p.7
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What is the minimum weight requirement for donating a full 450 ml unit of blood?
At least 110 pounds or 50 kgs.
p.129
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are PPF (Plasma Protein Fraction) and Albumin derived from?
Pooled plasma by Cohn ethanol fractionation.
p.49
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the confirmatory method for HCV?
RIBA (Radioimmunoblot Assay).
p.5
Blood Donation Objectives
What is one key goal of donor selection in blood donation?
To minimize risks to both the donor and the transfusion recipient.
p.21
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why is donation between close relatives for hematopoietic progenitor cell transplants contraindicated?
Because of the risk of immunization to HLA and other histocompatibility antigens, which may endanger the graft.
p.43
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What are the exceptions to a permanent deferral for cancer in blood donation?
Basal or squamous cell cancer, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
p.8
Blood Collection Methods
How do you calculate the amount of anticoagulant to remove?
63 ml – amount of anticoagulant needed
p.135
Blood Collection Methods
What is the definition of massive transfusion?
The replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hours, or about 10 units of blood in an adult.
p.18
Blood Collection Methods
How is blood collected in postoperative blood collection?
Blood is collected from a drainage tube placed at the surgical site and then reinfused back to the patient with or without processing it via a microaggregate filter.
p.8
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What is the formula to calculate the amount of blood to be drawn?
Donor’s weight (lb) x 450 ml / 110 lb
p.55
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What disease is associated with HTLV-2?
HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
p.43
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why are recipients of brain covering graft or organ/tissue transplant/graft permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
p.18
Blood Collection Methods
What are the characteristics of blood collected through postoperative blood collection?
The blood is dilute, partially hemolyzed, and defibrinated.
p.13
Autologous Donation Types
Who is referred to as the donor-patient?
The individual who donates blood for their own use.
p.34
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What medication given for severe acne requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Isotretinoin (Accutane®).
p.41
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What type of heart diseases can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease.
p.14
Autologous Donation Types
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding transfusion reactions?
There is no risk of transfusion reactions and sensitization immunization from RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma proteins.
p.35
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Is there a deferral period for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage?
No, there is no deferral for first or second trimester abortion or miscarriage.
p.110
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
When is FFP used to replace isolated factor deficiency?
When the specific component is not available.
p.32
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Which medications can cause a 72-hour deferral due to their effect on platelet function?
Aspirin, piroxicam, or its analogues.
p.67
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What type of blood must be used for transfusion to infants regarding CMV?
Blood for transfusion to infants must be CMV-negative.
p.59
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What happens to erythrocytes during the staining of a thick blood smear?
Erythrocytes are dehemoglobinized, and only leukocyte nuclei, platelets, and parasites (if present) are visible.
p.111
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What can be used as an indicator of temperature changes inside the freezer for FFP units?
The bubble form on the upper part of the bag.
p.55
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does HTLV-1 cause?
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia and HTLV-associated Myelopathy (HAM).
p.43
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why are recipients of human-derived pituitary growth hormone permanently deferred from blood donation?
Due to the risk of vCJD transmission.
p.60
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why is the thick film preferred for diagnosis?
Because it contains 16-30 times more blood per microscopic field than the thin film, increasing the chances of detecting light parasitemia and decreasing the time needed for reliable examination.
p.11
Basic Qualifications for Donors
According to AABB, how often can both sexes donate whole blood?
Every 8 weeks or 56 days.
p.127
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What compound does Mirasol® use for pathogen reduction?
Mirasol® uses RIBOFLAVIN.
p.39
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Who are subject to permanent deferral if they have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977?
Men and women who have engaged in sex for money or drugs since 1977.
p.24
Donor Reactions and Management
What are donor reactions?
Any adverse reactions of a blood donor as a result of the donation process.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
How should minor donor reactions be managed?
By providing rest, hydration, and observation.
p.116
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
At what temperature should Granulocyte Concentrate be stored?
20-24 °C without agitation.
p.20
Directed Donation Advantages and Disadvantages
How does directed donation benefit patients with long-term expected transfusion needs?
Directed donation minimizes donor exposure for patients such as those with aplastic anemia and beta thalassemia major.
p.32
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Under what condition can platelets from donors who have ingested aspirin be used?
They may be used as part of pooled platelet components.
p.49
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is a surrogate test for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)?
Increased ALT/SGPT + Anti-HBc (+).
p.43
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Are recipients of recombinant growth hormone subjected to permanent deferral in blood donation?
No, recipients of recombinant growth hormone are not subjected to permanent deferral.
p.90
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What are some inappropriate uses of RBC transfusion?
Enhancing general well-being, promoting wound healing, preventing infection, expanding blood volume when oxygen-carrying capacity is adequate, or preventing future anemia.
p.122
Donor Reactions and Management
What condition can Factor IX concentrate administration cause in patients with liver disease?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
p.67
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the typical presentation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among immunocompetent individuals?
CMV infection is asymptomatic among immunocompetent individuals.
p.20
Directed Donation Advantages and Disadvantages
What is a directed (designated) donation?
A directed donation is when a recipient selects the donors for themselves rather than receiving blood from the community supply.
p.39
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Which countries' widespread use of non-sterile needles causes sexual partners since 1977 to be subject to permanent deferral?
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, and Nigeria.
p.128
Donor Reactions and Management
What is an Anti-inhibitor Coagulation Complex (AICC) used for?
To stop bleeding episodes in patients with high levels of Factor VIII inhibitor.
p.40
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What is a permanent deferral in blood donation?
