomes.
p.57
Concept of Health Promotion
How can health literacy promote better health?
By promoting better health of self, family members, and the wider community.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why do you consider yourself healthy?
I am healthy because I prioritize my physical and mental well-being.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are examples of health outcomes affected by health inequalities?
Life expectancy and quality of life.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does health reflect societal conditions?
Health mirrors the distribution of material resources within society.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What do people often ignore that contributes to health inequalities?
The distribution of wealth, income, housing, and employment.
p.66
Health Behavior Models
What is an example of a measure that compels behavior change?
Increasing insurance premiums for smokers.
p.63
Concept of Health Promotion
What was the aim of the Ottawa Charter?
To achieve Health for All by the year 2000 and beyond.
p.104
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is the title of the book by Green et al. (2015)?
Health promotion: planning & strategies.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does the medical model view the role of medicine?
It emphasizes medicine's role in determining health.
p.13
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the definition of disease?
An objective state of ill health characterized by the existence of some pathology or abnormality of the body.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What type of theory is social justice considered?
A political and philosophical theory.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What is the Adaptive Model of health?
A creative process focused on resilience and adaptability.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What methods are employed in the Educational approach?
Provision of information, exploration of attitudes, and development of skills.
p.22
Health Behavior Models
Can individuals in unsatisfying jobs or marriages achieve optimal health?
This is a question posed by the Role Performance Model, suggesting that fulfillment of roles is key to health.
p.51
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is Basic / Functional health literacy?
The ability to read and understand basic health information.
p.51
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does Interactive / Communicative health literacy involve?
The ability to engage in discussions and communicate effectively about health.
p.31
Health Behavior Models
What is the purpose of mass screening programs in the medical model?
To identify the 'abnormal' few with 'invisible' diseases.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What is Stage 1 of illness according to Suchman (1979)?
Symptom experience, where an individual recognizes physical discomfort or a limitation in functioning.
How did the COVID-19 pandemic impact health inequalities in the UK?
It exacerbated existing inequalities, particularly affecting deprived areas and certain ethnic minority groups.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What does the Eudaimonistics Model emphasize about health?
It provides a comprehensive view of health as the realization of human potential.
p.36
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the five common concepts of health according to Blaxter (1990)?
1. Health as not-ill 2. Health as physical fitness, vitality 3. Health as social relationships 4. Health as function 5. Health as psychosocial well-being.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How do health educators work with clients?
They help identify the client's needs.
p.59
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What skills does health education aim to equip individuals with?
Skills and confidence to make health-related changes.
p.3
Health Behavior Models
What role do health-related behaviors play in health education and promotion?
They are crucial for understanding how individuals can change their behaviors to improve health outcomes.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the importance of health promotion?
It aims to enhance well-being and prevent diseases through education and lifestyle changes.
p.59
Health Behavior Models
What type of information does health education provide?
Information related to health and lifestyle changes.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
How is health perceived in terms of personal attributes?
Health as personal strength.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does empowerment in health education aim to achieve?
To empower individuals to make health-related decisions.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Eudaimonistic Model of health emphasize?
It focuses on the overall well-being and fulfillment of an individual, beyond just the absence of disease.
p.66
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
An umbrella term incorporating aspects of disease prevention, education, cultural, social, and political development.
p.4
Health Education and Health Promotion
What is the role of health education in health promotion?
Health education aims to inform and empower individuals to make healthier choices.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does governance influence health?
Through safety and security, human rights, participation, and economic development.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a key argument against the medical model?
It may subvert human autonomy.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role does economic status play in health?
It affects access to healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the goal of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
Enabling individuals and communities to take control of their health.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
Which priority action area involves enhancing individual capabilities?
Developing personal skills.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a critique of the medical model regarding health determination?
It often overlooks the role of social factors in determining health.
p.65
Concept of Health Promotion
How does health promotion differ from health education?
Health promotion encompasses a broader range of activities, including disease prevention and social development, while health education focuses specifically on teaching about health.
p.56
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It helps individuals accurately interpret health information and make informed decisions about their health.
p.27
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is one way medicine can function in society according to critiques of the medical model?
As a means of social control.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is clinical autonomy?
The freedom of clinicians to make decisions based on their professional judgment and specialist knowledge.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What types of involvement have influenced clinical autonomy?
Cultural and political involvement.
p.59
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is health education?
Planned opportunities for people to learn about health and make changes in their behavior.
p.94
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What methods are used in the Social change approach?
Development of organizational policy and implementation of healthy public policy.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What are the three elements of the Agent-Host-Environment Model?
