p.3
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the average daily water intake for adults?
Approximately 2,500 ml/day.
p.29
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is generally true about the osmolarity of body fluids?
All body fluids have the same osmolarity.
p.52
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What condition is often referred to as lymphedema?
Failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back into the blood.
p.23
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
How does the ionic composition differ between intracellular and extracellular fluids?
Intracellular fluid has high potassium and phosphate, while extracellular fluid has high sodium and chloride.
p.55
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What is one cause of decreased plasma proteins related to urine?
Loss of proteins in urine (nephrotic syndrome).
p.6
Physiological Variations in Body Water
How does the percentage of water in the body vary with age?
It decreases with age; infants have about 75-78% water.
p.31
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
Why might individuals with hypertension not develop edema despite high systemic blood pressure?
Hypertension can elevate systemic blood pressure without causing significant changes in capillary hydrostatic pressure in peripheral tissues.
p.15
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How do kidneys influence extracellular fluid volume?
By adjusting the excretion of water and electrolytes.
p.70
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What are the characteristics of a suitable tracer for measuring body fluid volumes?
Non-toxic, distributes only in the volume of interest, distributes evenly and rapidly, not metabolized or excreted, does not alter existing fluid distribution, and is measurable.
p.4
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How is body fluid volume regulated?
Through mechanisms such as thirst, hormone regulation, and kidney function.
p.13
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is the role of interstitial fluid pressure in fluid exchange?
It influences the movement of fluid into and out of the capillaries.
p.57
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What surgical factors can contribute to lymph return blockage?
Surgery that affects lymphatic vessels.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the two main fluid compartments in the body?
Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood.
p.1
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the main body fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
p.50
Intracellular and Extracellular Edema
What role does nutrition play in intracellular edema?
Lack of adequate nutrition to the cells can cause intracellular edema.
p.63
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
How is osmotic pressure measured?
Using a device called an osmometer, which quantifies the colligative properties of solutions.
p.10
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What are the main components of body fluids?
Water, electrolytes, proteins, and nutrients.
p.63
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
Why is osmotic pressure important in physiology?
It regulates the movement of water between body compartments, affecting hydration and nutrient transport.
p.28
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What causes fluid shifts between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Changes in pressure within the compartments.
p.2
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What determines the size of each fluid compartment?
Forces such as osmotic and hydrostatic pressures.
p.31
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What can cause individuals with small changes in pulmonary capillary pressures to develop pulmonary edema?
Left ventricle failure can lead to increased pulmonary capillary pressures, resulting in pulmonary edema.
p.7
Physiological Variations in Body Water
How does obesity affect total body water?
It generally decreases the percentage of total body water.
p.54
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What can lead to decreased arteriolar resistance?
Insufficiency of the sympathetic nervous system.
p.61
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What is the indicator-dilution principle?
A method used to measure the volume of body fluids by diluting a known quantity of indicator in the fluid.
p.28
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution with a higher osmotic pressure than another solution.
p.58
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What does the patient's frequent vomiting suggest in relation to her symptoms?
It may contribute to electrolyte imbalances.
p.57
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What type of infections can lead to blockage of lymph return?
Infections such as filarial nematodes.
p.42
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is a profound effect of hyponatremia on the body?
It affects tissue and organ functions, especially the brain.
p.42
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What happens if the brain volume increases by more than 10%?
It can lead to herniation, causing permanent brain injury and death.
p.33
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What body compartment changes in size due to fluid loss from diarrhea?
A. IV (Intravascular) and B. IC (Intracellular).
p.52
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What is a general cause of extracellular edema?
Abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries.
p.26
Membrane Characteristics
What is membrane permeability?
The ability of a membrane to allow substances to pass through it.
p.26
Membrane Characteristics
How does membrane permeability affect nutrient absorption?
It allows essential nutrients to enter the cell while keeping harmful substances out.
p.2
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the body's fluid compartments?
The distinct areas in the body where fluids are contained, such as intracellular and extracellular compartments.
What type of membrane is involved in the Gibbs-Donnan effect?
