p.2
External vs. Cellular Respiration
How does external respiration differ from cellular respiration?
External respiration involves gas exchange with the environment, while cellular respiration is the metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce energy.
p.9
Types of Respiratory Organs
Which organisms utilize cutaneous respiration?
Protozoa, sponges, cnidarians, and some worms.
p.10
Types of Respiratory Organs
What do larger organisms require for gas exchange?
Specialized breathing organs.
p.5
Types of Respiratory Organs
What adaptations do air breathers have for respiration?
Specialized invaginations of the body to take in air.
p.9
Types of Respiratory Organs
What is cutaneous respiration?
A type of direct diffusion for gas exchange through the skin.
p.21
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What are lamellae?
Protrusions from both sides of each filament that are primary sites of gas exchange.
p.11
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
Why do multicellular animals need a gas exchange system?
Because as they get larger, many cells are not in direct contact with air, making diffusion insufficient for gas exchange.
p.8
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
Why is diversity in gas exchange surfaces important?
Because different organisms have varying sizes, habitats, and metabolic demands.
p.19
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is found just beneath the outer membrane of gills?
A dense profusion of capillaries.
p.9
Types of Respiratory Organs
Why is cutaneous respiration possible in certain animals?
Because they have large surface areas relative to their mass, allowing all cells to be close to the outer surface.
p.21
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
Where are the primary sites of gas exchange located in gills?
On the lamellae that protrude from the filaments.
p.20
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What do gills consist of?
Bony or stiffened arches (cartilage) that anchor pairs of gill filaments.
p.24
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the primary function of gills?
Gas exchange (O2 from H2O).
p.12
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
How does the respiratory surface area of flatworms compare to their volume?
The respiratory surface area is large enough to service their relatively low volume.
p.24
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does the countercurrent exchange system maximize?
The difference in concentration of gases between blood and water.
p.6
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
Why is a moist surface required for gas exchange?
O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water to diffuse across a membrane.
p.10
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
How do single-celled organisms achieve gas exchange?
Through simple diffusion.
p.5
External vs. Cellular Respiration
What is the purpose of ventilation?
To move air into and out of the body.
p.11
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
Why can single-celled organisms easily exchange gases?
They have a large surface area compared to their volume, allowing efficient gas exchange over their membranes.
p.4
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
How much oxygen is present in air compared to water?
Air has 20% oxygen, while water has only 0.9%.
p.2
External vs. Cellular Respiration
What is external respiration?
The process of providing oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide in animals.
p.7
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
Why is a small distance important for gas exchange surfaces?
It allows gases to diffuse more easily.
p.10
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What is one challenge larger organisms face in gas exchange?
Getting air into the body.
p.10
Types of Respiratory Organs
Why is the solubility of oxygen in plasma very low?
Because specialized blood cells are needed to transport oxygen.
p.13
Evolutionary Adaptations in Gas Exchange
Which three animal groups will be studied for adaptations in gas exchange?
Amphibians, Arthropods, and Mammals.
p.8
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What are the metabolic demand categories that influence gas exchange surface structure?
High, moderate, or low metabolic demands.
p.27
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the primary function of countercurrent exchange in fish?
It enhances gas exchange in the gills.
p.12
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
What adaptations do flatworms have regarding their respiratory system?
They have adaptations that eliminate the need for a complex respiratory and circulatory system.
p.38
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What happens when water flows in the same direction as blood in the gills?
The amount of oxygen transferred will reach equilibrium at 50%.
p.7
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What is one characteristic of an efficient gas exchange surface?
It has a large surface area.
p.5
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What are the two essential characteristics of respiratory surfaces?
They must be thin and wet.
p.8
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What factors influence the structure of the gas exchange surface in organisms?
The size of the organism, its habitat (water or land), and its metabolic demands (high, moderate, or low).
p.19
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the purpose of the elaborate branching or folding of gills?
To maximize surface area for gas exchange.
p.5
Types of Respiratory Organs
What are invaginations used for in respiration?
They are used for air breathing (lungs and tracheae).
p.4
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
Why must aquatic animals be highly efficient at extracting oxygen?
Because water is much denser and more viscous than air.
p.18
Gills as Respiratory Structures
How do gills vary in structure?
They exhibit diversity in form and complexity among different species.
p.3
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What is gas exchange in animals?
The process by which animals take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
p.3
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What are the primary gases involved in animal gas exchange?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.17
Gills as Respiratory Structures
How do aquatic animals extract oxygen from water?
Through specialized respiratory structures like gills.
p.3
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What is Fick's Law of Diffusion?
It states that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the surface area and the concentration gradient.
p.6
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What factors increase the rate of diffusion?
Large surface area, small distance traveled, and high concentration gradient.
p.5
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
Why must respiratory surfaces be wet?
To allow gas to diffuse through an aqueous phase between the environment and circulation.
p.11
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What is the limitation of gas diffusion in multicellular organisms?
The distance a gas can diffuse is only millimeters.
p.5
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What are evaginations used for in respiration?
They are used for water breathing (gills).
p.19
Gills as Respiratory Structures
Why are capillaries important in gills?