Agent, Host, Environment.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the Western scientific medical model of health?
It primarily focuses on the biological and physiological aspects of health and disease.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
How does the Western scientific medical model approach treatment?
It typically emphasizes diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases using medical interventions.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
How does the World Health Organization define health?
As a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What role does the health educator or doctor play in health interventions?
They decide the nature of the intervention and try to ensure compliance.
p.49
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors can affect health literacy?
Education level, socioeconomic status, and access to information.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What psycho-social factors can affect health?
Family network, hazardous social environment, and ethnic minorities.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
How is illness viewed in the context of the Sick Role?
Illness is not purely a biological state but has a social dimension.
p.10
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does the societal dimension of health refer to?
The link between health and the way a society is structured, including infrastructure like shelter, peace, food, income, and social integration.
p.5
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do determinants of health play?
They influence health outcomes and include factors like genetics, behavior, environment, and healthcare access.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the underlying principle of health education?
To facilitate people to make their own choices about health behavior.
p.10
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is emphasized in the environmental dimension of health?
The importance of good-quality housing, transport, sanitation, pure water facilities, and sustainability of the planet.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
In the Western scientific medical model, what is the definition of health?
Health is often defined as the absence of disease or illness.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What does social iatrogenesis refer to?
The medicalization of life that creates unrealistic health demands, leading to a loss of coping and the right to self-care.
p.14
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Is illness a kind of diagnosis?
No, illness is not a kind of diagnosis.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What does health require in relation to the environment according to the Eudaimonistics Model?
Adapting to main structural integrity and harmony with social and physical environments.
p.2
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is a key principle in teaching and learning within healthcare?
Engaging patients actively in their own health education.
p.2
Health Behavior Models
What does the health behavior model aim to explain?
How individual beliefs and attitudes influence health behaviors.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the purpose of creating supportive environments in health promotion?
To facilitate healthier choices and lifestyles.
p.66
Health Behavior Models
What influences the antecedents of behavior in health promotion?
Healthy behavior developed in a voluntary fashion.
p.52
Health Behavior Models
What is Critical health literacy?
The highest level of skills to critically analyze and use information to exert greater control over life events and situations.
p.46
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What does social justice advocate for in terms of resources?
Equal access to wealth, opportunities, and social privileges.
p.74
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What are the short-term evaluation goals of the medical approach?
Increase in the percentage of the target population being screened or immunized.
p.94
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is the aim of the Educational approach in health promotion?
To increase knowledge and develop skills about healthy eating.
p.45
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What principle is fundamental to health equity?
Valuing all individuals and populations equally.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the narrowest interpretation of health according to the Medical Model?
Health is defined as the absence of disease or injury.
p.51
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are the three levels of health literacy according to Nutbeam (2000)?
1. Basic / Functional health literacy 2. Interactive / Communicative health literacy 3. Critical health literacy
p.26
Health Behavior Models
What psychological factors are included in the bio-psychosocial model?
Personality, self-esteem, and coping.
p.84
Concept of Health Promotion
How does a facilitator assist clients in the empowerment approach?
By helping them identify what they need to recognize and act on in their body and environment.
p.33
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is one of the goals of reforms affecting clinical autonomy?
To control and regulate expenditure.
p.84
Concept of Health Promotion
What do clients do in collaboration with health promoters in the empowerment approach?
Identify their concerns and work together to plan a programme of action.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What are the two rights of clients in the Sick Role according to Parson (1951)?
Clients are not held responsible for their condition and are excused from certain social roles and tasks.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
Who decides if there is a health need in the expert authority model?
The health educator or doctor.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What is the objective of disease diagnosis?
To identify the presence of a disease based on clinical and laboratory findings.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is secondary prevention?
The second level of intervention aimed at early detection and treatment of disease.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
What percentage of Americans have limited health literacy skills?
Nearly 9 out of 10 Americans.
p.62
Concept of Health Promotion
Is health promotion solely the responsibility of the health sector?
No, it goes beyond the health sector to include well-being.
p.37
Concept of Health Promotion
What role does evidence play in the Western scientific medical model?
Evidence-based practice is central, relying on scientific research and clinical trials to guide treatment decisions.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
What challenge do many Americans face regarding health-related information?
They struggle with understanding health-related information.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What role does daily decision-making play in wellness?
It includes choices related to nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What condition does illness represent in the Eudaimonistics Model?
A condition that prevents self-actualization.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is clinical iatrogenesis?