A semipermeable membrane.
p.27
Physiological Variations in Body Water
What role do osmotic forces play in cellular function?
They help maintain cell shape and function by controlling water movement.
p.10
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
How does the composition of body fluids vary between compartments?
Different concentrations of electrolytes and proteins in intracellular and extracellular fluids.
p.2
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How does the ingestion of salt and water affect the body's fluid compartments?
It changes the size and/or composition of the compartments.
p.11
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the permeability of capillaries to plasma proteins?
Capillaries have a low permeability to plasma proteins.
p.4
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
Which hormones are primarily involved in the regulation of body fluids?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone.
p.15
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the relationship between kidney function and hydration status?
Kidneys adjust urine output based on hydration levels.
p.61
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the ionic composition of intracellular fluids?
High in potassium and phosphate ions.
p.12
Membrane Characteristics
What role do proteins play in cell membrane pressure dynamics?
Proteins can influence osmotic pressure by affecting solute concentration.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is hyponatremia?
A clinical condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is transcellular fluid?
Fluid found in specialized compartments such as CSF, intraocular, pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and digestive secretions.
p.56
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What role do bacterial infections play in capillary permeability?
Bacterial infections can lead to increased capillary permeability.
p.53
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What conditions can lead to excessive kidney retention of salt and water?
Acute or chronic kidney failure and mineralocorticoid excess.
p.1
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the two main components of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid and plasma.
What happens to permeable ions due to the presence of non-diffusible particles like proteins?
It results in the asymmetric distribution of permeable ions.
p.69
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What is the first step in the indicator dilution method?
Administer a known quantity of indicator.
p.14
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in capillary function?
It facilitates the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space.
p.30
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the effect on intracellular potassium concentration when ATP-dependent Na/K pumps are not functioning?
Intracellular potassium concentration decreases.
p.27
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is the significance of osmotic forces in medical conditions?
They are crucial in understanding conditions like edema and dehydration.
p.30
Membrane Characteristics
What is the primary energy source for Na/K pumps in cells?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.37
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What happens to extracellular osmolarity when a hypertonic solution is added?
Extracellular osmolarity increases.
What does the Gibbs-Donnan effect describe?
The behavior of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane that sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides.
p.57
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
How can cancer affect lymphatic return?
It can cause blockage of lymph return.
p.13
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is the effect of decreased plasma oncotic pressure?
It can also contribute to edema by reducing the reabsorption of fluid into the capillaries.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid outside of cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma.
p.59
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What can excessive vomiting lead to?
Large losses in fluid and electrolytes.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is synovial fluid?
Fluid found in joint cavities that reduces friction between articular cartilage.
p.38
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What happens to the volume of ICF and ECF after adding a hypotonic solution?
Both ICF and ECF volumes increase.
p.62
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How does patience affect listening skills?
It enhances the ability to fully comprehend and process information.
p.33
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the effect of profuse diarrhea on body weight?
It causes a decrease in body weight due to fluid loss.
p.63
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure required to prevent the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to solute concentration differences.
p.72
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
Why is sodium space or inulin space used in measurements?
To account for the diffusion of sodium into cells.
p.63
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What factors influence osmotic pressure?
The concentration of solutes in the solution and the temperature.
p.27
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What are osmotic forces?
Forces that drive the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane due to solute concentration differences.
p.43
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What happens to the brain and other tissues when hyponatremia develops slowly over several days?
They respond by transporting sodium, chloride, and organic solutes, such as glutamate, from the cells into the extracellular compartment.
p.28
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
When does fluid flow occur in the body?
Only when there is a difference in pressure.
p.15
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How do kidneys contribute to acid-base balance?
By excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
p.13
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is the primary force driving fluid out of the capillaries?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure.
p.61
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
How do extracellular and intracellular fluids contrast in ionic composition?
Extracellular fluid is rich in sodium and chloride, while intracellular fluid is rich in potassium and phosphate.
p.12
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
How do osmotic and hydrostatic pressures interact?
They balance each other to regulate fluid movement across the membrane.
p.42
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What neurological symptoms can hyponatremia cause?
