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The process of ___ begins as vesicles form, contributing to the development of the brain.
neurogenesis
Loose connective tissue contains type I and III collagen fibers and ___ fibers.
elastic
1/65
p.10
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The process of ___ begins as vesicles form, contributing to the development of the brain.

neurogenesis

p.4
Mucous Connective Tissue Composition

Loose connective tissue contains type I and III collagen fibers and ___ fibers.

elastic

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Long-term depression (LTD) in the cerebellum relies on ___, diacylglycerol (DAG), and IP3 signaling.

Ca2+

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Spina Bifida is a defect where the ___ portion of the neural tube does not close properly.

caudal (lower)

p.10
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Neural crest cells are located at the edge of the neural tube and form parts of the ___ nervous system.

peripheral

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The mnemonic SAME DAVE helps remember that sensory neurons are ___ and motor neurons are ___.

afferent, efferent

p.4
Mucous Connective Tissue Composition

Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers arranged ___ to provide strength in multiple directions.

irregularly

p.7
Epididymis Epithelium Structure

In botulism, the botulinum toxin cleaves ___ proteins, preventing acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions.

SNARE

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Anencephaly occurs when the ___ portion of the neural tube fails to close.

rostral (upper)

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

Bone is degraded by ___, which are regulated by several factors including RANKL.

osteoclasts

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The **Telencephalon** forms the ___ hemispheres and other structures such as the basal ganglia.

cerebral

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The **Myelencephalon** forms the ___, which regulates essential functions like heart rate and respiration.

medulla oblongata

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Hassall’s corpuscles are found in the ___ of the thymus.

thymic medulla

p.4
Epididymis Epithelium Structure

The mammary gland uses ___ secretion to release proteins, while the apocrine gland uses ___ secretion for lipids.

merocrine, apocrine

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Metabotropic receptors are coupled to ___ and use second messengers like cAMP or IP3.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

p.4
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and ___ play major roles in promoting the inflammatory response.

TNFα

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

___ is mild bone loss, while ___ is more severe and increases the risk of fractures.

Osteopenia, osteoporosis

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The mesencephalon remains as the ___, which is part of the brainstem.

midbrain

p.3
Blood Transfusion Reactions

A transfusion of incompatible blood leads to an acute ___ reaction.

hemolytic

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

The earliest site of blood cell formation is the ___, known as primitive hematopoiesis.

yolk sac

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Interstitial growth refers to bone or cartilage growth from ___, as opposed to appositional growth.

within

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

The neural plate forms from the ___ layer during early embryonic development.

ectoderm

p.4
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Red blood cells do not present ___ molecules as they lack a nucleus.

MHC I

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

When cells undergo hypertrophy, they release ___ to promote the formation of new blood vessels.

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

p.10
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Understanding the development of vesicles is key to grasping the formation of the brain and the origins of various ___ defects.

congenital

p.4
Keratinocyte Functions in Skin

Melanocytes transfer melanin pigment to neighboring keratinocytes through ___ secretion.

cytocrine

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

The spleen participates in hematopoiesis from around ___ to ___ weeks of development.

9, 28

p.7
Neural Tube Defects Overview

___ cells are large neurons in the cerebellum involved in motor coordination.

Purkinje

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Encephalocele results from the improper closure of the neural tube in the ___ region.

cranial

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The rhombencephalon develops into regions that control ___ functions such as breathing and heart rate.

autonomic

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The rhombencephalon develops into the ___ and ___ vesicles.

Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

p.3
Keratinocyte Functions in Skin

Keratinocytes secrete keratin and ___ granules that contribute to the waterproof barrier of the skin.

lamellar

p.10
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The neural plate forms from the ___ and folds into the neural tube.

ectoderm

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Anencephaly is a neural tube defect where the brain fails to form due to the failure of the ___ portion of the neural tube to close.

rostral (upper)

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Primitive hematopoiesis occurs from around ___ to ___ weeks of embryonic development.

3, 8

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early ___ development.

embryonic

p.7
Neural Tube Defects Overview

___ cells surround neuron cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia and support their function.

Satellite

p.4
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Medullary cords in lymph nodes are responsible for the production of ___ by plasma cells.

antibodies

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

Cortical bone is formed when osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into ___, which then become ___ to maintain the bone matrix.

osteoblasts, osteocytes

p.3
Mucous Connective Tissue Composition

Mucous connective tissue is rich in ___ cells, which produce the extracellular matrix.

fibroblast

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The three primary brain vesicles formed during development are the ___, ___, and ___.

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

p.7
Epididymis Epithelium Structure

AChE inhibitors are used to treat ___, a disease where autoantibodies attack the ___ at the neuromuscular junction.

myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine receptors (AChRs)

p.4
Neural Tube Defects Overview

In myasthenia gravis, antibodies target ___ receptors at the neuromuscular junction.

acetylcholine

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

Osteocytes help renew bone by sensing mechanical stress and initiating ___ remodeling.

bone

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The primary brain vesicle that develops into the brain's higher-level functions is called ___.

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

p.3
Basement Membrane Components

Collagen IV, laminin, and entactin are key components of the ___ membrane.

basement

p.3
Cilia vs Microvilli Structure

Cilia are motile structures that use ___ to generate movement.

microtubules

p.3
Erythroblastosis Fetalis Mechanism

Erythroblastosis fetalis occurs when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive ___.

fetus

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Sensory signals enter the spinal cord through the ___ root, while motor signals exit through the ___ root.

dorsal, ventral

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

From ___ to about ___ weeks of gestation, the liver becomes the major site of definitive hematopoiesis.

6, 30

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

By ___ weeks of gestation, the bone marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis.

28

p.5
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

Once a cell implants into the uterine wall, it loses its ___ and embryonic stem cell status.

totipotency

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The mesencephalon is located in the middle of the brain and is responsible for basic functions like ___, ___, and motor control.

vision, hearing

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The **Diencephalon** gives rise to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the ___, which regulates sleep.

epithalamus

p.3
Collagen Fiber Regulation

FACIT collagens, proteoglycans, and small leucine-rich proteins regulate the size and assembly of ___ fibers.

collagen

p.3
Epididymis Epithelium Structure

The epididymis is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ___, which are long, non-motile microvilli.

stereocilia

p.6
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The neural plate folds inward to create the ___, which eventually forms the neural tube.

neural groove

p.4
Keratinocyte Functions in Skin

Eccrine glands primarily secrete ___ and salts.

water

p.4
Collagen Fiber Regulation

In smooth muscle, calcium ions bind to ___ to activate myosin light-chain kinase.

calmodulin

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida, where both the spinal cord and ___ protrude through an opening in the spine.

meninges

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The primary vesicle **Prosencephalon** further subdivides into the ___ and ___ vesicles.

Telencephalon, Diencephalon

p.9
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The **Metencephalon** develops into the pons and the ___, responsible for motor coordination.

cerebellum

p.7
Collagen Fiber Regulation

Intramembranous ossification occurs when mesenchymal cells differentiate into ___, forming bone directly.

osteoblasts

p.8
Neural Tube Defects Overview

The ___ is the most anterior of the primary brain vesicles.

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

p.3
Hematopoiesis Developmental Stages

The yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow are sites of ___ during development.

hematopoiesis

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