p.1
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the focus of the course NURS1603?
Physiology with a focus on Hematology and the Immune System.
p.2
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
p.13
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What occurs during the second stage of inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What type of immunity involves specific responses?
Adaptive or acquired immunity.
p.64
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is anaphylactic shock?
A severe allergic reaction that causes blood pressure to drop and airways to narrow.
p.61
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What occurs upon subsequent contact with an allergen in type I hypersensitivity?
It stimulates the antibody-allergen complex to bind to mast cells and basophils.
p.61
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What do mast cells and basophils release upon stimulation in type I hypersensitivity?
Histamine, which promotes inflammation.
p.18
Phagocytosis and Immune Response
What is diapedesis in the context of phagocyte recruitment?
The process where phagocytes squeeze out of capillaries by flattening.
p.6
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the first line of innate defense?
Physical barriers, such as skin.
p.5
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immune defenses?
Innate and adaptive defenses.
p.52
Antibodies and Their Functions
What role does the constant region of an antibody play?
The constant region determines the antibody's class and mediates immune responses.
p.21
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
How is adaptive defense different from innate defense in terms of response location?
Adaptive defense is systemic and not restricted to the initial infected site.
p.61
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is another name for immediate (type I) hypersensitivity?
Allergy or acute hypersensitivity.
p.64
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What are common symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
Trouble breathing, rash, hives, swelling, tightness of throat, hoarse voice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, feeling of doom, and cardiac arrest.
p.28
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is immunocompetence in lymphocytes?
The ability to recognize one specific antigen, as each cell has one unique type of receptor.
p.38
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What are the two major classes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?
Class I MHC and Class II MHC.
p.41
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is clonal expansion?
The process by which activated immune cells proliferate to produce many identical cells.
p.41
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the significance of activation in the immune response?
It triggers the immune system to respond to pathogens effectively.
p.35
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where are macrophages widely distributed?
In connective tissues and lymphoid organs.
p.37
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins?
Glycoproteins on the plasma membrane.
p.47
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
When is an immune response considered primary?
When there is an initial infection.
p.37
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the primary function of MHC proteins?
To present antigenic determinants (epitopes) to T cells for further activation.
p.39
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of MHC molecules in the immune response?
To present antigens to activate T cells.
p.7
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immune defenses?
Innate and adaptive defenses.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What is immunodeficiency?
A condition where immunity is impaired.
p.63
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What are the symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
Bronchiole constriction making breathing difficult and vasodilation leading to low blood pressure and circulatory collapse.
p.31
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus for T cells and bone marrow for B cells.
p.34
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What happens during the differentiation of CD8 T cells?
CD8 T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes that can kill infected or cancerous cells.
p.32
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What do APCs do with antigens?
They engulf antigens and present their fragments to T cells.
p.25
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What role do antibodies and leukocytes play in relation to antigens?
They recognize the antigenic determinants or epitopes.
p.52
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are the basic components of an antibody?
Antibodies consist of two heavy chains and two light chains.
p.30
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the role of antibodies?
To identify and neutralize pathogens.
p.8
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is phagocytosis?
An engulfing or devouring process by phagocytes.
p.18
Phagocytosis and Immune Response
What role does chemotaxis play in phagocyte recruitment?
Phagocytes follow pro-inflammatory chemicals to the wound.
p.46
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is clonal expansion?
The process by which specific immune cells proliferate in response to an antigen.
p.46
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What occurs during differentiation in immune activation?
Immune cells develop into specialized cells that perform distinct functions.
p.29
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the process of clonal expansion in lymphocytes?
Proliferation of activated lymphocytes.
p.7
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are the components of the second line of innate defenses?
Phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever.
p.63
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What can trigger a systemic response in immediate hypersensitivity?
A bee sting that injects allergens into the blood.
p.59
Types of Immune Disorders
What are common symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes, and fever.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What is an example of acquired immunodeficiency?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
p.41
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What occurs during differentiation in immune activation?
Immune cells develop into specialized cells with distinct functions.
p.21
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are the two main branches of adaptive immunity?