Ill health caused by ineffective and unsafe medical interventions, such as side effects of prescribed medicine or cross-infection in hospitals.
p.5
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the difference between health promotion and disease prevention?
Health promotion focuses on enhancing well-being, while disease prevention aims to reduce the risk of illness.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What gender differences exist in health behaviors?
Women have a greater willingness to consult a GP, while men are less likely to participate in national bowel cancer screening programs.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
How might health promoters understand the health beliefs of individuals?
Through active listening, surveys, and community engagement.
p.66
Health Behavior Models
What are some methods involved in health promotion beyond education?
Community mobilization, development and empowerment, networking, coalition building, lobbying, policy development, and formulating legislation.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a key issue regarding access to healthcare services in relation to health inequalities?
Access to GP services can vary significantly between different groups.
p.23
Health Behavior Models
What characteristics define healthy people according to the Adaptive Model?
They are resilient and hardy.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is the medical approach in health promotion?
An expert-led, 'top-down' approach.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important for health screening participation?
Participation in health screening is lower in people with low literacy.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are the three levels of intervention in the medical approach?
Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
p.54
Health Behavior Models
What lifestyle choices are influenced by low health literacy?
Individuals tend to participate in unhealthy lifestyles or delay treatment.
p.3
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What principles guide teaching and learning in healthcare settings?
Principles include understanding the learner's needs, creating a supportive environment, and using appropriate teaching methods.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is primary prevention?
The first level of intervention aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.
p.25
Health Behavior Models
What indicates health in the Agent-Host-Environment Model?
When the three elements are in balance.
p.19
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How can illness impact a client's self-concept?
It can lead to changes in belief and body image.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How does income affect health?
Better health is strongly associated with higher income; poverty affects dietary intake, hazard exposure, access to healthcare services, self-care, and habits.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are determinants of health?
Factors that influence the health status of individuals or populations.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact does housing have on health?
Cold and damp housing has been shown to contribute to illness.
p.67
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
What is the importance of evaluating health promotion programs?
To assess their effectiveness and improve future health initiatives.
What is health literacy?
Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What is the focus of Stage 5 in the illness process?
Recovery or rehabilitation, where the individual resumes normal activities and responsibilities.
p.14
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How is illness characterized?
As a state of feeling ill or a period of sickness that affects an individual's body or mind.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What makes you feel healthy?
I feel healthy when I maintain a balanced diet and exercise regularly.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How do social advances affect mortality rates?
Improvements in sanitation and nutrition lead to a reduction in mortality.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
Name a priority action area that focuses on community involvement.
Strengthening community action.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Biopsychosocial Model of health incorporate?
It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How can environmental factors determine health outcomes?
They can impact exposure to pollutants, access to clean water, and safe housing.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the impact of genetics on health?
Genetic predispositions can influence susceptibility to certain diseases.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Why are health inequalities considered beyond the control of individuals?
Because they are influenced by systemic factors and socio-economic conditions.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has an event impacted your health?
An event affected my health by motivating me to participate in a wellness program.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a key characteristic of the social change approach in health promotion?
It involves legislative, organizational, or regulatory changes that promote health.
p.19
Health Behavior Models
What are some behavioral changes a client might experience due to illness?
Examples include quitting smoking.
p.59
Health Behavior Models
How does health education motivate individuals?
By motivating and persuading people to make changes in their lifestyle.
p.11
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the ultimate goal of wellness?
To achieve a state of well-being.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What is considered the highest aspiration of people according to the Eudaimonistics Model?
Fulfillment and complete development (actualization).
p.58
Health Needs Assessment
What role does community involvement play in health promotion?
Community involvement is crucial for identifying health needs and implementing effective health promotion strategies.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
How is health defined in the Eudaimonistics Model?
As a condition of actualization and realization of people's potential.
p.36
Health Behavior Models
What does the concept of 'release' imply in health behavior?
Taking known risks, such as binge drinking.
p.62
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the Ottawa Charter (1986) state about health promotion?
It emphasizes that health promotion goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well-being.
p.57
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What role do healthcare providers play in health literacy?
Partnering with healthcare providers can empower health literacy.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some critical life decisions that doctors are involved in?
Decisions related to termination of pregnancy, assisted reproduction, neonatal care, and euthanasia.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
What are the negative aspects of illness experience?
It can lead to suffering, distress, and a decrease in quality of life.
p.49
Health Behavior Models
What role does health literacy play in chronic disease management?
It helps patients understand their conditions and adhere to treatment plans.
p.24
Health Behavior Models
What are the components of health according to Pender, Murdaugh & Parsons?
