p.25
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
Which study discusses the movement of AMPA receptors after LTP induction?
Shi et al., Science 284: 1811 (11 Jun 1999).
p.20
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What role does the excitatory interneuron play in presynaptic facilitation?
It causes increased Ca++ influx into the presynaptic terminal.
p.11
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is spatial summation?
The process where simultaneous input from two or more synapses contributes to reaching the threshold for action potential.
p.11
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What happens when inputs from two synapses are above the threshold?
They can trigger an action potential due to spatial summation.
p.11
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is the significance of simultaneous input in spatial summation?
It allows for the combined effects of multiple synaptic inputs to reach the threshold for neuronal firing.
p.33
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What is Neuropeptide Y known for?
It includes enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin, which are natural painkillers.
p.7
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is temporal summation?
Occurs when two or more subliminal stimuli are applied one after another at quicker intervals from one presynaptic terminal repeatedly.
p.30
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What are the two classes of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate glutamate response?
NMDA receptors and AMPA/kainate receptors.
p.23
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is habituation?
A decrease in response to certain stimuli that are not significant when applied repeatedly.
p.24
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What happens during rapid, intense stimulation of presynaptic neurons?
It evokes action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron.
p.24
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is expected from the properties of synapses during stimulation?
Action potentials in the postsynaptic neuron.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is synaptic plasticity?
The structural and functional changes in synapses due to repeated stimulation of neurons.
p.23
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
How can sensitization be reinforced?
By additional pairing of a noxious stimulus with the initial stimulus.
p.32
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What type of neurotransmitters are ATP, ADP, and AMP?
Excitatory neurotransmitters in both the CNS and PNS.
p.26
Biology of Associative Memory
What is the significance of the hippocampus in associative memory?
It provides mechanisms for storing and recalling patterns.
p.16
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
Why is the trigger zone important?
It is crucial for the propagation of electrical signals in neurons.
p.31
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What happens to plasma membrane AMPA receptors during synaptic changes?
They are phosphorylated and become more active.
p.31
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
Is Cam KII the only relevant kinase in synaptic changes?
No, it is not the only relevant kinase.
p.31
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What structural change may occur in dendrites during synaptic plasticity?
The dendrite may sprout new spines.
p.37
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What types of cells can form synapses?
Buttons and an axon, dendrite, soma, muscle cells, or secretory cells of glands.
p.37
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the characteristic of the cleft at a synapse?
It is a microscopic cleft where information is transmitted across at high speed.
p.32
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What functions is serotonin thought to be involved in?
Sensory perception, body temperature regulation, control of mood, appetite, and sleep.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is habituation in the context of synaptic plasticity?
A decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What effect does IPSP have on the postsynaptic cell?
It discourages the firing of the postsynaptic cell.
p.28
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What relationship is being questioned between functional plasticity and structural plasticity?
Does functional plasticity lead to structural plasticity?
p.16
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the trigger zone in a neuron?
The area where the action potential (AP) is initiated.
p.22
Biology of Associative Memory
What role do LTP and PTP play in the brain?
They are involved in the learning and memory processes.
p.20
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the result of increased Ca++ influx in the presynaptic terminal?
It leads to greater release of neurotransmitter substances.
p.34
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
In a sequence of synaptic transmission, which event occurs the earliest?
b. Opening of calcium channel in presynaptic neuron.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What does EPSP stand for?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is the function of an IPSP?
To hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane, making it less likely to fire an action potential.
p.4
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What causes an IPSP?
A hyperpolarizing current due to the influx of Cl- or the exit of K+ ions.
p.1
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What is an Aoxaxonic Synapse?
A type of synapse where an axon connects to another axon.
p.2
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What type of synapse is Golgi Type II?
Axosomatic and inhibitory.
p.27
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is required for spatial learning in the hippocampus?
Long-term potentiation (LTP).
p.29
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What is the role of Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
It acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter by opening ligand-gated Na+ channels.
p.21
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What happens to the postsynaptic membrane after a pause following tetanic stimulation?
Its excitability increases.
p.27
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What are neurotrophins required for in the brain?
Developmental refinement of connections and LTP induction.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What does post tetanic potentiation (PTP) refer to?
A form of synaptic plasticity that occurs after a high-frequency stimulation, leading to increased neurotransmitter release.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is the significance of time in relation to EPSP and IPSP?
The timing of EPSPs and IPSPs influences the overall excitability of the neuron and its ability to reach the threshold for firing.
p.4
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What triggers the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
The hyperpolarizing current associated with IPSP.
p.10
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is the threshold in the context of synaptic transmission?