Headache, nausea, lethargy, and disorientation.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is interstitial fluid?
Fluid that surrounds the cells in tissues.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
How can hypernatremia be treated?
By rehydrating the patient and gradually lowering sodium levels.
p.56
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
How do burns affect capillary permeability?
Burns can lead to increased capillary permeability.
p.29
Membrane Characteristics
What is the permeability of plasma membranes to water?
Plasma membranes are freely permeable to water.
p.5
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the typical vapor pressure of inspired air?
Usually less than 47 mm Hg.
p.26
Membrane Characteristics
Why is membrane permeability important for cells?
It regulates the movement of ions and molecules, maintaining homeostasis.
p.39
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What happens to fluid volume during dehydration?
Fluid volume decreases, leading to increased osmolality.
p.53
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What are some factors that can lead to failure of venous pumps?
Paralysis of muscles, immobilization of parts of the body, and failure of venous valves.
p.49
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
How common is hypernatremia compared to hyponatremia?
Hypernatremia is much less common than hyponatremia.
p.6
Physiological Variations in Body Water
What factors can influence the percentage of water in the body?
Gender, age, and body composition.
p.61
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the major fluid compartments of the body?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
p.15
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What role do kidneys play in maintaining osmotic balance?
They regulate the concentration of solutes in body fluids.
p.70
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
Why should a tracer be non-toxic when measuring body fluid volumes?
To ensure safety and avoid harmful effects on the body.
p.61
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the ionic composition of extracellular fluids?
High in sodium and chloride ions.
p.37
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What happens to the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF) when a hypertonic solution is added?
There is an increase in ECF volume greater than the volume of fluid added.
p.13
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is Starling's Law related to?
The balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures across the vascular wall.
p.41
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is a cause of excess water retention that can lead to hyponatremia?
Increased ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone).
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What causes hyponatremia?
Excessive fluid intake, certain medications, or underlying health conditions.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
How can hyponatremia be treated?
By restricting fluid intake and administering sodium supplements.
p.38
Physiological Variations in Body Water
Which compartment experiences a greater increase in volume after adding a hypotonic solution?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) increases to a greater extent.
p.3
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What are the main sources of daily water intake?
Beverages, food, and metabolic processes.
p.5
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How does cold weather affect atmospheric vapor pressure?
It decreases to nearly 0, causing increased water loss from the lungs.
p.5
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
Why do we feel drier in cold weather?
Due to increased water loss from the lungs as temperature decreases.
p.1
Body Fluid Compartments
What is the primary function of body fluid compartments?
To maintain homeostasis and facilitate cellular functions.
p.55
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What liver condition can result in failure to produce proteins?
Liver disease, such as cirrhosis.
p.49
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
When do severe symptoms of hypernatremia typically manifest?
With rapid and large increases in plasma sodium concentration.
p.69
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What formula is used to calculate volume of distribution?
Volume (V) = Quantity (Q) / Concentration (C).
p.32
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What effect does poisoning Na/K ATPases have on ion balance?
It disrupts the normal ion balance, leading to an influx of water and cell swelling.
p.31
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How do systemic blood pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure differ in their effects on edema?
Systemic blood pressure affects peripheral tissues, while pulmonary capillary pressure directly influences fluid dynamics in the lungs, leading to different edema responses.
p.11
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
How are the concentrations of ions in plasma and interstitial fluid considered for practical purposes?
They are considered similar.
p.57
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What congenital issues can lead to lymphatic return blockage?
Congenital absence or abnormality of lymphatic vessels.
p.42
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What severe outcomes can result from brain swelling due to hyponatremia?
Seizures, coma, permanent brain damage, and death.
p.36
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What happens to sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) levels when saline solution is added to the ECF?
They remain constant and stay in the ECF.
p.24
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
Why is maintaining extracellular fluid (ECF) volume critical?
It is essential for maintaining blood pressure.
Who are the scientists associated with the Gibbs-Donnan effect?
Josiah Gibbs and Frederick Donnan.
p.10
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What role do electrolytes play in body fluids?
They help maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
p.26
Membrane Characteristics
What factors can affect membrane permeability?