A permanent deferral means a person is never allowed to donate blood again due to specific conditions or history.
p.97
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the indication for using leukocyte-reduced RBCs (LR-pRBC)?
To increase RBC mass in patients with severe and/or recurrent febrile transfusion reactions due to leukocyte antibodies, and in patients at risk of HLA alloimmunization or susceptible to CMV.
p.17
Blood Collection Methods
What are the main steps involved in intraoperative collection?
Collecting and reinfusing the patient's lost blood, washing it with saline, and concentrating the residual red cells before reinfusing.
p.75
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the role of Citrate in anticoagulant and preservative composition?
Citrate prevents clotting by chelating Ca++.
p.17
Donor Reactions and Management
What is one contraindication for intraoperative collection related to bacterial contamination?
The risk for bacterial contamination.
p.5
Blood Donation Objectives
What is the primary objective of donor selection?
To ensure that the donation will not harm the donor and the donated blood will not harm the recipient.
p.15
Blood Collection Methods
What is a disadvantage of preoperative collection?
Risk of bacterial contamination when sterility is compromised.
p.15
Deferral Types and Guidelines
When must a donor-patient be deferred from preoperative collection?
When there is a risk of bacteremia.
p.21
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why is the donation of plasma-containing products from mother to baby contraindicated?
Due to potential immunological risks.
p.15
Blood Collection Methods
What is the minimum time before scheduled surgery that preoperative blood must be collected?
No sooner than 72 hours or 3 days before the scheduled surgery.
p.15
Blood Collection Methods
Can preoperative collected blood be crossed-over into homologous inventory?
No, it cannot be crossed-over into homologous inventory.
p.10
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What methods can be used to measure hemoglobin levels?
Copper sulfate or spectrophotometric method
What does the quote 'Hope is faith holding out its hand in the dark' imply about the relationship between hope and faith?
It implies that hope is an extension of faith, providing guidance and support in uncertain or difficult times.
p.8
Blood Collection Methods
What is the formula to determine the allowable amount of anticoagulant needed?
Allowable Amount x 14 / 100
p.72
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What vector transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
Triatoma bug/Kissing bug/Assassin bug.
p.14
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Is there an age limit for preoperative collection?
No, there is no age limit.
p.4
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What are the general qualifications for blood donors?
Donors must be in good health, at least 17 years old (or 16 with parental consent), and weigh at least 110 pounds.
p.52
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the role of the anti-human antibody conjugate in the detection process?
It binds to antigen-antibody complexes.
p.27
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the characteristics of severe convulsions?
Rigid body and tightly clenched teeth, temporary loss of breathing followed by rasping or stertorous breathing, and slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
How are donor reactions generally classified?
Based on severity and type (e.g., mild, moderate, severe).
p.56
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does QBC stand for in malaria testing?
Quantitative Buffy Coat Method.
p.16
Autologous Donation Types
What does Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution (ANH) involve?
Removal of whole blood from a patient with infusions of synthetic volume expanders before surgical blood loss.
p.29
Blood Collection Methods
What can cause a hematoma during blood collection?
A hematoma can occur if the needle is not seated properly, leading to leakage of blood around the entry site, or if the needle punctures through the vein and punctures the back wall.
p.9
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Is a pulse rate below 50 bpm acceptable for blood donors, and if so, for whom?
Yes, it is acceptable for athletes.
p.20
Directed Donation Advantages and Disadvantages
What is one advantage of directed donations?
Blood group compatibility for rare blood groups is resolved.
p.85
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How are fractions harvested in Cohn Ethanol Fractionation?
By centrifugation or filtration.
p.113
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the indications for using cryoprecipitate?
For treatment of fibrinogen deficiency, hemophilia A, von Willebrand's disease, and Factor XIII deficiency.
p.59
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What components remain visible in a thick blood smear after staining?
Leukocyte nuclei, platelets, and parasites (if present).
p.28
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the symptoms of severe convulsions in blood donors?
Shock, rigidity and clenching of teeth, and stiffness of the arms and legs.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does Rh typing identify in blood donor processing?
Whether the donor's blood is Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
p.132
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What does Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) contain?
Immunoglobulins, IgA, IgM, and other plasma proteins.
p.99
Donor Reactions and Management
Why is it important to reduce leukocytes in blood transfusions?
Leukocytes may cause febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI), and may transmit infectious agents like CMV, EBV, and HTLV-1.
p.56
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the gold standard laboratory test for malaria?
Thick and thin blood smear.
p.54
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Which organization handles confirmation of seropositive blood in donors for HIV?
RITM (Research Institute for Tropical Medicine)
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
What are common symptoms of moderate donor reactions?
Nausea, vomiting, and fainting (syncope).
p.16
Autologous Donation Types
What are the types of synthetic volume expanders used in Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution?
Crystalloids (Ringer’s lactate and NSS) and Colloids (Dextran and HES).
p.111
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How should Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) units be placed in a freezer when in liquid form?
Horizontally, with the labeled part facing down.
p.40
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What history of illness results in a permanent deferral after the 11th birthday?
History of viral hepatitis.
p.112
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the storage conditions and duration for FFP labeled as 'thawed plasma'?
Stored at 1-6°C for up to 5 days.
p.48
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Name one method used for HBsAg detection in the second generation.
Counterelectrophoresis, Rheophoresis, or Complement fixation.
p.24
Donor Reactions and Management
What psychological influences can result in vasovagal reactions?
Sight of blood, excitement, fear, and apprehension.
p.85
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What antiviral effects are associated with Cohn Ethanol Fractionation?
