p.1
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What theory is the focus of Module No. 13?
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.
p.1
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What processes are involved in cognitive development according to Piaget?
Processes that enable transition.
p.1
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What section in the module discusses criticisms of Piaget's theory?
Critiques of Piaget’s Theory.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is a schema in Piaget’s theory?
A schema is a basic building block of intelligent behavior that helps organize and interpret information.
p.10
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What was Piaget primarily interested in regarding children's development?
How a child acquires knowledge.
p.5
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
How did Williams' study (1989) challenge Piaget's theory?
It showed that children could plan and solve problems earlier than Piaget suggested.
p.10
Stages of Cognitive Development
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Sensori-Motor, Pre-Operational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
p.8
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What factors did children need to consider in the Pendulum Task?
The length of the string, the weight, and the strength with which it was pushed.
p.2
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What did Piaget mean by children being 'lone scientists'?
Children can learn and develop through their interaction with the environment without needing adults.
p.6
Pre-Operational Stage Features and Limitations
What do children in the Pre-operational Stage focus more on?
Appearances rather than the underlying properties.
p.7
Concrete Operational Stage Development
What cognitive limitation do children face in the Concrete Operational Stage?
They have difficulty using concepts and applying them to abstract situations.
p.2
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory?
The module suggests evaluating the criticisms, but specific criticisms are not detailed here.
p.9
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What recent research has shown about object permanence in infants?
Babies achieve object permanence much earlier than Piaget believed.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What are the three major concepts in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
1. Schemas, 2. Processes that enable transition between stages, 3. The four stages of cognitive development.
p.2
Stages of Cognitive Development
What are the characteristics of Piaget's cognitive development stages?
Each stage is characterized by a qualitatively different type of thinking and behavior.
p.10
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What process was Piaget most concerned with in his research?
The process of maturation and development.
p.6
Pre-Operational Stage Features and Limitations
What is conservation in the context of cognitive development?
Understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in appearance.
p.10
Stages of Cognitive Development
What does Piaget's theory suggest about the capabilities of children at different stages?
Children show new and more advanced capabilities at each stage.
p.2
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does Piaget mean by cognitive development being cumulative?
A new experience is based on or grows from a previous learning experience.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is accommodation in Piaget’s theory?
Accommodation involves adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones when new information does not fit into current categories.
p.8
Formal Operational Stage and Abstract Thinking
What did Piaget observe about older children's problem-solving methods?
They varied one factor at a time to see its effect, similar to a scientific method.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What role do schemata play in everyday life?
Schemata help in simplifying and organizing information as well as guiding responses to different situations.
p.8
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
According to studies, what role does teaching play in cognitive development?
Teaching can significantly enhance the development of formal operational thought processes.
p.9
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What is a key criticism of Piaget's theory regarding children's abilities?
He underestimated children's abilities at each stage.
p.5
Stages of Cognitive Development
What are Tertiary Circular Reactions in infants (12-18 months)?
Infants understand cause and effect relationships, allowing for more creativity and flexibility in their actions.
p.10
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
Do children from different cultures follow Piaget's stages of cognitive development in the same order?
Yes, but the timing and length of the stages can differ.
p.6
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does symbolic functioning allow children to do?
Use one object to represent another.
p.6
Pre-Operational Stage Features and Limitations
What is egocentrism in children, according to Piaget?
The tendency to think only from one's own perspective.
p.5
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What did Bowler's study (1982) indicate about infants and object permanence?
Children show object permanence much earlier than Piaget proposed.
p.2
Stages of Cognitive Development
What does it mean that Piaget's stages are universal?
Children all over the world go through these stages in the same fashion.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
Assimilation is the process of fitting new information into an already existing schema.
p.7
Concrete Operational Stage Development
What does the Concrete Operational Stage entail?
Cognitive development stage where children aged 7-11 can perform conservation tasks and understand class inclusion.
p.10
Stages of Cognitive Development
What does each stage in Piaget's theory build upon?
Each stage builds on a previous stage.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is the relationship between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation adds new information to existing schemas, while accommodation modifies schemas to incorporate new information.
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
What characterizes the Primary Circular Actions substage?
The child is preoccupied with their own body and gains voluntary control over their actions.
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
What is the significance of the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions substage?
Children engage in goal-directed behavior and begin to understand cause-effect relationships.
p.9
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
Who is Piaget?
A highly influential researcher in cognitive development.
p.5
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does object permanence mean in Piaget's theory?
The understanding that an object continues to exist even though it is out of sight.
p.2
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What is the primary focus of Jean Piaget's research?
The influence of biology on child development and the origin of knowledge.
p.10
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What capacity do some people fail to develop according to research?
The capacity for formal reasoning.
p.5
Stages of Cognitive Development
What is deferred imitation?
The ability to copy behaviors observed in others when the model is absent.
p.2
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does Piaget's theory assume about the sequence of cognitive development stages?