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity and cellular (cell-mediated) immunity.
p.47
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
How does the primary immune response differ from the secondary immune response?
The primary response produces antibodies slowly and decays quickly, while the secondary response is faster and more prolonged.
p.28
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the receptor count per lymphocyte cell?
Approximately 10^5 receptors per cell.
p.52
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of the variable region of an antibody?
The variable region binds to specific antigens.
p.67
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Which cells are primarily involved in delayed hypersensitivity?
Helper T cells, cytokine-activated macrophages, and sometimes cytotoxic T cells.
p.8
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the first step in phagocytosis?
Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris.
p.43
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of perforin in the immune response?
It introduces pores in the infected cell's membrane.
p.59
Types of Immune Disorders
What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A chronic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and systems in the body.
p.46
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
Why is clonal expansion important in the immune response?
It increases the number of specific immune cells to effectively combat an antigen.
p.60
Types of Immune Disorders
What is hypersensitivity in the context of immune disorders?
It results in tissue injury when the immune system is clearing foreign invaders or threats.
p.8
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What happens in the phagolysosome?
Destruction of foreign particles by lytic enzymes.
p.50
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is passive humoral immunity?
Immunity that results from the transfer of antibodies from another source.
p.16
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What are the effects of vasodilation?
Causes hyperemia, blood congestion, redness, and heat.
p.25
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are antigens?
Non-self substances not normally found in one’s body.
p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What is the primary characteristic of innate immunity?
It provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens.
p.61
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What happens during the initial contact with an allergen in type I hypersensitivity?
It is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person by triggering IgE antibody production.
p.17
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
How does edema help in the processing of foreign material?
Excess fluids in tissue sweep foreign material into lymph for further processing in lymph nodes.
p.4
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Are innate and adaptive immune systems isolated from each other?
Yes, they are considered two isolated systems.
p.44
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?
To weaken the immune response and avoid autoimmune diseases.
p.30
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
What are memory B cells?
B cells that provide long-term immunity.
p.6
Innate Defense Mechanisms
Where can mucus be secreted to trap microbes?
In the vagina, digestive tract, and respiratory tract.
p.38
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where is Class II MHC found?
Only on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
p.38
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Which T cells does Class II MHC present antigens to?
CD 4 T cells / helper T cells.
p.9
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are the two types of macrophages?
Roaming macrophages and resident macrophages.
p.60
Types of Immune Disorders
What are the three types of hypersensitivity?
Immediate (type I), subacute (type II & III), and delayed (type IV).
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
Which cells produce cytokines like interferons and interleukins?
Macrophages and epithelial cells.
p.24
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of T cells in cellular immunity?
To kill infected or cancerous cells and activate other immune cells.
p.36
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What new role have activated B cells been found to have?
Presenting antigens to activate CD4 T cells.
p.27
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are antigen binding sites?
The specific regions on antibodies that recognize and bind to antigenic determinants.
p.27
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are epitopes?
Another term for antigenic determinants.
p.44
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Which type of T cells can become regulatory T cells?
Some CD4 T cells, other than helper T cells.
p.44
Immune Cell Development and Activation
How do regulatory T cells contribute to immune regulation?
They prevent prolonged activation of immunity.
p.18
Phagocytosis and Immune Response
What are the components of the capillary wall involved in phagocyte recruitment?
Basement membrane and endothelium.
p.52
Antibodies and Their Functions
How do antibodies recognize antigens?
Antibodies recognize antigens through their unique variable regions.
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What types of cells produce pro-inflammatory chemicals?
Injured tissues, blood proteins, or immune cells.
p.31
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the function of the thymus?
It is responsible for the development of T cells.
p.51
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are the five classes of antibodies?
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE).
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is one function of NK cells?
They can kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.
p.2
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are the two components of adaptive defense?
Humoral immunity and cellular immunity.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the mechanism of neutralization in antibodies?
It suppresses the antigenic effect of pathogens and toxins.
p.21
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is a key characteristic of adaptive defense?