Physical partitioning and anti-viral activity of ethanol.
p.17
Donor Reactions and Management
What is a contraindication for intraoperative collection when a procoagulant is being used?
Risk for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
p.128
Donor Reactions and Management
What is the main indication for using FEIBA?
To stop bleeding episodes in patients with high levels of Factor VIII inhibitor.
p.87
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the centrifugation speed and time for PPP preparation?
2,000 to 2,300 g for 10 minutes.
p.49
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the specific tests for HCV?
Anti-HCV Antibody, ELISA, NAT.
p.60
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How much more blood does the thick film contain compared to the thin film?
16-30 times more blood per microscopic field.
p.131
Blood Donation Objectives
In what situations are plasma expanders used to raise blood pressure?
Therapeutic plasma exchange, dialysis, shock, and other hypotensive situations.
p.127
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
How does the PSORALEN compound in Intercept® work to prevent replication?
It intercalates between bases of RNA and DNA and forms covalent cross-links when exposed to UV light.
p.54
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Which organization is responsible for confirming seropositive blood in patients for HIV?
SACCL (STD-AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory)
p.52
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
How is the specific antibody detected in this process?
It is based on the enzyme-substrate colored reaction product, which occurs in a band pattern based on the position of the proteins on the strip.
p.127
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
How does RIBOFLAVIN in Mirasol® work to reduce pathogens?
It causes strand cleavage of nucleic acids when activated by UV light.
p.9
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What should be the maximum oral temperature for a blood donor?
It should not exceed 37.5˚C (99.5˚F).
p.25
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the characteristics of severe donor reactions?
Characterized by shock, loss of consciousness, and presence of convulsions or seizures.
p.39
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why is sex with anyone since 1977 who was born in specific African countries a cause for permanent deferral?
Due to the widespread use of non-sterile needles in those countries.
p.128
Donor Reactions and Management
What does FEIBA stand for?
Factor VIII Inhibitor Bypass Activity.
p.33
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Is there any deferral for donors who received toxoids or killed or synthetic viral, bacterial, or rickettsial vaccines if they are symptom-free and afebrile?
No, there is no deferral.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
What is the primary goal in managing donor reactions?
Ensuring donor safety and minimizing discomfort.
p.26
Donor Reactions and Management
What can hyperventilation tetany progress to if symptoms become more pronounced?
Hyperventilation tetany can progress to more pronounced convulsions.
p.90
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hematocrit level?
Each unit should increase the hematocrit level by 3%.
p.127
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What compound does Intercept® use for pathogen reduction?
Intercept® uses a PSORALEN compound.
p.70
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What method is used for donor screening for West Nile Virus (WNV)?
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT).
p.129
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
How does pasteurization affect coagulation factors in PPF and Albumin?
It inactivates coagulation factors.
p.7
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Why should you not use plasma when donating a low volume unit of blood?
Because the volume is lower than the standard full unit.
p.13
Autologous Donation Types
What are the types of autologous donation?
1. Preoperative collection, 2. Acute normovolemic hemodilution, 3. Intraoperative collection, 4. Postoperative collection.
p.73
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)?
A human TSE that emerged from an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and may be transmitted via blood transfusions.
p.9
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What should be the pulse rate range for a blood donor?
50–100 beats per minute (bpm) without pathologic irregularities, counted for at least 15 seconds.
p.20
Directed Donation Advantages and Disadvantages
Why do recipients choose directed donations?
Recipients choose directed donations due to the perception that the blood is safer.
p.33
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Which live attenuated vaccines are included in the 2-week deferral period?
Typhoid, Measles, Oral Poliomyelitis, Mumps, Yellow fever, Smallpox
p.121
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For which patients is Factor IX concentrate the component of choice?
For patients with Factor VIII inhibitors.
p.48
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
List one method used for HBsAg detection in the third generation.
Radioimmunoassay, Reverse passive hemagglutination, ELISA, or Reverse passive latex agglutination.
p.87
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the centrifugation speed and time for Winthrobe’s Macrohct?
10,000 to 15,000 g for 30 minutes.
p.27
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the symptoms of mild convulsions during a severe reaction?
Short lapse of consciousness, voice fadeout with slight involuntary movement of the arms and legs.
p.90
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For a 70-kg (155-lb) adult, by how much should each unit of whole blood or RBCs increase the hemoglobin level?
Each unit should increase the hemoglobin level by 1 g/dL.
p.14
Autologous Donation Types
What is an advantage of preoperative collection regarding blood-borne pathogens?
There is no risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens.
p.60
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why is Giemsa stain preferred for thick blood smears?
Because it stains host cell and parasite chromatin vividly while making hemoglobin in erythrocytes appear pale red. It also allows visualization of erythrocyte stippling caused by certain malarial parasites.
p.41
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What pulmonary conditions can result in a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Active pulmonary tuberculosis or other pulmonary diseases.
p.110
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How does FFP help in relation to Warfarin (Coumadin) anticoagulant drug?
It reverses the effects of Warfarin.
p.24
Donor Reactions and Management
Are repeat donors more or less likely to have reactions compared to first-time donors?
Repeat donors are less likely to have reactions than first-time donors.
p.32
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Can platelet concentrates from donors who have ingested aspirin be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients?
No, they cannot be used as the sole source of platelets for recipients.
p.44
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What type of behavior is suggestive of high risk for HIV infection and leads to deferral?
Behavior suggestive of high risk for HIV infection.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the purpose of ABO grouping in blood donor processing?
To determine the ABO blood type of the donor.
p.78
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What is the purpose of adding PIGPA to rejuvenating solutions?