Individuals follow the same sequences of stages regardless of individual differences.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is an example of a schema related to a cultural event?
The schema of Diwali includes images of lights, rangoli, and ideas related to pleasant weather and Lord Ram.
p.4
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What happens during disequilibrium in Piaget's theory?
The schema doesn't fit reality.
p.8
Formal Operational Stage and Abstract Thinking
What are children able to do in the Formal Operational Stage that they couldn't do before?
Think about abstract concepts without the presence of concrete objects.
p.7
Concrete Operational Stage Development
What is reversibility in Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage?
The ability to mentally reverse actions and operations.
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
What is the purpose of the innate reflexes in the Reflexes substage?
To keep the child active and to let the child live.
p.7
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What did the study by Tomlinson-Keasey (1978) find regarding conservation tasks?
It corroborated Piaget's findings that conservation occurs in a specific order.
p.9
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What findings have researchers discovered about egocentrism and conservation?
Children perform better with more interesting and clearer tasks.
p.5
Stages of Cognitive Development
What is symbolic thought in infants (18-24 months)?
The ability to mentally represent objects and anticipate the consequences of their actions.
p.5
Stages of Cognitive Development
What is the 'A not B search error'?
When a child looks for an object at its original location even after seeing it moved.
p.8
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What is a major criticism of Piaget's theory?
It does not acknowledge cross-cultural differences in cognitive development.
p.7
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does irreversibility refer to in the context of cognitive development?
The inability to mentally reverse or undo an operation.
p.7
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
Define egocentrism in children according to Piaget.
The tendency to think only from one's own point of view and to be unable to consider others' perspectives.
p.6
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
How did Piaget test children's understanding of conservation of liquid?
By using two different glasses with varying shapes and asking if the liquid amounts were the same.
p.5
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is the significance of the ability to mentally represent objects?
It allows children to search for objects they cannot see and understand their existence.
p.8
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What did Danner and Day (1977) find regarding formal operational tasks?
Training improved students' ability to perform these tasks around age 17.
p.9
Summary of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
What does Piaget's theory of cognitive development include?
Several distinct stages of cognitive development in children.
p.10
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What did Piaget overlook in his theory of cognitive development?
The role and influence of culture on cognitive development.
p.4
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What are the two processes involved in adaptation according to Piaget?
Assimilation and accommodation.
p.6
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What task did Piaget use to demonstrate egocentrism?
The Three Mountains Task.
p.10
Summary of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
How do individuals move through the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
All individuals move through these stages regardless of culture.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
How can assimilation lead to stereotyping?
When new information is generalized based on previous schemas, it can lead to incorrect assumptions about individuals.
p.4
Stages of Cognitive Development
What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Sensory-Motor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage.
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
What age range does the Sensory-Motor Stage cover?
From birth to approximately 2 years.
p.7
Concrete Operational Stage Development
How does decentration aid children's problem-solving abilities?
It involves focusing on various aspects of a problem to understand and solve it.
p.8
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What study highlighted the variability in the ability to think hypothetically among adolescents?
Martorano's study (1977).
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
What occurs during the Secondary Circular Reactions substage?
Children develop curiosity about objects in their surroundings and manipulate them, but without intentionality.
p.9
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What question arises about Piaget's stages due to some children's skill development?
Children can develop skills characteristic of more than one stage.
p.2
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
How does Piaget view the role of the child in cognitive development?
As an active participant who learns by doing or experimenting.
p.7
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What is centration in Piaget's theory?
The inability to focus on all aspects of a problem or object, leading a child to focus on only one aspect.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What do schemata help to do?
They help in representing and understanding aspects of the world.
p.4
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
What does cognitive equilibrium mean in Piaget's theory?
A balance between assimilation and accommodation.
p.8
Formal Operational Stage and Abstract Thinking
What abilities do children develop in the Formal Operational Stage?
The ability to think hypothetically and outside the box.
p.7
Pre-Operational Stage Features and Limitations
What is animism in the pre-operational stage?
The belief that inanimate objects are living.
p.2
Introduction to Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development
What role does the environment play in Piaget's theory?
The child interacts with the environment to develop cognitively.
p.3
Major Concepts: Schema, Assimilation, Accommodation
How does a child demonstrate accommodation when encountering a new animal?
Initially calling a cat a dog due to similarities, but later updating their schema to categorize it as a cat.
p.4
Sensory-Motor Stage Characteristics
How does a child primarily gather information during the Sensorimotor Stage?
Through sense organs and motor abilities.
p.7
Concrete Operational Stage Development
How do concrete objects facilitate children's understanding in tasks?
Children can perform operations only with tangible and real objects, making abstract tasks challenging.
p.7
Critiques of Piaget's Theory
What contrasting finding did Jahoda (1983) discover about cognitive development?
That even 9-year-old Zimbabwean children were skilled in conservation tasks, suggesting cultural influences.