Goal-directed behaviors, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others.
p.2
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of health promotion?
To enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities.
p.14
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the three categories of health problems according to Cornwell (1984)?
Normal illness (e.g., childhood infections), real illness (e.g., cancer), and health problems (e.g., ageing, allergies).
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What are the consequences of medicalization according to Illich?
It may create unrealistic health demands and lead to a loss of coping and self-care rights.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
How can unrealistic expectations from medicine affect patients?
They may result in a loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death.
p.66
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is an example of legislation related to health promotion?
Legislation on food advertising and labeling.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What method is used for self-empowerment in health promotion?
Non-directive, client-centered approaches.
p.21
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the primary focus of the Medical Model?
Relief of signs and symptoms of disease and elimination of malfunction and pain.
p.62
Concept of Health Promotion
What is health promotion?
A range of activities and interventions that enable people to take greater control over their health.
p.59
Health Behavior Models
What is one goal of health education?
Raising awareness of health issues and factors contributing to ill health.
p.38
Concept of Health Promotion
What is one implication for health promotion according to Seedhouse (1986) and WHO?
Health as an ideal state.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is another example of a health promotion regulation?
A ban on tobacco sponsorship.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the socio-ecological version of health promotion address?
Structural determinants of health.
p.3
Health Needs Assessment
How can health needs of individuals and populations be identified?
Through assessments, surveys, and analysis of health data.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the genetic and biological factors in health determinants?
Factors that influence health status based on genetics and biological makeup.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What does the Role Performance Model of health emphasize?
It focuses on an individual's ability to perform social roles and fulfill responsibilities.
p.72
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is tertiary prevention?
The third level of intervention aimed at reducing the impact of an ongoing illness or injury.
p.64
Concept of Health Promotion
What principles does the Ottawa Charter emphasize?
Ecological sustainability, holism, and interdependency.
p.60
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one of the responsibilities of a health educator or doctor regarding interventions?
To decide if the intervention is effective.
p.68
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the fundamental conditions and resources for health?
Peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Name some key determinants of health.
Social, economic, environmental, and genetic factors.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What social expectations are applied to the sick?
Social expectations dictate that the sick should seek help and attempt to recover.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
What is one of the five priority action areas for health promotion?
Building healthy public policy.
p.40
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What impact do living and working conditions have on health?
They affect access to facilities and services that are essential for health.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What factors contribute to health inequalities?
Education, employment, income, housing, and geographic location.
p.4
Health Promotion Approaches
What are some common health promotion approaches?
Common approaches include community engagement, policy advocacy, and individual behavior change.
p.29
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is a major characteristic of most countries regarding health?
Profound inequalities in income and wealth are associated with persistent inequalities in health.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are some protected characteristics that can influence health inequalities?
Age, sex, race, sexual orientation, and disability.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the sexual dimension of health encompass?
Acceptance and ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one’s sexuality.
p.2
Role of Mass Media in Health Promotion
How does mass media influence health promotion?
By disseminating health information and shaping public perceptions.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What is an example of self-empowerment in health promotion?
Client-centered counselling.
p.92
Health Promotion in Different Settings
Give an example of a regulation that reflects the social change approach.
Regulations governing food labeling.
p.67
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How does health education contribute to health promotion?
By providing individuals with knowledge and skills to make informed health choices.
p.80
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What does the educational approach in health promotion emphasize?
Personal choice, regardless of whether the choices are agreeable to the healthcare promoter.
p.17
Health Behavior Models
What is one obligation of clients in the Sick Role?
Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.
p.49
Health Behavior Models
Why is health literacy important?
It empowers individuals to make informed health choices, leading to better health outcomes.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the main health promotion approaches according to Ewles and Simnett (1999)?
Medical, Behavioural, Educational, Empowerment, and Social change.
p.67
Health Needs Assessment
What role does community involvement play in health promotion?
It enhances the effectiveness of health initiatives and ensures they meet local needs.
p.4
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are the main determinants of health?
Determinants of health include genetics, behavior, environmental factors, and healthcare access.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What role do doctors play in the medical model?
Doctors hold a powerful position as they make diagnoses and influence critical life decisions.
p.20
Health Behavior Models
What is the main idea behind the Adaptive Model of health?
Health is seen as the ability to adapt to changes and challenges in the environment.
p.49
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
How can health literacy be improved?
Through education, clear communication from healthcare providers, and accessible health resources.
p.41
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What are proximate determinants of health?
Poverty and social status.
p.36
Health Behavior Models
How do participants describe behavioral contributors to poor health?