Temperature, lipid composition, and the presence of specific proteins.
p.15
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the primary function of the kidneys in relation to body fluid compartments?
To regulate the volume and composition of body fluids.
p.30
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
How does the intracellular concentration of sodium change when Na/K pumps fail?
Intracellular sodium concentration increases.
p.54
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What effect does decreased arteriolar resistance have on capillary pressure?
It increases capillary pressure.
p.58
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What are the symptoms presented by the 15-year-old female?
Headache, polyuria, and grand mal seizures.
p.14
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is the net filtration pressure in peripheral capillaries?
The difference between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure.
p.70
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What does it mean for a tracer to distribute evenly and rapidly?
It ensures that the tracer accurately reflects the volume of interest without delay or uneven distribution.
p.37
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the effect of osmosis when a hypertonic solution is added to the ECF?
Water moves out of the cells and into the extracellular compartment.
p.11
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
Where do negatively charged ions (anions) tend to have a higher concentration?
In the interstitial fluid (ISF).
p.13
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What happens when capillary hydrostatic pressure increases?
It can lead to edema due to excess fluid leaving the capillaries.
p.41
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What can result from the overuse of diuretics?
Loss of sodium leading to hyponatremia.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is hypernatremia?
A clinical condition characterized by high sodium levels in the blood.
p.56
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
How can toxins affect capillary permeability?
Toxins can increase capillary permeability.
p.59
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is expected in patients with diabetes insipidus regarding serum osmolality?
It is expected to be high.
p.25
Membrane Characteristics
What serves as the barrier between extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?
The plasma membranes of cells.
p.50
Intracellular and Extracellular Edema
How can depression of metabolic systems lead to intracellular edema?
It can occur due to ischemic conditions in tissues.
p.53
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What is one cause of increased capillary pressure?
Excessive kidney retention of salt and water.
p.53
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What can cause high venous pressure?
Heart failure, venous obstruction, and venous constriction.
p.27
Body Fluid Compartments
How do osmotic forces affect body fluids?
They regulate the distribution of water between body compartments.
p.43
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
How can osmosis-mediated demyelination of neurons be avoided in chronic hyponatremia?
By limiting the correction to less than 10 to 12 mmol/L in 24 hours and less than 18 mmol/L in 48 hours.
p.39
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What physiological condition can result from changes in fluid volume?
Edema can occur due to excess fluid volume.
p.2
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How do water and particles cross barriers between compartments?
Through processes like diffusion and osmosis.
p.55
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What type of malnutrition can lead to decreased plasma proteins?
Serious protein or caloric malnutrition.
p.4
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What role does the kidney play in fluid regulation?
It filters blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance.
p.70
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
How does a tracer not alter existing fluid distribution?
By being designed to only measure without affecting the body's natural fluid balance.
p.12
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity.
p.42
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What condition is caused by hyponatremia?
Cell edema (overhydration).
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?
Thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, and in severe cases, seizures.
p.38
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What occurs when water diffuses into the cells after adding a hypotonic solution?
The intracellular and extracellular compartments reach the same osmolarity.
p.62
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the significance of patience in communication?
It allows for better understanding and fosters a respectful dialogue.
p.52
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What is a common clinical cause of interstitial fluid accumulation?
Excessive capillary fluid filtration.
p.3
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How does physical activity affect daily water output?
Increases water loss through sweat.
p.4
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the major body fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.39
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the relationship between fluid volume and osmolality?
As fluid volume decreases, osmolality increases, and vice versa.
p.43
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What is the recommended limit for correcting chronic hyponatremia in 24 hours?
Less than 10 to 12 mmol/L.
p.4
Body Fluid Compartments
What are the two main subdivisions of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid and plasma.
p.32
Membrane Characteristics
What is the role of Na/K ATPases in cells?
They help maintain the balance of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.
p.6
Physiological Variations in Body Water
How does body fat percentage affect water content?
Higher body fat percentage typically results in lower total body water.
p.28
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution with the same osmotic pressure as another solution.
p.70
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
Why is it important that a tracer is not metabolized or excreted?