They bring blood close to the surface for gas exchange.
p.18
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the primary function of gills?
Gas exchange in aquatic animals.
p.24
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
In which direction does blood flow in the gills compared to water?
In the opposite direction.
p.17
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
What adaptations do aquatic animals have for breathing in water?
They have gills and other specialized structures to maximize oxygen absorption.
p.3
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
What adaptations do animals have for efficient gas exchange?
Specialized respiratory organs like lungs or gills, and increased surface area.
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What is the primary function of gas exchange in animals?
To supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide.
p.29
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
Why is countercurrent flow important for fish?
It maximizes oxygen uptake from water, allowing for efficient gas exchange.
p.29
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the effect of countercurrent flow on the efficiency of respiration in fish?
It increases the efficiency of respiration by ensuring that blood is always exposed to water with a higher oxygen concentration.
p.30
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
When does the low-oxygen blood meet the water in fish gills?
At the end of its travel through the gills.
p.1
Evolutionary Adaptations in Gas Exchange
What evolutionary adaptations have occurred in gas exchange systems?
Development of specialized organs like lungs and gills.
p.2
External vs. Cellular Respiration
What is the primary purpose of external respiration?
To provide oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
p.7
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What is necessary for maintaining gas diffusion in exchange surfaces?
A favourable concentration gradient for both gases.
p.19
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What are gills?
The respiratory structures of many aquatic animals.
p.8
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
How does the habitat of an organism affect its gas exchange surface?
Organisms living in water may have different adaptations compared to those living on land.
p.12
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What is the significance of the flattened shape of Platyhelminthes?
It increases the surface area to volume ratio, facilitating gas exchange.
p.27
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What effect does countercurrent exchange have on Fick's Law?
It increases the partial pressure (p).
p.18
Gills as Respiratory Structures
Why is the structure of gills important for aquatic animals?
It allows efficient extraction of oxygen from water.
p.15
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does Fick's Law of Diffusion describe?
The rate of diffusion (R) based on area, pressure difference, and distance.
p.15
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does the variable 'A' represent in Fick's Law?
The area over which diffusion occurs.
p.15
Fick's Law of Diffusion
How can the rate of diffusion (R) be increased according to Fick's Law?
By increasing the area (A), increasing the pressure difference (p), or decreasing the distance (d).
p.14
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does 'p' represent in Fick's Law?
The pressure difference between the sides of the membrane.
p.23
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is one reason fish can remove 80-90% of O2 from water?
Short diffusion distance at the gill site.
p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
How does the oxygen content of water compare to that of air?
The oxygen content of water is much less than that of air.
p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What is a consequence of water being denser than air for gill ventilation?
It requires a lot of energy to ventilate gills.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the operculum in fish?
A bony flap that covers and protects the gills.
p.34
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What causes the transfer of oxygen into the blood along the capillary?
A steep diffusion gradient.
p.39
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the oxygen saturation level of blood in a countercurrent exchange system?
It can vary, but examples include 0%, 85%, and 50%.
p.11
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
How does the surface area to volume ratio affect gas exchange in multicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms have a low surface area to volume ratio, which limits direct diffusion of gases.
p.12
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
Why do multicellular animals need a gas exchange system?
To efficiently exchange gases due to their larger size and metabolic demands.
p.27
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
How does blood in fish gills become loaded with oxygen?
It meets water with a higher O2 concentration.
p.4
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
Why do aquatic animals expend more energy to extract oxygen?
Due to the density and viscosity of water.
p.17
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
Why is water considered a challenging respiratory medium?
Because it has a lower oxygen content compared to air.
p.3
Gills as Respiratory Structures
How do aquatic animals typically perform gas exchange?
Through gills that extract oxygen from water.
p.14
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does Fick's Law of Diffusion govern?
The rate of diffusion (R) of gases across a membrane.
p.14
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does 'D' represent in Fick's Law?
The diffusion constant, which includes factors like size of molecule and membrane permeability.
p.1
External vs. Cellular Respiration
What are the two main types of respiration in animals?
External respiration and cellular respiration.
p.23
Gills as Respiratory Structures
How does the gill structure aid in oxygen extraction in fish?
It provides a large surface area for diffusion.
p.22
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
Why is it harder to ventilate gills compared to lungs?
Because water is a denser medium than air.
p.31
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the counter-current exchange mechanism?
A process where two fluids flow in opposite directions to maximize the transfer of heat or substances.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What role do gills play in fish?
They are the primary respiratory organs for gas exchange.
p.31
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What happens to oxygen concentration in counter-current exchange?
Oxygen concentration remains higher in the water than in the blood throughout the exchange process.
p.26
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the direction of water flow in relation to blood flow in gills?
Countercurrent flow, where water flows opposite to blood flow.
p.4
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
How does temperature affect oxygen levels in water?
Oxygen levels are even lower in warmer water.
p.24
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What system allows for gas exchange in gills?
Countercurrent exchange system.
p.18
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What role do external body surfaces play in gas exchange?
They facilitate the exchange of gases with the environment.
p.35
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What happens in a co-current system regarding oxygen diffusion?