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential.
p.28
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is the key question regarding activity-induced LTP and LTD?
Does it lead to the formation and elimination of synaptic connections?
p.7
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is summation in the context of synaptic transmission?
The fusion or summation of effects when many presynaptic excitatory terminals are stimulated simultaneously or a single terminal is stimulated repeatedly.
p.9
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What happens when stimuli are closer in time during temporal summation?
They can lead to summation of postsynaptic potentials, even if each individual stimulus is below the threshold.
p.24
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What does Hebb's Postulate state?
When an axon of cell A excites cell B repeatedly, a growth process occurs that increases A's efficiency in firing B.
p.37
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What is a synapse?
A junction between two neurons or a muscle where information is transmitted.
p.37
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the role of the presynaptic neuron?
It sends a message down its axon and across a synapse to another cell.
p.37
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the function of the postsynaptic neuron?
It receives the message from the synapse.
p.4
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What causes an EPSP?
The opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels and the entry of Na+ ions into the postsynaptic neuron.
p.4
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is a contributing factor to EPSP besides Na+ entry?
Closure of K+ channels can also contribute to the EPSP.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
How do EPSPs and IPSPs affect neuronal firing?
EPSPs increase the likelihood of firing, while IPSPs decrease it.
p.4
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
How does an IPSP affect membrane potential?
It causes the membrane potential to become more negative.
p.1
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What is an Axodendritic Synapse?
A synapse where an axon connects to a dendrite.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What occurs after the opening of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels?
Influx of Ca²⁺ ions from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the axon terminal.
p.26
Biology of Associative Memory
What must circuits in the nervous system do to act as associative memories?
Dynamically interleave storage of new patterns with recall of old patterns.
p.7
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is spatial summation?
Occurs when two subliminal stimuli reach the synapse one after another from two different presynaptic terminals.
p.2
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What type of synapse is Golgi Type I?
Axodendritic and excitatory.
p.20
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
How does presynaptic facilitation affect the postsynaptic neuron?
It increases the excitability of the postsynaptic neuron.
p.23
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What mediates the changes leading to sensitization?
Calcium ions (Ca++), which affect adenylate cyclase and increase cAMP production.
p.23
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What role does protein synthesis play in sensitization?
It is involved in the growth of pre- and postsynaptic neurons and their connections.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is presynaptic facilitation?
A type of synaptic plasticity that enhances neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron.
p.29
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What is the function of GABA and Glycine in the CNS?
They are important inhibitory neurotransmitters that cause IPSP by opening Cl- channels.
p.10
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is temporal summation?
The process where multiple stimuli are received in close succession, leading to a cumulative effect on the postsynaptic potential.
p.33
Co-Transmitters and Their Role in Synaptic Function
Give an example of a co-transmitter.
VIP with acetylcholine or Neuropeptide Y with norepinephrine.
p.1
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What is an Electrical Synapse?
A type of synapse that allows direct electrical communication between neurons.
p.36
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is the effect of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) on the postsynaptic membrane?
It hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane.
p.20
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is presynaptic facilitation?
It is the process where an excitatory interneuron increases neurotransmitter release from a presynaptic neuron.
p.2
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What is the relationship between Spine & Shaft and synaptic type?
Spine & Shaft is axodendritic and excitatory.
p.23
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is sensitization?
Prolonged occurrence of augmented postsynaptic response due to presynaptic facilitation.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is the function of an EPSP?
To depolarize the postsynaptic membrane, making it more likely to fire an action potential.
p.34
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the purpose of priming vesicles in neuronal endings?
To prepare neurotransmitters for release upon stimulation.
p.29
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What percentage of synapses in the brain are influenced by Glutamate and Aspartate?
They have a powerful excitatory effect in most of the CNS and half of the synapses in the brain.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is long term potentiation (LTP)?
A lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation.
p.10
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is the significance of exceeding the threshold in temporal summation?
It triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.
p.22
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?
A process where changes occur in the postsynaptic neuron, similar to Post-Tetanic Potentiation (PTP).
p.36
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
Which option correctly describes the mechanism of an IPSP?
Hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by opening Cl– channels.
p.24
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What can be studied in vitro from slices of the hippocampus?
The CA1 neurons using recording electrodes.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is the resting potential?
The electrical charge difference across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not actively firing.
p.32
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What role does norepinephrine (NE) play in the brain?
It may cause either excitation or inhibition and is involved in arousal, dreaming, and mood.
p.29
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
How does Acetylcholine function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
It acts via receptors linked to a G-protein.
p.5
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What does IPSP stand for?