To regenerate ATP and 2,3-DPG.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
What is the purpose of a thick blood smear?
It is utilized for screening purposes.
p.44
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Can women who are menstruating be deferred from donating blood?
Yes, menstruation is a reason for deferral.
p.7
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What is the maximum volume of blood that can be donated based on body weight?
10.5 ml per kg of body weight.
p.129
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What process is used to inactivate viruses in PPF and Albumin?
Pasteurization at 60°C for 10 hours.
p.13
Autologous Donation Types
What is autologous donation?
Donation of blood for his/her own use.
p.57
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why is the integrity of blood cell membranes important in a thin blood smear?
It is important for determining the intracellular or extracellular nature of the infection.
p.4
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What health condition should a donor be in to donate blood?
The donor must be in good health.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
What are some common mild reactions donors might experience?
Lightheadedness, slight dizziness, and minor bruising at the venipuncture site.
p.73
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Has Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) been observed to be transmitted via blood transfusions?
No, it has not been observed up to date.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
What can constitute a severe donor reaction?
Seizures, significant cardiovascular complications, or severe allergic reactions.
p.51
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is used to lyse the infectious agent in the Western Blot procedure?
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
p.71
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
How is Babesia spp. transmitted to humans?
By ticks of the genus Ixodes.
p.23
Donor Reactions and Management
What steps should be taken in case of a severe donor reaction?
Immediate medical intervention, including advanced life support if necessary.
p.119
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the indication for the use of Factor VIII concentrate?
To prevent or control bleeding in hemophilia A patients; it is also the component of choice for von Willebrand disease.
p.116
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How many granulocytes must be contained in a bag of Granulocyte Concentrate?
1.0 x 10^10 granulocytes/bag.
p.71
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Can Babesia spp. survive in refrigerated red cells?
Yes, the parasite is capable of survival in refrigerated red cells.
p.57
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How is a thin blood smear prepared?
In the same manner as for hematologic differential evaluation.
p.57
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the most common artifacts found on thin blood smear films?
Platelets superimposed on RBCs.
p.86
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the storage temperatures for platelet concentrate and other blood components after a light spin?
20-24 °C for platelet concentrate, 1-6 °C for all other blood components.
p.60
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What conditions are needed to correctly dilute Giemsa stock for staining?
Giemsa stock must be diluted with phosphate-buffered water maintained at a pH of 6.8-7.2.
p.122
Donor Reactions and Management
Why might patients with liver disease be at risk when receiving Factor IX concentrate?
They may not be producing adequate amounts of antithrombins.
p.28
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the characteristics of severe reactions during blood donation?
Signs of shock with or without syncope and seizures.
p.16
Autologous Donation Types
What are examples of crystalloid volume expanders used in ANH?
Ringer’s lactate and NSS.
p.28
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the symptoms of mild convulsions in blood donors?
Shock, lapsing syncope, and stiffness of the arms and legs.
p.26
Donor Reactions and Management
Do donors lose consciousness during hyperventilation tetany?
No, donors do not lose consciousness during hyperventilation tetany.
p.71
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the reservoirs for Babesia spp.?
White-tailed deer or white-footed mouse.
p.16
Autologous Donation Types
When may the 'shed' blood be reinfused during Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution?
During or immediately following the surgery, but within 8 hours of collection.
p.111
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What happens to the bubble in the FFP bag when it has been thawed?
The bubble will rise to the upper part of the bag.
p.26
Donor Reactions and Management
What physical symptoms might be observed in the fingers and thumb during hyperventilation tetany?
The fingers and thumb may spasm and assume an unnatural position.
p.111
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Can a rubber band be used as an indicator for FFP temperature changes?
Yes, a rubber band may also be used as an indicator.
p.135
Blood Collection Methods
What is the protocol for emergency transfusion when the patient's blood type is not yet known?
Group O RBCs are warranted.
p.18
Blood Collection Methods
Within what time frame must blood collected postoperatively be reinfused?
Blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection.
p.4
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Can a 16-year-old donate blood?
Yes, with parental consent.
p.28
Donor Reactions and Management
What additional symptoms are present in moderate reactions compared to mild reactions?
Signs of shock plus syncope.
p.67
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What complications can CMV cause in patients with cellular immunodeficiency?
CMV can cause pneumonitis, hepatitis, retinitis, and multisystem organ failure in patients with cellular immunodeficiency.
p.29
Donor Reactions and Management
What does the presence of a hematoma indicate about the phlebotomy technique?
An indication of poor phlebotomy.
p.85
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the Cohn Ethanol Fractionation method used for?
Sequential precipitation of specific proteins by ethanol and pH.
p.28
Donor Reactions and Management
What symptoms are associated with hyperventilation tetany in blood donors?
Shock and tingling of the fingers.
p.69
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What infection can be transmitted through transfusions, potentially causing chronic anemia after bone marrow transplantation and in thalassemia?
Parvovirus B19 infection.
p.128
Donor Reactions and Management
How is the lyophilized product for AICC prepared?
From pooled plasma using fractionation.
p.121
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the primary indication for using Factor IX concentrate?
To prevent or control bleeding in patients with hemophilia B or with specific factor deficiencies.
p.110
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What does Fresh Frozen Plasma contain?
Plasma, all coagulation factors, and complements.
p.44
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why might a potential donor be deferred due to alcohol intoxication?
Alcohol intoxication or obvious stigmata of alcohol habituation.
p.59
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Why is the use of anticoagulant discouraged when obtaining blood via venipuncture for a thick smear?