It initially diffuses large amounts of oxygen, but efficiency reduces as equilibrium is approached.
p.3
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What is the role of respiratory surfaces in gas exchange?
They provide a large area for gas diffusion between the organism and its environment.
p.15
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does the variable 'p' represent in Fick's Law?
The pressure difference between the sides of the membrane.
p.14
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does 'd' indicate in Fick's Law?
The distance across which diffusion must occur.
p.22
Gills as Respiratory Structures
Why must the respiratory surface of gills always be moist?
To facilitate gas exchange.
p.1
Gills as Respiratory Structures
How do gills function as respiratory structures?
They extract oxygen from water as it flows over them.
p.1
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the countercurrent exchange mechanism?
A process that maximizes gas exchange efficiency in gills.
p.31
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the primary advantage of counter-current exchange?
It allows for more efficient gas exchange compared to concurrent flow.
p.39
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What happens when blood and water reach the same oxygen saturation level?
No further net diffusion occurs.
p.12
Gas Exchange Mechanisms
What is an exception to the need for a specialized gas exchange system in multicellular animals?
Many small multicellular animals do not require a specialized gas exchange system.
p.3
External vs. Cellular Respiration
Why is gas exchange essential for animals?
It is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production.
p.35
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is a key characteristic of the counter-current system?
Equilibrium is never reached, allowing continuous oxygen flow into the gills.
p.15
Evolutionary Adaptations in Gas Exchange
What evolutionary changes have occurred in relation to Fick's Law?
Changes that maximize the rate of diffusion (R).
p.1
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
What adaptations do aquatic animals have for gas exchange?
Gills and specialized respiratory surfaces.
p.23
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What mechanism allows for efficient gas exchange in fish gills?
Counter current exchange of gases.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the function of the buccal cavity in fish?
It helps in the intake of water for respiration.
p.34
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What happens as blood travels in the opposite direction to water?
It meets fresher water with higher oxygen concentrations.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What happens when the mouth of a fish is opened and the jaw is lowered?
Water enters the buccal cavity.
p.26
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the role of gill rakers in fish?
They help filter food particles from water.
p.18
Types of Respiratory Organs
What types of organisms primarily utilize gills for gas exchange?
Aquatic animals such as fish and some amphibians.
p.38
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the significance of oxygen transfer in gills?
It determines the efficiency of gas exchange.
p.35
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the result of the counter-current system for oxygen flow?
Oxygen flow is always directed into the gills.
p.15
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does the variable 'd' represent in Fick's Law?
The distance across which diffusion must occur.
p.29
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is countercurrent flow in fish?
A mechanism where water flows over gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in the fish's capillaries.
p.1
Respiratory Surfaces and Their Characteristics
What are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces in animals?
They are thin, moist, and have a large surface area.
p.23
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What contributes to the efficiency of oxygen extraction in fish gills?
A large volume of water passing over the gills.
p.34
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What would happen if blood flowed in the same direction as the water?
The blood would only be able to get half of the available oxygen from the water.
p.39
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What is the significance of oxygen saturation levels in blood and water?
They determine the direction and rate of diffusion.
p.26
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What are the small structures in gills that increase surface area for gas exchange?
Lamellae with capillary networks.
p.33
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
In which direction does the blood flow in the gills compared to water?
In the opposite direction.
p.17
Adaptations of Aquatic Animals
What role does water temperature play in respiration for aquatic animals?
It affects the solubility of oxygen in water.
p.14
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does 'A' stand for in the context of Fick's Law?
The area over which diffusion occurs.
p.30
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
How does blood flow in the capillaries of fish gills?
It flows in the opposite direction of the water in the adjacent channels.
p.1
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What does Fick's Law of Diffusion describe?
The rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane.
p.31
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
How does counter-current exchange benefit aquatic animals?
It enhances oxygen uptake by maintaining a gradient for diffusion.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the opercular cavity?
The space behind the operculum that houses the gills.
What is the oxygen saturation level of water in a concurrent exchange system?
It can vary, but examples include 15%, 30%, and 100%.
p.3
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
What is the countercurrent exchange mechanism?
A process where blood flows in the opposite direction to water, maximizing oxygen uptake.
p.29
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
How does countercurrent flow enhance oxygen absorption?
It maintains a gradient that allows oxygen to diffuse from water to blood continuously.
p.30
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What enhances the diffusion of dissolved gases between fluids?
A large difference in gas concentration (high concentration gradient).
p.22
Types of Respiratory Organs
What are the two methods of gill ventilation mentioned?
Pumping operculum and ram ventilation.
p.31
Countercurrent Exchange Mechanism
In which structures is counter-current exchange commonly found?
In gills of fish and some other aquatic organisms.
p.34
Diffusion Principles in Gas Exchange
What occurs when blood and water reach an equilibrium in oxygen content?
Diffusion would no longer take place.
p.25
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What occurs when the mouth is closed and the operculum is opened?
Water is expelled from the gills.
p.26
Gills as Respiratory Structures
What is the function of the operculum in fish?
It covers and protects the gills.