It is specific only to specific antigens.
p.27
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is an antigenic determinant?
A part of an antigen recognizable by antibodies or leukocytes.
p.4
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What are the two main types of immune responses?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
p.17
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is one benefit of edema related to clotting factors?
Clotting factors can be delivered into the inflamed area due to increased vascular permeability.
p.29
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What do mature lymphocytes undergo in secondary lymphoid organs?
Activation, clonal expansion (proliferation), and differentiation.
p.47
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
When is an immune response considered secondary?
When there is a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen.
p.28
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What does self-tolerance mean for lymphocytes?
The ability to recognize self proteins weakly without being activated.
p.29
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What type of cell do mature B cells differentiate into?
Plasma cells and memory B cells.
p.5
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What constitutes the first line of innate defenses?
Barriers, including physical and chemical barriers.
p.8
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What do phagocytes form to engulf foreign particles?
Pseudopods, creating a phagosome.
p.30
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the significance of secondary lymphoid organs?
They are sites where immune responses are initiated.
p.33
Immune Cell Development and Activation
How do dendritic cells interact with pathogens?
They engulf pathogens that enter tissues.
p.24
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What types of cells do T cells primarily target?
Virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
p.33
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What is the key role of dendritic cells in immunity?
They are the key link between innate and adaptive immunity.
p.40
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of T cells in cellular immunity?
T cells are specific to one type of antigen and do not have antibodies as surface receptors.
p.58
Types of Immune Disorders
What autoimmune disease destroys pancreatic cells?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
p.31
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs?
They are sites for immune cell activation and proliferation.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
How does agglutination function in the immune response?
It minimizes the dissemination of pathogens.
p.15
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
Which pro-inflammatory chemicals make capillaries more permeable?
Histamine, prostaglandin, and kinin.
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
How are mast cells and basophils similar?
Both are structurally similar and induce allergies.
p.25
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is an antigenic determinant?
A portion of an antigen recognized by antibodies or leukocytes.
p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What is a key feature of adaptive immunity?
It develops a targeted response to specific pathogens.
p.22
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where do stem cells develop?
In bone marrow or in fetal liver.
p.49
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
How does the timing of antibody production in the secondary response compare to the primary response?
The secondary response is faster.
p.6
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What role do chemical barriers play in innate defense?
They trap microbes through secretions like mucus from mucous membranes.
p.18
Phagocytosis and Immune Response
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in neutrophils and monocytes that secrete leukocytosis inducing factors.
p.52
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the significance of the hinge region in antibodies?
The hinge region allows flexibility, enabling the antibody to bind effectively to antigens.
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the purpose of releasing pro-inflammatory chemicals?
To alert the immune system.
p.67
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is a key host defense mechanism against tuberculosis?
Activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.
p.30
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What are the two types of mature T cells?
Mature CD4 T cells and Mature CD8 T cells.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What causes SCID?
A genetic defect leading to a marked deficit in lymphocytes.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are natural killer (NK) cells?
Large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph.
p.45
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is required for the activation of B cells?
Helper T cells are required for B cell activation.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is one benefit of inflammation?
It prevents the spread of damaging agents.
p.45
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are the two main processes that activated B cells undergo?
Clonal expansion and differentiation.
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the role of the complement system?
To help eliminate infectious microorganisms.
p.45
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of plasma cells?
Plasma cells produce abundant antibodies.
p.19
Innate Defense Mechanisms
How does fever affect metabolic rate?
It increases metabolic rate, accelerating body repair and stimulating innate and adaptive immunity.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What role does inflammation play in tissue repair?
It sets the stage for repair.
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Where are local allergic reactions commonly found?
On the skin, respiratory, or gastrointestinal mucosa.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
How do antibodies enhance phagocytosis?
By coating microbes, making them recognizable to phagocytes.
p.36
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
How are mature B cells activated?
By helper T cells through antigen presentation.
p.3
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What type of immunity involves non-specific responses?
Innate or natural immunity.
p.47
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
What is immunological memory?
It is developed during the primary immune response, allowing for a faster and prolonged secondary response.
p.26
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are antigens?
