Metabolism.
4, 6, 8, and 10.
Enzymes work best at their optimum pH; unsuitable pH may cause denaturation.
A sharp HB pencil.
A ruler.
The enzyme becomes denatured and can no longer bind to a substrate.
About 45–50 °C.
Complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules, releasing energy.
Substances that decrease the activity of enzymes.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, specific in action, proteins, affected by temperature and pH, reusable, and needed in small amounts.
Chloroplasts and cell walls.
They help reduce plastic waste and pollution in the environment.
As the reciprocal of the time taken for the starch to disappear.
Gelatin.
It greatly lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
6 minutes.
At their optimum temperature.
Pineapple juice, papaya juice, kiwi juice, and guava juice.
Invertase helps break down sugars into more soluble forms, turning solid sugar fillings into liquid.
Acetaldehyde accumulates in the body, causing symptoms like reddening of the face, headache, and nausea.
An enzyme binds substrate(s) at its active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex, converts the substrate(s) into product(s), and is released unchanged.
They help remove protein stains.
As biological catalysts that lower activation energy.
Join the points with short straight lines.
To separate solids from a liquid.
The building-up reactions in an organism.
Mercuric ions, lead(II) ions, and copper(II) ions.
Draw a line of best fit.
They may inhibit the reaction, preventing ammonia formation.
Special proteins produced by organisms that function as biological catalysts.
It ensures that the mixture has reached the set temperature.
ALDH catalyzes the breakdown of acetaldehyde into non-toxic substances.
The temperature at which maximum enzyme activity occurs.
Bioethanol is ethanol produced from crops like corn and sugarcane by converting sugars into ethanol.
To determine which fruit juice is most effective in softening the beef.
Labels for the apparatus and a title for the drawing.
Respiration, where glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
It inhibits an enzyme involved in respiration, preventing it from functioning properly.
Proteases and lipases help break down insoluble proteins and lipids in stains.
Amoeba may undergo excessive water intake, leading to potential bursting due to osmotic pressure.
Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions, shortening production time.
0.25 min⁻¹.
Most enzymes are inactive at low temperatures.
Inhibitors decrease the activity of enzymes.
They coagulate milk to produce cheese.
It breaks down pectin in plant cell walls, increasing juice yield and clarity.
The breaking-down reactions in an organism.
The concentration of magnesium (75 ppm) and nitrate (125 ppm) in root hair cells is higher than in the soil (17 ppm and 45 ppm, respectively).
Acetaldehyde.
To investigate the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase.
As low as –10 °C and as high as 90 °C.
They become smaller and lighter.
To speed up the breakdown of proteins and soften the beef.
Protease activity.
Cork borer, Bunsen burner, dropper, test tubes, milk-agar plate, and various fruit juices.
Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll production; nitrate is important for protein synthesis.
The energy needed to push reactants to start a reaction.
Each enzyme has a unique active site with a specific shape that only fits certain substrates, explained by the lock-and-key hypothesis.
High concentrations of inorganic ions in the soil can create a hypertonic environment, leading to water moving out of root hair cells by osmosis, reducing water absorption.
It indicates the presence of oxygen gas released from the reaction.
To detect the presence of ammonia.
Catalase is reusable, so gas bubbles will be released again.
60 °C.
By repeating the experiment using hydrogen peroxide but no tissues.
The lighter the egg white cube remaining in the solution, the more effective the washing powder is.
It is the region where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
In the cytoplasm of cells.
There could be more than one specific enzyme to catalyse the same reaction.
To clearly show the set-up of an experiment.
Papain, a protease, helps break down proteins in meat to make it softer.
Papain helps break down dead cells in the skin, making it softer and smoother.
Enzyme activity decreases due to a conformational change in the active site.
Yes, each type of enzyme has its own optimum temperature, which can vary widely.
To study the effectiveness of different brands of biological washing powders in removing protein stains.
The rate of reaction increases with temperature up to an optimal point, after which it decreases.