Anticoagulants interfere with staining and cause distortion of the parasite.
p.78
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What components are commonly found in rejuvenating solutions?
Pyruvate, Inosine, Glucose, Phosphate, and Adenine.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
How should the blood dry in a thick blood smear?
The blood should dry flat at room temperature, usually overnight.
p.52
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What happens when the substrate for the enzyme is added?
The enzyme catalyzes the production of a colored product.
p.86
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the required centrifugal force and duration for a light spin in blood component preparation?
2000-2300g for 3 minutes.
p.84
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the primary methods used in blood component preparation?
Centrifugation, sedimentation, filtration, and fractionation.
p.110
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is one of the primary indications for using Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)?
To correct multiple coagulation factor deficiencies.
p.25
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the characteristics of mild donor reactions?
Most frequently encountered, donor exhibits signs of shock but does not lose consciousness.
p.124
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the indications for using Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
To replace loss of colloids in hypovolemic shock, severe burns, or for pressure support during hypotensive episodes.
p.116
Blood Donation Objectives
What are the indications for Granulocyte Concentrate?
Fever, neutrophil counts less than 500/μL, septicemia or bacterial infection unresponsive to antibiotics, reversible bone marrow hypoplasia.
p.22
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What causes Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)?
NAIT is caused by antibodies specific for platelet antigens inherited from the father but which are absent in the mother.
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What are the conditions for a permanent deferral for blood donation?
Transfusion of blood positive for Hepatitis, HIV, or HTLV.
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What diseases in a donor's history lead to permanent deferral?
Babesiosis or Chagas’ disease.
p.40
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What clinical laboratory evidence leads to a permanent deferral related to HCV, HTLV, or HIV?
Present or past clinical laboratory evidence of infection with HCV, HTLV, or HIV.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Why is antibody screening generally not done in the Philippines' blood donor processing?
The document specifies that antibody screening is not commonly practiced in the Philippines without giving a specific reason.
p.34
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What medication given for prostate enlargement and baldness requires a 4-week deferral period for blood donation?
Finasteride (Proscar®, Propecia®).
p.41
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Under what condition might a donor with a history of cardiovascular, coronary, or rheumatic heart disease be accepted for blood donation?
In the absence of disability or restrictions by the physician, on a case-by-case basis.
p.25
Donor Reactions and Management
What differentiates moderate reactions from mild reactions in blood donation?
In moderate reactions, the donor has lost consciousness.
p.17
Blood Collection Methods
What is intraoperative collection in blood donation?
Intraoperative collection involves collecting and reinfusing blood lost by a patient during surgery, washing it with saline, concentrating the residual red cells, and then reinfusing it back to the patient.
p.41
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Name some diseases of the blood that can lead to a permanent deferral for blood donation.
Hemophilia, von Willebrand's disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, polycythemia, or a history of receiving clotting factor concentrates.
p.26
Donor Reactions and Management
What are the initial symptoms of hyperventilation tetany in donors?
Stiffness or tingling in the fingers.
p.48
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What method was used for HBsAg detection in the first generation?
Ouchterlony Double Diffusion.
p.51
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Where is the lysate placed during the Western Blot procedure?
Into a trough of polyacrylamide slab gel.
p.89
Blood Donation Objectives
What is the main indication for using whole blood?
Provides blood volume expansion and RBC mass in acute blood loss.
p.124
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Does Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction contain gamma globulins?
No, it does not contain gamma globulins.
p.51
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
How are proteins separated in the Western Blot procedure?
By electrophoresis based on molecular size and charge.
p.40
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Which positive test confirms a permanent deferral for hepatitis B?
Confirmed positive test for HBsAg and repeatedly reactive test for anti-HBc on more than one occasion.
p.128
Donor Reactions and Management
What factors are contained in the Anti-inhibitor Coagulation Complex?
Vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X), their precursors, and kinin-generating proteins.
p.75
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How does Adenine contribute to blood preservation?
Adenine improves the viability of cells.
p.78
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What is REJUVESOL and its significance?
REJUVESOL is the only FDA-approved rejuvenating solution in the US, containing PIPA only.
p.50
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does GP 120 on HIV require to infect a host cell?
The CD4 receptor on the surface of the host cell and an additional co-receptor.
p.75
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What function does Dextrose serve in anticoagulant and preservative solutions?
Dextrose provides energy to cells.
p.133
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is ISG used for in cases of agammaglobulinemia?
Replacement of gammaglobulins.
p.51
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What happens to the nitrocellulose sheet after proteins are transferred onto it?
It is cut into strips and washed to remove nonspecific antibodies.
p.47
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the antigen/antibody markers for Syphilis?
The markers for Syphilis include the non-treponemal tests (VDRL, RPR) and treponemal tests (FTA-ABS, TP-PA).
p.130
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Do PPF and Albumin contain gamma globulins?
No, neither contains gamma globulins.
p.50
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Do the co-receptors required by HIV vary based on cell type?
Yes, they differ depending on the cell type.
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the advantages of the QBC method compared to traditional thick smear examination?
It is fast, easy, and claimed to be more sensitive.
p.6
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Can persons below 18/17 years old donate blood?
Yes, if they present a written permission from their parent or guardian.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the main blood components prepared from donated blood?
Red blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
p.94
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
Why are blood components irradiated with gamma radiation?
To prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD).
p.95
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What process is applied to blood to produce irradiated RBCs?
Blood is exposed to ionizing radiation.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What could cause a temporary deferral for a blood donor?
Conditions such as recent travel to malaria-endemic areas, recent vaccinations, or recent tattoos and piercings.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What could lead to a permanent deferral for a blood donor?