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential.
p.27
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What example is given for neurotrophins' role in developmental refinement?
Ocular dominance segregation.
p.19
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is sensitization in synaptic plasticity?
An increased response to a stimulus following a strong or noxious event.
p.1
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What is a Chemical Synapse?
A synapse that uses neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
p.8
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is temporal summation?
The process where multiple stimuli are applied in quick succession to produce a stronger response.
p.9
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is temporal summation?
The process where multiple stimuli are applied in close succession, leading to a cumulative effect.
p.16
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What does the trigger zone initiate?
An action potential (AP).
p.2
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What characterizes an axosomatic synapse?
It is not associated with shaft and spine and is inhibitory.
p.34
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What happens after the opening of calcium channels in presynaptic neurons?
a. Release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuron.
p.34
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the role of voltage-gated sodium channels in synaptic transmission?
They open after calcium channels to propagate the action potential.
p.32
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What behaviors is dopamine associated with?
Emotional response, addictive behavior, and pleasurable experiences.
p.34
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What occurs when neurotransmitters bind to receptors?
They initiate postsynaptic potentials.
p.33
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
What role does Substance P play in the nervous system?
It transmits pain-related input from peripheral pain receptors to the CNS.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What does EPSP stand for?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
How does EPSP increase the likelihood of firing in the postsynaptic cell?
By opening channels for Na+ ions, making the cell's interior more positive.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
How does IPSP decrease the likelihood of firing in the postsynaptic cell?
By opening K+ and Cl- channels, making the cell's interior more negative.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What happens to Acetylcholine after its release?
It passes through the synaptic cleft.
p.9
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is the significance of being below threshold in temporal summation?
It indicates that while individual stimuli do not trigger an action potential, their cumulative effect may still approach the threshold.
p.21
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What is Post Tetanic Potentiation (PTP)?
A phenomenon where tetanic stimulation in the presynaptic neuron increases excitability to the postsynaptic membrane after a pause.
p.21
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What causes the increase in excitability in PTP?
An increase in Ca++ entry into the presynaptic neuron.
p.11
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What is the threshold in the context of synaptic input?
The minimum level of depolarization required to trigger an action potential.
p.31
Synaptic Plasticity: Mechanisms and Types
What type of change occurs presynaptically during synaptic plasticity?
Something happens presynaptically, though specifics are not detailed.
p.29
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
How does Diazepam (Valium) affect GABA?
It enhances the action of GABA.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What effect does EPSP have on the postsynaptic cell?
It encourages the firing of the postsynaptic cell.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What initiates the synaptic transmission process?
The Action Potential (AP) reaching the axon terminal.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What develops as a result of Na⁺ influx in the postsynaptic membrane?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP).
p.33
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
How does enkephalin affect Substance P?
Enkephalin suppresses the release of Substance P and participates in pain inhibition.
p.10
Properties of Synapses: Summation and Conduction
What happens when stimuli are closer in time during temporal summation?
They can combine to exceed the threshold for action potential generation.
p.1
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What is a Dendrodendritic Synapse?
A synapse where dendrites connect to other dendrites.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What happens when the Action Potential reaches the axon terminal?
Opening of voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels in the presynaptic membrane terminal.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What occurs after Na⁺ influx in the axon hillock?
Development of Action Potential (AP).
p.33
Co-Transmitters and Their Role in Synaptic Function
What are co-transmitters?
Other chemicals secreted with neurotransmitters that help regulate neurotransmitter action.
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What does IPSP stand for?
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential.
p.1
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
What is an Excitatory Synapse?
A synapse that increases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the result of the formation of the Ach-R complex?
Opening of ligand-gated Na⁺ channels in the postsynaptic membrane and influx of Na⁺ ions from ECF.
p.1
Anatomical Classification of Synapses
What is an Axosomatic Synapse?
A synapse where an axon connects to a cell body (soma).
p.3
Postsynaptic Potentials: EPSP and IPSP
What is required for the postsynaptic cell to fire when IPSP is present?
More excitatory impulses than usual.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What forms when Acetylcholine binds to its receptors?
The Acetylcholine-Receptor (Ach-R) complex.
p.1
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
What is an Inhibitory Synapse?
A synapse that decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What happens after the development of EPSP?
Opening of ligand-gated Na⁺ channels in the axon hillock.
p.1
Types of Synapses: Electrical and Chemical
What is a Conjoint Synapse?
A synapse that involves multiple types of synaptic connections.
p.12
Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
What is the final outcome of the synaptic transmission process?
Spread of Action Potential through the axon of the postsynaptic membrane.