When you predict a gradual change.
At 0 °C and 60 °C.
To speed up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Enzyme activity decreases and the enzyme can become denatured.
Photosynthesis, where glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight energy.
The attraction forces that hold the protein's shape break, causing a change in shape.
A certain amount of energy.
The indicator remains yellow, indicating that ammonia is not present.
Because many metabolic reactions take place in the liver, producing a large amount of toxic hydrogen peroxide that needs to be broken down.
The weights of the egg white cubes would not change, indicating that the reaction involves substances that denature at high temperatures, likely enzymes.
Catabolism and anabolism.
Amylase activity (min –1).
It would show a lower rate at the beginning but the same final total volume of oxygen.
Gas bubbles were released and the glowing splint re-lit.
Special types of proteins produced in organisms.
To remove hydrogen peroxide, a toxic by-product of metabolic reactions.
It binds to substrate molecules during reactions.
About 10^14 times faster.
A control set-up where the egg white cube remains unchanged.
40 °C.
The specificity of enzyme actions, where each enzyme fits only a specific substrate.
It is greatest compared to other temperatures.
Uniform scales covering the entire range of measurements.
The substrate can no longer fit into the active site, and the enzyme loses its catalytic ability permanently.
It implies that catalase only acts on hydrogen peroxide and not on other substances.
Production of cheese, fruit juice, meat tenderizers, biological washing powders, and stonewashed jeans.
The relationship between two variables.
Graph paper.
Handle it with care as it is very sharp.
Keep all parts in proportion.
Cellulase is used to break down cellulose in crops into sugars, increasing biofuel yield.
Urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Because the inhibitor slows down the breakdown of acetaldehyde, leading to its accumulation and increased sensitivity to alcohol's effects.
Amylase solution and starch solution.
The less active form may have alterations in its active site or overall structure that reduce its catalytic efficiency.
An enzyme-substrate complex.
The energy level is lower than that of the reactants, and energy is released.
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
Amylase.
Each active site has a specific shape that only fits certain substrates.
Most enzymes are denatured and lose their catalytic ability permanently.
Most enzymes are inactive due to low kinetic energy of molecules.
Both enzyme and substrate molecules gain more kinetic energy, moving more rapidly and colliding more frequently.
Putting a line across the openings.
It speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen.
Temperature (°C).
The change in the amount of oxygen produced over time, indicating the rate of reaction.
Lysozyme helps break down the cell wall of certain bacteria, treating bacterial infections.
About 7.
It explains the specificity of enzyme actions based on the unique shape of the active site.
About 2.
Enzymes remain unchanged after reactions and can bind to other substrate molecules after a reaction is complete.
The cell wall provides structural support and prevents the cells from bursting in hypotonic environments.
Because they can be reused, enzymes are usually needed in small amounts only.
Urea solution, bromothymol blue, mercuric chloride, urease solution, and distilled water.
The area of the upper face of each jelly block.
They speed up metabolic reactions in organisms.
To catalyse the breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide.
Collect gas and measure the volume of the gas released.
The activity of catalase is highest at 0 seconds and decreases from 0 to 100 seconds.
It makes drinking alcohol an unpleasant experience, encouraging alcohol abusers to stop drinking.
Cellulase is used to break down cellulose fibers in jeans.
At optimum pH, the activity of the enzyme is at its maximum.
It helps break down plastic, reducing degradation time from hundreds of years to a few months.
The iodine drop remains brown.
To investigate the effect of pH on the activity of a protease.
It changes from yellow to blue.
The rate of the enzymatic reaction is low; amylase is inactive.
The specific shape allows enzymes to bind to their substrates and catalyze reactions effectively.
It is converted into products.
The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
A by-product of some metabolic reactions inside our body.
To find out the effect of pH on the activity of amylase.
By measuring the rate at which a substrate is broken down or the rate at which a product is formed.
Temperature and pH.
In terms of the rate of an enzymatic reaction, either substrate usage or product formation.