Chronic infectious diseases like HIV or Hepatitis B and C, and certain medical conditions like cancer.
p.124
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Are ABO grouping and compatibility testing required for Albumin, Plasma Protein Fraction?
No, ABO grouping and compatibility testing are not required.
p.80
Blood Collection Methods
Who must be present during the blood collection process?
A phlebotomist and the head of BB (Blood Bank).
p.51
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
To what are proteins transferred after electrophoresis in the Western Blot procedure?
To a sheet of nitrocellulose.
p.44
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What skin condition at the venipuncture site could indicate IV drug usage and result in deferral?
Lesions on the skin at the venipuncture site.
p.113
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What components are contained in cryoprecipitate?
Fibrinogen (150-250mg), vWF (40-70%), Factor VIII (80 units), Factor XIII (20-30%), and Fibronectin.
p.87
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the centrifugation speed and time for Adam’s Microhct?
10,000 to 15,000 g for 5 minutes.
p.95
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What is the main indication for using irradiated RBCs?
For the prevention of Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
p.106
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How many platelets must a bag of Platelet Concentrate (RDP) contain?
5.5 x 10^10 platelets/bag (50-75 mL in volume).
p.47
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What laboratory tests are used to diagnose Hepatitis D?
Tests for Hepatitis D include anti-HDV (Hepatitis D antibody) and HDV RNA (Hepatitis D viral load).
p.31
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What defines a permanent deferral in blood donation?
A permanent deferral means the prospective donor will never be able to donate blood.
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is a QBC tube?
A high-precision glass hematocrit tube, pre-coated internally with acridine orange stain and potassium oxalate.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is blood preservation?
Blood preservation refers to the methods used to maintain the viability and function of blood and its components outside the body for extended periods.
p.77
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the primary purpose of additive solutions in blood donation?
To enhance RBC survival and function.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
How is blood concentrated in a thick blood smear?
Blood is concentrated in a small area the size of a dime (1.5 cm) that is many cell layers deep.
p.89
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What factors affect the shelf-life of whole blood?
The anticoagulant/preservative used.
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why does the use of Etretinate (Tegison®) lead to a permanent deferral?
Because it is teratogenic and used for the treatment of severe psoriasis.
p.104
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is deglycerolization in the context of blood units?
The removal of glycerol from the blood unit.
p.45
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What happens during the donor processing phase in blood donations?
Blood is tested for various infectious diseases to ensure it is safe for transfusion.
p.45
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the consequence of not properly screening blood donations for infectious diseases?
It could lead to the transmission of infections to recipients.
p.101
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the indications for using frozen RBCs?
Storage of rare blood and autologous units.
p.95
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What are the FDA and AABB requirements for radiation doses in the central and any part of the blood unit?
25 Gy on the central portion of the blood unit and 15 Gy on any part of the unit.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What is a deferral in the context of blood donation?
A deferral is the temporary or permanent rejection of a potential blood donor based on certain criteria.
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
How do parasites appear under the UV light after using the QBC method?
As bright specks of light among the non-fluorescing red cells.
p.94
Donor Reactions and Management
What is the second condition required for TA-GVHD to occur?
Histocompatibility differences between graft and recipient (major or minor HLA or other histocompatibility antigens).
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What evidence related to drug use leads to a permanent deferral?
Evidence of or obvious stigmata of parenteral drug use.
p.118
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma (cryopoor plasma)?
It is the supernatant remaining from the production of cryoprecipitate.
p.6
Basic Qualifications for Donors
What is the first basic qualification for blood donation?
In good health condition.
p.48
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the role of ELISA in HBsAg detection?
It is a third-generation method used for detecting HBsAg with high sensitivity.
p.109
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What happens to platelet microtubules when exposed to low temperatures?
They disassemble, causing the platelets to become spherical and nonfunctional.
p.31
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Under what condition can a donor with an indefinite deferral donate blood?
The donor would not be able to donate until the current requirements change.
p.119
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
From where is Factor VIII concentrate prepared?
It is prepared from plasma obtained from paid donors by plasmapheresis or from volunteer whole blood donors.
p.92
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the main indication for using packed red blood cells (pRBC)?
To increase RBC mass in symptomatic, normovolemic patients.
p.109
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why must platelet units be placed in an agitator with the labeled part facing down?
To allow better flow of gases, as decreased O2 and increased CO2 will cause pH to decrease.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
Why is Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) ineffective against certain viruses?
It is ineffective against nonlipid-enveloped viruses.
p.106
Blood Donation Objectives
What are the indications for using Platelet Concentrate (Random Donor Platelet/RDP)?
For bleeding due to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathy.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the purpose of the test for HbsAg in blood donor processing?
To detect the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen.
p.121
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What additional factors are contained in Factor IX concentrate?
Factors II, VII, IX, and X.
p.130
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Is ABO grouping and compatibility testing required for PPF or Albumin?
No, neither requires ABO grouping and compatibility testing.
p.77
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the role of Mannitol in additive solutions?
It acts as an RBC membrane stabilizing agent.
p.80
Donor Reactions and Management
What must a donor do after donating blood before leaving the donation center?
The donor is required to rest.
p.104
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What solutions are used for low glycerol deglycerolization in sequential order?
45% NaCl, 15% mannitol, and 0.9% NaCl.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the role of other tests for infectious diseases in blood donor processing?
To screen for additional infectious diseases that may be present in the donor's blood.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What role do anticoagulants play in blood preservation?
Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting, which allows it to be stored and used for transfusions.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How long can refrigerated blood typically be stored?
Refrigerated blood can typically be stored for up to 42 days.
p.48
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the primary focus of the third generation HBsAg detection methods?
High sensitivity in detecting HBsAg.
p.31
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What is a temporary deferral in blood donation?
A temporary deferral means the prospective donor is unable to donate for a limited period of time.
p.132
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
In what forms is Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) available?
Intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) forms.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
What might happen if a thick blood smear is too thick?
The film may peel from the slide.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
What can excess heat do to erythrocytes in a thick blood smear?
Excess heat may fix erythrocytes and may prevent dehemoglobinization.
p.130
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the content of alpha and beta globulins in PPF?
17% alpha and beta globulins.
p.6
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Is there an upper age limit for blood donation?
No, there is no upper age limit.
p.104
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What combination of solutions is used for agglomeration in the deglycerolization process?
50% glucose and 5% fructose followed by 0.9% NaCl.
p.102
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the agglomeration method?
Frozen at -80 °C and stored at -65 °C in a mechanical freezer.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
Why is Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) not applicable to cellular blood components?
Because it destroys cell membranes.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the difference between CPD and CPDA-1?
CPDA-1 includes adenine, which helps maintain ATP levels in red blood cells, extending the storage period up to 35 days compared to 21 days for CPD.
p.75
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the purpose of Sodium biphosphate in blood storage solutions?
Sodium biphosphate serves as a buffer during storage.
p.118
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For which condition may cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma be used in treatment?
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
p.45
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Why are blood donors screened for infectious diseases?
To ensure the safety of the blood supply and prevent the transmission of infections to recipients.
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) method involve?
Staining of the centrifuged and compressed red cell layer with Acridine Orange and examining it under UV light source.
p.31
Autologous Donation Types
Can a donor with an indefinite deferral still donate autologously?
Yes, a donor with an indefinite deferral is still eligible for autologous donation.
p.94
Donor Reactions and Management
What does TA-GVHD stand for?
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What solvents and detergents are used in Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) for pathogen reduction?
Solvent: tri(n-butyl) phosphate; Detergent: sodium cholate, Tween 80, or Triton X-100.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
p.108
Blood Collection Methods
What is one advantage of Platelet Pheresis for thrombocytopenic patients?
It limits donor exposure in thrombocytopenic patients who require long-term platelet transfusions.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For how long can platelets be stored?
Platelets can be stored for up to 5 days at room temperature with constant agitation.
p.111
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How should FFP units be stored for long term once they are already frozen?
They may be re-arranged vertically.
p.50
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Why is an additional co-receptor needed for HIV infection?
To penetrate the host cell.
p.118
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Which enzyme does cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma retain normal levels of?
vWF-cleaving metalloprotease ADAMTS 13.
p.77
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What does SAGM in additive solutions stand for?
Saline, Adenine, Glucose, Mannitol.
p.132
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the possible forms for the preparation of Immune Serum Globulin (ISG)?
Solution or lyophilized preparation.
p.47
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the key markers for Hepatitis C diagnosis?
Markers for Hepatitis C include anti-HCV (HCV antibody) and HCV RNA (HCV viral load).
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What does the anti-HCV test detect in blood donors?
The presence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
How is the monoclonal factor VIII isolated during pasteurization?
By monoclonal factor VIII antibody affinity column and then eluted.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Which disease is targeted by the malaria test in blood donor processing?
To detect the presence of malaria parasites.
p.102
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What additional substances, besides glycerol, are used in the agglomeration method of RBC freezing?
Glucose, fructose, and EDTA.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is cryopreservation in the context of blood preservation?
Cryopreservation involves freezing blood components at very low temperatures to extend their shelf life, sometimes for years.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How is plasma stored for long-term use?
Plasma can be frozen and stored for up to one year.
p.133
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For which immunodeficiency condition is ISG used as a replacement therapy for gammaglobulins?
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID).
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Does the use of needles to administer nonprescription drugs lead to deferral?
Yes, it leads to a permanent deferral.
p.133
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What syndrome is treated with ISG for the replacement of gammaglobulins?
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
p.80
Blood Collection Methods
What is a potential consequence if blood collection takes more than 15 minutes?
Cryoprecipitate may not be used.
p.121
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What may Factor IX concentrate contain aside from its primary components?
Activated coagulation factors.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What is pasteurization in the context of pathogen reduction?
Pressurized steam at 60°C for 10 hours.
p.97
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the maximum allowable leukocyte content in a bag of leukocyte-reduced RBCs?
Less than 5.0 x 10^6 WBC per bag of pRBC.
p.80
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What is the final step after blood collection in the blood donation process?
Donor unit testing and screening.
p.118
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the use of lymphocytes in medical treatment?
Induction of graft-versus-tumor effect (donor lymphocyte infusion).
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
At what speed and for how long is the QBC tube centrifuged?
At 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What type of viruses does Solvent/Detergent Exposure (S/D) inactivate?
Viruses with lipid envelopes.
p.108
Blood Collection Methods
What is Platelet Pheresis (Single Donor Platelet/SDP) indicated for?
For thrombocytopenic patients alloimmunized to HLA or platelet antigen.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the main components of plasma?
Plasma is composed of water, electrolytes, proteins (such as albumin, clotting factors, and immunoglobulins), and nutrients.
p.99
Donor Reactions and Management
What potential reactions can leukocytes cause during blood transfusion?
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) and transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI).
p.119
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What must be done to lyophilized Factor VIII concentrate before administration?