Substances that can trigger an immune response, such as those found on bacterial cells.
p.37
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
How do MHC proteins help T cells?
They enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens rather than self molecules.
p.38
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Which T cells does Class I MHC present antigens to?
CD 8 T cells / cytotoxic T cells.
p.29
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where do mature lymphocytes circulate after differentiation?
In blood, lymph, and secondary lymphoid organs.
p.49
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
What is the main difference in antibody response between primary and secondary responses?
Primary response has a delay, while secondary response is faster and more prolonged.
p.6
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are some examples of secretions that act as chemical barriers?
Saliva, tears, sweat, sebum, and gastric juice.
p.42
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the primary function of Helper T cells?
To mediate/help both humoral and cellular immunity.
p.67
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What are common triggers for allergic contact dermatitis?
Poison ivy, nickel in jewelry, and cosmetic or deodorant chemicals.
p.33
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What do dendritic cells do after engulfing pathogens?
They enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells in lymph nodes.
p.67
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What symptoms are associated with allergic contact dermatitis?
Rash, itch, redness, and inflammation.
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the role of IgM?
It is the first induced antibody during early primary response.
p.59
Types of Immune Disorders
Which organs can be affected by systemic lupus erythematosus?
Kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What virus is responsible for AIDS?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
p.19
Innate Defense Mechanisms
How do pyrogens affect the body?
They raise the temperature set point in the thermostat of the hypothalamus.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What are autoimmune diseases?
Conditions that result in tissue injury when the immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
How does inflammation help the immune system?
It alerts the immune system.
p.20
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of phagocytosis in innate defense?
To engulf and destroy pathogens.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Heat, redness, swelling, and pain.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What triggers poststreptococcal rheumatic fever?
Antibodies against S. pyogenes that cross-react with host tissues like the heart and joints.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
How do antibodies activate the complement system?
Antibodies bind to pathogens, triggering the complement cascade that leads to lysis of bacteria.
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Why are local reactions common in certain areas of the body?
Because of abundant mast cells.
p.64
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is immediate (type I) hypersensitivity?
A reaction where the immune system releases chemicals that can lead to anaphylactic shock.
p.47
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
What happens to antibody production in memory B cells compared to the primary immune response?
Memory B cells produce much more antibodies much quicker and their production lasts longer.
p.22
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where do stem cells differentiate into B cells?
In adult red bone marrow.
p.17
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What causes the delivery of clotting factors to an inflamed area?
Increased vascular permeability.
p.26
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What are antigen determinants?
Specific parts of an antigen that are recognized by the immune system.
p.34
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the function of MHC in the immune response?
MHC molecules present antigens to T cells, crucial for T cell activation.
p.33
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?
They act as mobile patrols of boundary tissues.
p.5
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are the components of the second line of innate defenses?
Phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever.
p.51
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the primary function of antibodies?
To bind to specific antigens.
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are the five classes of antibodies?
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE).
p.2
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the first line of innate defense?
Physical and chemical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes.
p.63
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is the treatment for immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
Adrenaline (epinephrine), which alleviates bronchiole constriction.
p.32
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What are the three professional types of APCs?
Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.
p.50
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
How is naturally acquired passive immunity obtained?
Through antibodies received via breast milk or placenta.
p.19
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is one benefit of fever related to iron and zinc?
It makes the liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc, which are needed for microbial growth.
p.40
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What happens upon antigen recognition by T cells?
Activation of the T cells occurs.
p.58
Types of Immune Disorders
What is a common treatment approach for autoimmune diseases?
Suppressing the entire immune system.
p.20
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the significance of fever in the immune response?
To create an unfavorable environment for pathogens and enhance immune function.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the role of complement in bacterial lysis?
Complement proteins form pores in bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.
p.13
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the first stage of inflammation?
Release of pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.13
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the third stage of inflammation?
Recruitment of phagocytes.
p.35
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What role do macrophages play in activating CD4 T cells?
They present antigens to activate CD4 T cells.
p.35
Phagocytosis and Immune Response
What happens when macrophages are activated?