To maintain a consistent measurement of the fluid volume over time.
p.37
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What happens to osmolarity in both compartments after adding a hypertonic solution?
Osmolarity increases in both compartments.
What is the significance of the Gibbs-Donnan effect in cell membranes?
It describes how the distribution of ions affects osmotic pressure and fluid movement.
p.56
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What is one cause of increased capillary permeability?
Immune reactions that cause the release of histamine and other immune products.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What are digestive secretions?
Fluids produced in the digestive system to aid in digestion.
p.72
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What term is often used instead of true extracellular fluid volume?
Sodium space or inulin space.
p.3
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the average daily water output for adults?
Approximately 2,500 ml/day.
p.3
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What are the primary routes of daily water output?
Urine, sweat, respiration, and feces.
p.5
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How much can evaporation increase in individuals with extensive burns?
It can increase as much as 10 times, to 3 to 5 L/day.
p.26
Membrane Characteristics
What role does membrane permeability play in drug delivery?
It influences how effectively drugs can enter cells and exert their effects.
p.55
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What skin conditions can lead to loss of plasma proteins?
Denuded skin areas such as burns and wounds.
p.30
Physiological Variations in Body Water
What happens to a cell's size when it loses its ability to run ATP-dependent Na/K pumps?
The cell size increases (swells).
p.39
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is osmolality?
A measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution.
p.28
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What are the three types of body fluids?
Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.
p.31
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in the development of edema?
Increased hydrostatic pressure can lead to fluid leakage from capillaries into surrounding tissues, causing edema.
p.2
Membrane Characteristics
What unique characteristics of the kidney allow separation of particle movement from water movement?
The kidney's specialized structures and functions, such as selective permeability.
p.11
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
Where is the concentration of protein higher, plasma or interstitial fluid?
Higher concentration of protein is in the plasma.
p.11
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the difference in concentration of positively charged ions (cations) between plasma and interstitial fluid?
Cations are slightly greater (about 2%) in the plasma.
p.57
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What are some causes of blockage of lymph return?
Cancer, infections (e.g., filarial nematodes), surgery, congenital absence or abnormality of lymphatic vessels.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
Nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is the role of pleural fluid?
To lubricate the pleural cavity and facilitate lung movement.
p.59
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What symptoms are typical of hypocortisolism?
Hyperkalemia, hyperosmolality, and hyperpigmentation.
p.29
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
What happens to osmotic concentration differences between ICF and ECF?
They cannot be sustained.
What does the Gibbs-Donnan effect describe?
The behavior of charged particles across a semipermeable membrane.
p.69
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What is the principle behind measuring body fluid volumes?
Indicator dilution method.
p.39
Fluid Regulation and Daily Intake/Output
How does overhydration affect osmolality?
Overhydration decreases osmolality.
p.2
Membrane Characteristics
What separates each fluid compartment in the body?
Unique membrane characteristics.
p.69
Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes
What is measured to calculate the volume of distribution?
Concentration of the indicator.
p.27
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration?
Higher solute concentration results in higher osmotic pressure.
p.14
Fluid Pressures and Starling’s Law
How does oncotic pressure affect fluid movement in capillaries?
It pulls fluid back into the capillaries from the interstitial space.
p.61
Physiological Variations in Body Water
How do the fluid volumes differ between an average young adult man and woman?
Men generally have a higher total body water volume compared to women due to greater muscle mass.
p.28
Ionic Composition of Body Fluids
What characterizes a hypotonic solution?
It has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution.
p.37
Physiological Variations in Body Water
What happens to intracellular fluid (ICF) volume when a hypertonic solution is added?
There is a decrease in ICF volume.
p.40
Clinical Abnormalities: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
What causes hypernatremia?
Dehydration, excessive salt intake, or certain medical conditions.
p.8
Body Fluid Compartments
What is peritoneal fluid?
Fluid found in the peritoneal cavity, which helps reduce friction between abdominal organs.
p.56
Extracellular and Intracellular Edema
What effect does prolonged ischemia have on capillary permeability?
Prolonged ischemia can increase capillary permeability.