It must be reconstituted with 25 mL diluent.
p.47
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Which laboratory tests are used for diagnosing Hepatitis B?
Laboratory tests for Hepatitis B include HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen), anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody), HBeAg (Hepatitis B e antigen), and anti-HBc (Hepatitis B core antibody).
p.133
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Which severe immunodeficiency condition requires ISG for gammaglobulin replacement?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.
p.78
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
What are the two options for red cells after rejuvenation?
They may be washed and transfused within 24 hours or may be frozen by glycerolization.
p.102
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the high glycerol method?
Frozen at -80 °C and stored at -65 °C in a mechanical freezer.
p.47
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What are the key diagnostic markers for HIV?
Markers for HIV include HIV-1/2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassay, and HIV RNA (viral load).
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How are platelets used in medical treatments?
Platelets help with blood clotting and are used to treat patients with clotting disorders or undergoing chemotherapy.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the shelf life of red blood cells when stored properly?
Red blood cells can be stored for up to 42 days under refrigeration.
p.108
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How many platelets must a bag of Platelet Pheresis contain?
3.0 x 10^11 platelets/bag (300 mL in volume).
p.126
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
To which blood derivatives is pathogen reduction applicable?
Albumin, coagulation factor concentrates, and immunoglobulins.
p.80
Blood Collection Methods
Why must the unit be labeled and agitated during blood collection?
To ensure proper mixing and prevent clotting.
p.31
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What does an indefinite deferral in blood donation entail?
An indefinite deferral means the prospective donor is unable to donate blood for an unspecified period of time due to current regulatory requirements.
p.119
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
For what condition is Factor VIII concentrate used?
For isolated factor deficiency.
p.102
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What method of RBC freezing uses 40% glycerol?
High Glycerol (slow freezing) method.
p.42
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Which type of insulin use can result in a permanent deferral?
Use of bovine insulin manufactured in the United Kingdom.
p.118
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs) prepared from?
Mononuclear cells harvested during apheresis.
p.95
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the shelf-life of irradiated RBCs after irradiation?
28 days after irradiation or the original outdate, whichever comes first.
p.95
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
Which sources of radiation are used for irradiating RBCs?
Cesium (137 Cs) and Cobalt (60 Co).
p.64
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Where do red cells containing Plasmodia concentrate after centrifugation in the QBC method?
Just below the leukocytes, at the top of the erythrocyte column.
p.94
Donor Reactions and Management
What is the first condition required for TA-GVHD to occur?
Transfusion/transplantation of immunocompetent T cells.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why might a person with a recent tattoo or piercing be temporarily deferred from donating blood?
To allow time to ensure they have not contracted any infections that could be transmitted through blood.
p.99
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What happens to granulocytes in stored blood?
In stored blood, granulocytes fragment and release cytokines.
p.78
Pathogen Reduction Techniques
When can rejuvenation of red cells be performed?
3 days after RBC expiration or to fresh RBC.
p.101
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are the indications for using washed RBCs?
To increase RBC mass in symptomatic anemic patients with a history of allergic, febrile, and anaphylactic transfusion reactions.
p.46
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
What infections are tested using the HIV1 and HIV2 tests in blood donor processing?
The presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus types 1 and 2.
p.45
Infectious Disease Testing in Blood Donation
Name one key reason for screening blood donations.
To detect and eliminate infectious diseases before transfusion.
p.31
Autologous Donation Types
Is a donor with a permanent deferral eligible for autologous donation?
Yes, a donor with a permanent deferral is still eligible for autologous donation.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
What are the two main types of deferrals for blood donors?
Temporary deferrals and permanent deferrals.
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
How does recent travel affect blood donation eligibility?
Travel to certain regions with high risk of infectious diseases, such as malaria, can lead to a temporary deferral.
p.58
Blood Collection Methods
What is a characteristic of a proper thick film in a blood smear?
It should be thin enough that newspaper print may be read through it.
p.116
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the role of Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in the preparation of Granulocyte Concentrate?
It enhances the separation of WBCs and RBCs.
p.6
Basic Qualifications for Donors
Can 17-year-olds donate blood?
Yes, according to the guidelines of Henry's and Harmening.
p.104
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What solutions are used for high glycerol deglycerolization in sequential order?
12% NaCl, 1.6% NaCl, and 0.9% NaCl.
p.102
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
At what temperatures are RBCs frozen and stored using the low glycerol method?
Frozen at -196 °C and stored at -120 °C using liquid nitrogen.
p.130
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Does PPF contain bradykinin?
Yes, PPF contains bradykinin.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What are some common methods of blood preservation?
Common methods include refrigeration, freezing, and using anticoagulants and preservatives like CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) and CPDA-1 (citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine).
p.30
Deferral Types and Guidelines
Why are deferral guidelines important in blood donation?
They ensure the safety of both the blood donor and the recipient by preventing the transmission of infectious diseases and other health risks.
p.108
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
How does 1 SDP compare to RDP units?
1 SDP equals 6-10 RDP units.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why is blood preservation important?
It ensures a safe and adequate supply of blood for transfusions, which is critical for surgeries, trauma care, and treating various medical conditions.
p.83
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
Why is plasma important in medical treatments?
Plasma is used in treatments for clotting disorders, burns, and shock, among other conditions.
p.74
Blood Component Preparation and Storage
What is the purpose of using CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) in blood preservation?
CPD acts as an anticoagulant and also provides nutrients to red blood cells, helping to maintain their viability during storage.
p.94
Donor Reactions and Management
What is the third condition usually required for TA-GVHD to occur?
An immunocompromised recipient.