As 'coping' mechanisms or forms of escape.
p.39
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How do social determinants affect health?
They influence access to resources, healthcare, and overall well-being.
p.61
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are critical empowerment strategies in health education?
Health literacy, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and coping skills.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What do some critics argue about the authority of medicine?
They argue that medicine operates beyond its legitimate area of authority.
p.4
Roles and responsibilities of Nurses in Health Promotion
What are the roles and responsibilities of nurses in health promotion?
Nurses are responsible for educating patients, advocating for health policies, and promoting healthy behaviors.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What causes you to become unhealthy?
I become unhealthy when I neglect my diet and skip exercise.
p.2
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is evaluating health promotion plans important?
To assess the effectiveness and impact of the interventions.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the empowerment approach in health promotion?
Increasing people's control over their own lives.
p.3
Concept of Health Promotion
What are the basic concepts of health, health education, and health promotion?
They encompass the understanding of health as a state of well-being, the process of educating individuals about health, and the strategies to enhance health in communities.
p.51
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is Critical health literacy?
The ability to critically analyze information and make informed health decisions.
p.62
Concept of Health Promotion
Who can health promotion activities be directed at?
Individuals, families, communities, or whole populations.
p.43
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is the relationship between socio-economic status and health?
There is a relationship between mortality and morbidity and social class.
p.62
Concept of Health Promotion
What does health promotion emphasize according to WHO (1990)?
Personal, social, political, and institutional resources, as well as physical capacities.
p.57
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What is one way to empower health literacy?
By adding capacity for decision-making.
p.30
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How is medicine viewed in relation to social control?
Medicine is seen as a powerful means of social control through categories like disease, illness, madness, and deviancy.
p.16
Health Behavior Models
How can the experience of illness be described?
It is a subjective experience that can be positive or negative.
p.18
Health Behavior Models
What is involved in Stage 4 of illness?
Assuming a dependent role, where the individual follows the prescribed treatment plan and adjusts to their daily schedule.
p.14
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What is illness?
The subjective experience of loss of health, often described in terms of symptoms like pains or aches.
p.58
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are some common methods used in health education?
Workshops, seminars, printed materials, and digital resources.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the focus of the behavioural approach in health promotion?
Changing individual behaviors to improve health outcomes.
p.42
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
What characteristics define health inequalities?
They are systemic, avoidable, unfair, unjust, and sustained over time and generations.
p.58
Evaluating Health Promotion Plans
Why is evaluating health promotion plans important?
To assess effectiveness, improve future initiatives, and ensure resources are used efficiently.
p.32
Health Behavior Models
What is cultural iatrogenesis?
The loss of autonomous coping skills in dealing with pain, suffering, and death, often due to unrealistic expectations generated by medicine.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the Ottawa Charter emphasize for health promotion?
Five priority action areas.
p.70
Concept of Health Promotion
What does the social change approach in health promotion aim to achieve?
Creating supportive environments and policies that promote health.
p.2
Health Needs Assessment
What is the purpose of a health needs assessment?
To identify the health needs of a population to inform health promotion strategies.
p.2
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What is a consideration when promoting health in different settings?
Adapting strategies to fit the specific context and audience.
p.66
Teaching and Learning Principles in Healthcare
What are some techniques used in health promotion?
Preparing health information brochures, pamphlets, videos, and delivering lectures.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has a person affected your health?
A person affected my health by encouraging me to adopt healthier habits.
p.66
Health Promotion in Different Settings
What are examples of initiatives to combat childhood obesity?
School-based awareness programs and exercise classes.
p.86
Concept of Health Promotion
What does community empowerment involve?
Identifying concerns of groups and planning a program of action.
p.66
Health Promotion in Different Settings
At what levels can health promotion be delivered?
One-to-one, group of people, organization level, and community level.
p.2
Designing Health Promotion Plans
What is a crucial step in designing a health promotion plan?
Setting clear, measurable objectives.
p.10
Concept of Health Promotion
What is the spiritual dimension of health about?
Recognition and practice of moral or religious principles and having a sense of purpose in life.
p.68
Concept of Health Promotion
What does reorienting health services mean in the context of health promotion?
Adjusting health services to focus more on prevention and health promotion.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
Who is responsible for your health?
I am responsible for my health by making informed choices.
p.6
Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities
How has a situation influenced your health?
A situation affected my health by creating stress that led to unhealthy eating.
p.2
Health Across the Lifespan
Why is health promotion important across the lifespan?
It addresses health needs at different life stages to improve overall health outcomes.
