p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What characterizes a dilute solution?
It contains a small amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is crystallization?
The process of forming crystals from a saturated solution.
What passes through the filter paper during filtration?
Particles of water (solvent) and dissolved salts.
What remains on the filter paper after filtration?
Insoluble solids, like mud.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the flame test used for?
To test for the presence of metal ions in ionic compounds.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the primary method used to extract common salt from seawater?
Evaporation and crystallization.
What is filtration?
A method that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What types of substances, other than salts, are dissolved in sea water?
Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and organic substances like urea.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What do you do after moistening the wire in a flame test?
Dip the wire into a crushed sample of the substance to be tested.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What type of flame is used in a flame test?
A non-luminous Bunsen flame.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What are some examples of separation methods?
Decantation, Filtration, Evaporation, Crystallization.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
How do scientists abbreviate 'aqueous solution'?
They commonly abbreviate it as 'solution'.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What defines a concentrated solution?
It contains a large amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How does sodium chloride obtained by crystallization compare to that obtained by evaporation?
It contains less impurities.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the steam in the condenser during distillation?
The steam is cooled by cold running water and condenses to pure water.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is sea water classified as?
A mixture that contains many different dissolved substances, regarded as a solution.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is a soluble substance?
A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What does the silver nitrate test indicate?
Whether a compound contains halide ions such as chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the purpose of cold running water in the Quickfit distillation setup?
To provide a better cooling effect for the steam.
What is collected after the filtration process?
The sea water that passes through the filter paper.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What precipitate forms when iodide ions are present?
A yellow precipitate (silver iodide, AgI).
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What are the two key aspects compared in the extraction methods?
The form and purity of the salt obtained.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the liquid during distillation?
Only the liquid vaporizes.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What is the purpose of using a separation method?
To separate and obtain substances from a mixture.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How do you know if a solution is saturated enough to form crystals?
Dip a glass rod in the solution; if small solids form on the rod, the solution is saturated.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is a solution?
A mixture formed when one or more substances (the solute(s)) dissolve in another substance (the solvent).
What does filtration separate from liquids?
Fine and tiny insoluble solids.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that has dissolved all the solute it can at a given temperature.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
How can you identify the metal element present in the sample during a flame test?
By observing the flame color produced.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What precipitate forms when bromide ions are present?
A pale yellow precipitate (silver bromide, AgBr).
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
Name two other salts found in sea water.
Magnesium chloride and sodium sulphate.
How is decantation performed?
The solid is allowed to settle, and the liquid on top is carefully poured off.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does the table in the study notes compare?
Methods of evaporation and crystallization in extracting common salt from seawater.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What is the first step in the silver nitrate test procedure?
Dissolve a solid sample in deionized water.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What type of methods are decantation, filtration, evaporation, and crystallization?
Physical methods, as no new substances are formed.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules?
To prevent bumping during boiling.
What is a limitation of decantation?
It cannot separate fine and tiny solids from the liquid.
What is the quality of the liquid obtained from decantation?
Usually a turbid liquid with tiny solids.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
Why is excess dilute nitric acid added in the silver nitrate test?
To prevent the formation of other precipitates like silver carbonate and silver sulphite.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What can happen if bumping occurs during distillation?
Some sea water may splash out into the receiver test tube.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the first step in conducting a flame test?
Moisten a clean platinum or nichrome wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the first technique used in crystallization?
Slow cooling of a hot saturated solution.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an insoluble substance?
A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
Is water the only solvent?
No, water is an example of a solvent; there are other solvents like propanone and heptane.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What defines a crystal?
A solid with a regular shape, smooth flat faces, and straight edges.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is left behind after the distillation process?
A mixture of salts, referred to as the residue.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
In a salt solution, what is the solute and what is the solvent?
Salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What happens when copper(II) sulphate crystals are added to a dilute solution?
The solution becomes more concentrated until it reaches saturation.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is collected in the conical flask during distillation?
The pure water that distils over, known as the distillate.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does evaporation refer to?
The change of a liquid to vapor at a temperature below its boiling point.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
How is common salt obtained quickly in the laboratory?
By heating filtered sea water to dryness.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution formed when a solute is dissolved in water.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What indicates the presence of chloride ions in the silver nitrate test?
The appearance of a white precipitate (silver chloride, AgCl).
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What is the main salt found in sea water?
Sodium chloride (common salt).
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What happens during the slow evaporation of sea water at room temperature?
The sea water becomes more concentrated and eventually saturated, leading to the formation of salt crystals.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What can distillation separate besides pure water from sea water?
A mixture of two or more liquids with a great difference in boiling points.
What is decantation?
A quick but rough method of separating a dense insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What type of sodium chloride is obtained when sea water is heated to dryness?
An impure sodium chloride.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What other salts might be present in the impure sodium chloride obtained from sea water?
Magnesium chloride and others.