Complex molecules are synthesized from simpler molecules, requiring energy.
High temperature or extreme pH.
Units for each variable.
About 9.
Enzymes catalyze only specific reactions, preventing unwanted reactions and reducing the production of unwanted products.
The iodine drop changes to blue-black.
Maltose.
Enzymes are proteins.
It slows down the enzymatic reaction by lowering the temperature.
It can denature the enzyme, altering its structure and reducing its activity.
Wear safety goggles and avoid contact with iodine solution, as it is an irritant.
Enzymes work at moderate conditions, reducing the need for extreme temperatures and pressures, which lowers production costs.
The rate of the enzymatic reaction decreases as amylase is denatured.
No gas bubbles will be released.
The products leave the active site, and the enzyme is released in its original form.
No, it is irreversible; the egg does not turn back into a liquid after cooling.
They speed up the reactions without being consumed in the process.
The enzyme works better at pH 7-8.
The temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.
Use a larger syringe or reduce the volume of hydrogen peroxide solution.
It describes how specific substrates fit into their corresponding enzymes.
The rate of reaction is typically higher at the 2nd minute and decreases by the 20th minute as substrate is consumed.
The energy level is higher than that of the reactants, and energy is absorbed.
Include a known enzyme inhibitor to see if it affects the breakdown of the egg white cubes.
Starch.
They are needed in small amounts, which lowers the cost of production.
0.07 min⁻¹.
Amylase activity increases with temperature until it reaches a maximum at around 60 °C.
An anabolic reaction.
Silk and wool are proteins that may be broken down by enzymes in biological washing powders.
To test for the presence of starch.
The reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.
Amylase activity increases with temperature up to 40°C, then decreases at 50°C.
They speed up reactions to prevent the accumulation of toxic substances.
The reaction between polyphenolic compounds and oxygen, leading to browning.
Tube B, which contains distilled water instead of mercuric chloride.
Enzymes are denatured, but they cannot be killed as they are not living things.
A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in living organisms.
0 °C, 20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C.
Higher temperatures improve the effectiveness of the biological washing powder.
The ability of an enzyme to select and catalyze a specific substrate.
By cooking an egg, where heating causes proteins to denature and solidify.
pH 10 (based on the highest area measurement).
Catalase.
A catabolic reaction.
Extract catalase from an animal organ.
Because the enzymes in the washing powder break down the fat molecules.
0–Y.
By regulating the activity of the enzymes that catalyze them.
Yes, enzymes can be reused to bind to another substrate molecule.
Avoid contact with bromothymol blue and mercuric chloride as they are irritants and corrosive.
Higher activity of amylase.
It speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.
A substance that decreases the activity of an enzyme.
Test tube W.
Test tube Y shows a significantly different concentration trend compared to W and X.
The process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.
Enzymes are sensitive to temperature changes and can be denatured at high temperatures.
To investigate the effect of temperature on the activity of catalase.
All containers used in the production processes must be clean to prevent contamination with inhibitors.
The process in which an enzyme loses its functional shape and activity.
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.
When an enzyme encounters the same substrates, it always produces the same products.
To serve as a control and ensure that any observed effects were due to the enzyme.
Enzymes cannot be used if the production process involves an unsuitable pH.
They are denatured.
To ensure that temperature is the only variable affecting catalase activity.
Test tube Y.
Boiling the lettuce for one minute after cutting.
To visually show the effect of temperature on amylase activity.
It reduces oxygen exposure, limiting the enzymatic reaction that causes browning.
Enzymes can catalyze only one type of reaction due to their unique active sites.
Measuring cylinder, boiling tube, one-hole stopper, glass tubing, rubber tubing, pipette, water trough.
It may have a different concentration of substrate P or product Q compared to the others.
To ensure the enzyme and substrate are at the same temperature for accurate results.
Enzymes are denatured at high temperatures and lose their catalytic ability.
The ideal conditions (like temperature and pH) for maximum enzyme activity.