They become chief phagocytic cells.
p.64
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What can narrow the airways during anaphylactic shock?
The release of chemicals by the immune system.
p.35
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What do activated macrophages trigger?
Powerful inflammatory responses and recruit additional defenses.
p.29
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What types of cells do mature T cells differentiate into?
Effector cells (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells) and memory T cells.
p.63
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is anaphylactic shock?
A serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.
p.57
Types of Immune Disorders
What is an example of congenital immunodeficiency?
Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID).
p.32
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is the role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymphocyte activation?
APCs help make specific antigens recognizable by T cells.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is inflammation?
A tissue response and immune response to injury.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What causes subacute (type III) hypersensitivity?
Accumulation of immune complexes (host antigens + antibodies) in susceptible tissues.
p.16
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What does increased vascular permeability lead to?
Exudate fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies leaking into tissue.
p.2
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What processes are involved in immune cell development?
Development, maturation, activation, proliferation, and differentiation.
p.16
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
How does local edema contribute to pain?
It pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain.
p.2
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is opsonization?
The process of coating microbes with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
A mechanism where antibodies direct immune cells to kill infected or cancerous cells.
p.38
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where is Class I MHC found?
On the surface of all nucleated cells.
p.63
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is immediate (type I) hypersensitivity?
A systemic response that can result in anaphylactic shock.
p.33
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where are dendritic cells found?
In connective tissues and the epidermis.
p.30
Immunological Memory and Vaccination
What is the function of memory helper T cells?
To help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells upon re-exposure to an antigen.
p.34
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is clonal expansion in the context of T cells?
Clonal expansion is the process by which activated T cells proliferate to increase their numbers.
p.20
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are the first line of innate defenses?
Barriers, which include physical and chemical defenses.
p.33
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Why are dendritic cells important for T cell activation?
They are the most effective antigen presenters.
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What causes the symptoms of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity?
Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakiness.
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of IgA?
It stops pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells.
p.59
Types of Immune Disorders
Is systemic lupus erythematosus more common in men or women?
It is more common in women.
p.65
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What type of reaction is caused by subacute (type II) hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic (type II) reaction.
p.23
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What do antibodies bind to?
Target cells temporarily.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the mechanism of antibody neutralization?
Antibodies bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells.
p.20
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the purpose of inflammation in the immune response?
To increase blood flow and recruit immune cells to the site of infection.
p.2
Types of Immune Disorders
What are immune disorders?
Conditions that affect the immune system's ability to function properly.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What does inflammation dispose of?
Cell debris and pathogens.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
In addition to opsonization, what other role do complement proteins play?
They facilitate inflammation by releasing histamine.
p.7
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What constitutes the first line of innate defenses?
Barriers, which include physical and chemical barriers.
p.43
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What does granzyme do in the immune response?
Induces cell death by activating enzymes for apoptosis.
p.8
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome?
A lysosome containing lytic enzymes.
p.50
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is active humoral immunity?
Immunity that results from the body producing its own antibodies.
p.16
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is vasodilation?
The widening of blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow.
p.19
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is fever?
A body response to foreign invaders.
p.20
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What constitutes the second line of innate defenses?
Phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever.
p.32
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Can T cells recognize their antigens without APCs?
No, T cells cannot recognize their antigens without APCs.
p.5
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
What is considered the third line of defense in the immune system?
Adaptive defenses involving B and T lymphocytes.
p.31
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What are some examples of secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, genital tract, urinary tract.
p.24
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What happens to lymphocytes and macrophages when activated by T cells?
They are activated by the release of pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is rheumatoid arthritis associated with in terms of antibodies?
Antibodies (rheumatic factor) react with Ig Fc receptor on joint fibroblasts.
p.42
Immune Cell Development and Activation
How do Helper T cells activate CD8 T cells?
By helping them become cytotoxic T cells with the assistance of dendritic cells.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What condition is characterized by kidney inflammation due to antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane?
Glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What does IgE stimulate?
It stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine for inflammation and allergy.
p.23
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is one role of antibodies in the immune response?
To mark targets for phagocytes or complements for destruction.
p.15
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
How do pro-inflammatory chemicals enhance phagocytosis?
By utilizing complement proteins.
p.58
Types of Immune Disorders
What is a blocker of co-stimulation molecules used for?
To help in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
p.45
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is the role of IgD on B cells?
IgD acts as a surface receptor for binding to epitopes.
p.11
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What can trigger inflammation?
Trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections.
p.7
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What is considered the third line of immune defense?
Adaptive defenses involving B and T lymphocytes.
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What are common symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity?
Runny nose, itchy hives, or watery eyes.
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What role does IgD play?
It functions as a B cell receptor.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
How do NK cells identify their targets?
They attack cells that lack 'self' cell-surface receptors (MHC).
p.53
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of IgG?
It enhances phagocytosis and is a late induced antibody during late primary and secondary responses.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
How do NK cells kill their targets?
They induce apoptosis, rather than being phagocytic.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
What role does opsonization play in immunity?
It makes microbes recognizable for phagocytosis.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
In myasthenia gravis, what do antibodies react with?
Acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What do mast cells secrete?
Histamine, similar to basophils.
p.42
Immune Cell Development and Activation
Where is class II MHC present?
Only on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What can happen if an allergen is inhaled during immediate hypersensitivity?
Bronchoconstriction leading to asthma.
p.15
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is one action of pro-inflammatory chemicals?
Cause vasodilation of arterioles.
p.50
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
How is artificially acquired passive immunity obtained?
Through injection of antibodies.
p.65
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Give an example of subacute (type II) hypersensitivity.
Mismatched blood transfusion.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What type of chemicals do NK cells secrete?
Pro-inflammatory chemicals, such as interleukins.
p.58
Types of Immune Disorders
What is the role of co-stimulation in T cell activation?
It is important for the activation of T cells.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is agglutination in the context of antibodies?
The clumping of pathogens by antibodies, which enhances their clearance by the immune system.
p.2
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What is the second line of innate defense?
Inflammatory response and immune cells like phagocytes.
p.66
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What is the primary consequence of immune complex accumulation in tissues?
Inflammation that attracts neutrophils, resulting in tissue injury.
p.65
Hypersensitivity Reactions
What happens when antibodies bind to antigens on body cells in subacute hypersensitivity?
It stimulates phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of antigens.
p.14
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What are prostaglandins and kinins?
Types of pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.40
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What do CD4 T cells differentiate into?
Helper T cells and regulatory T cells.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of complement activation by antibodies?
It facilitates cell lysis of pathogens via cell pores.
p.15
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What effect do some pro-inflammatory chemicals have on pain receptors?
They may trigger pain receptors or promote the release of more pro-inflammatory chemicals.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is the function of epitopes in relation to antibodies?
Epitopes are specific parts of antigens that antibodies recognize and bind to.
p.58
Types of Immune Disorders
Which autoimmune disease affects multiple organs?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
p.23
Adaptive Defense Mechanisms
What types of targets do antibodies have?
Cellular targets and extracellular targets.
p.62
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Can allergic reactions be local or systemic?
Yes, they can be local or systemic.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
How do antibodies disable adhesion of microbes?
By binding to toxins and pathogens, preventing them from attaching to host cells.
p.15
Inflammation and Its Role in Immunity
What is the role of pro-inflammatory chemicals in leukocyte recruitment?
They recruit leukocytes to the inflamed area.
p.55
Antibodies and Their Functions
What is antibody-mediated cytotoxicity?
It enhances cell lysis by perforin and lytic enzymes.
p.10
Innate Defense Mechanisms
What are mast cells?
Granulocytes with histamine-rich granules.
p.40
Immune Cell Development and Activation
What is clonal expansion in T cells?
The process where activated T cells proliferate to increase their numbers.
p.56
Antibodies and Their Functions
What are perforin and lytic enzymes?
Proteins secreted by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells that enhance cell lysis.
