p.20
Reproduction in Protozoa
What role does conjugation play in ciliates?
It increases genetic diversity.
p.41
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
What is the status of vaccination for preventing protozoal infections?
Limited availability and use.
p.32
Importance of Protozoa in Veterinary Health
What is the significance of Cystoisospora in veterinary health?
It is a protozoan parasite affecting animals.
p.7
Classification of Protozoa
What is a Rhizopod?
A type of protozoan characterized by its amoeboid movement.
p.5
Definition of Protozoa
What role do protozoa play in health?
They play an important role in the health and disease of both animals and humans.
p.17
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
How can protozoal infections be transmitted sexually?
Through sexual contact between host animals.
p.16
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
How can protozoa be transmitted through ingestion?
By consuming raw or undercooked meat containing the infective stage.
p.21
Reproduction in Protozoa
What condition in puppies is associated with Coccidia?
Coccidia sheds in puppies.
p.10
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What is the primary function of cilia in Ciliates?
To facilitate movement and feeding.
p.24
Reproduction in Protozoa
Can protozoa reproduce sexually?
Yes, some protozoa can reproduce sexually through processes like conjugation.
p.6
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
Why are protozoa significant in terms of zoonosis and public health?
They include pathogens like Giardia, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium.
p.37
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
What are Babesia spp. known for?
They are protozoan parasites that infect animals and humans.
p.39
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
Why is differential diagnosis of protozoal infections challenging?
Because they present with nonspecific symptoms.
p.24
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is the primary method of reproduction in protozoa?
Asexual reproduction, primarily through binary fission.
p.18
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What occurs during blood transfusion that can transmit protozoa?
Infective parasite stage occurring in blood products.
p.18
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What is autoinfection in the context of intestinal parasites?
Internal reinfection by intestinal parasites.
p.24
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is conjugation in protozoa?
A sexual reproduction process where two organisms exchange genetic material.
p.24
Reproduction in Protozoa
What factors can influence protozoal reproduction?
Environmental conditions such as temperature, nutrient availability, and population density.
p.33
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What role does the intermediate host play in an indirect life cycle?
It carries the immature development stage and transfers the parasite to the definitive host.
p.43
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What is an advantage of the wet mount/smear diagnostic test?
B. Allows observation of motile stage.
p.25
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is an indirect life cycle in parasitology?
A life cycle where a parasite requires two or more species of host (definitive and intermediate) to complete its development.
p.10
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What type of locomotion do Rhizopods use?
Amoeboid movement through pseudopodia.
p.20
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is a notable feature of ciliate reproduction?
Ciliates can reproduce asexually through binary fission as well.
p.41
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
What is being researched to improve vaccination against protozoal infections?
Safe and long-lasting vaccines.
p.6
Importance of Protozoa in Veterinary Health
How do protozoa impact veterinary health?
They affect health, production, productivity, and overall well-being in livestock and companion animals.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What is a wet mount/smear used for in diagnostic methods?
To observe the motile stage of protozoa.
p.9
Classification of Protozoa
What are the defining characteristics of ciliates?
Presence of hair-like organelles called cilia and two types of nuclei (macro and micronucleus).
p.30
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What are the two types of oocysts in the life cycle of certain protozoa?
Unsporulated Oocyst and Sporulated Oocyst.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What does PCR stand for in diagnostic methods?
Polymerase Chain Reaction.
p.5
Definition of Protozoa
What are protozoa?
Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that can live extracellular or intracellular.
p.38
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
What is zoonosis?
A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.
p.23
Reproduction in Protozoa
Which protozoa commonly reproduce by binary fission?
Rhizopods (amoeba), flagellates, and ciliates.
p.6
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
In what types of environments can protozoa be found?
Contaminated water, unpasteurized milk, juice, and soil.
p.34
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What happens to the parasite within the arthropod vector?
It undergoes a period of development before being passed to a definitive host.
p.9
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
How do cilia move?
In an undulating pattern.
p.13
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
Do sporozoans have motion?
No, they have no free-living motile stage.
p.11
Classification of Protozoa
What are flagellates?
Protozoa organisms with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
p.1
Definition of Protozoa
What is the best definition of protozoa?
C. A single celled, microscopic, eukaryotic organism.
p.16
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What is the fecal-oral mode of transmission?
Contamination of food and water with feces containing the infective stages.
p.20
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is conjugation in ciliates?
A process where two ciliates exchange genetic material.
p.7
Classification of Protozoa
What are the major groups of protozoa based on locomotion?
Rhizopod, Ciliate, Flagellate, Sporozoan.
p.24
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is binary fission?
A process where a single organism divides into two identical organisms.
p.7
Classification of Protozoa
What is a Ciliate?
A type of protozoan that moves using hair-like structures called cilia.
p.6
Importance of Protozoa in Veterinary Health
What are the consequences of protozoal infections in animals?
They lead to morbidity, mortality, and economic loss.
p.6
Importance of Protozoa in Veterinary Health
What is a key characteristic of protozoa that affects their impact on health?
They reproduce rapidly and adapt to various environments.
p.23
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is longitudinal binary fission?
A type of fission where the organism divides along its length.
p.8
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
How do Rhizopods move?
Using pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions).
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What is the rapid enzyme immune assay (EIA) used for?
To quickly detect protozoal infections.
p.13
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What type of life cycle do sporozoans have?
A complicated life cycle with asexual and sexual generations in the host.
p.13
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What types of life cycles do sporozoans exhibit?
Direct and indirect life cycles.
p.11
Importance of Protozoa in Veterinary Health
Where do most flagellates live?
Most are extracellular, but a few are intracellular and live in macrophages.
p.17
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What is a vector-borne mode of transmission?
Transmission through the bite of an infected arthropod.
p.21
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is syngamy in the context of sporozoans?
A form of reproduction involving the fusion of gametes.
p.35
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
Can you name examples of protozoa with an indirect life cycle?
Leishmania spp. and Babesia spp.
p.10
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What is a characteristic feature of Rhizopods?
They can change shape due to the formation of pseudopodia.
p.37
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What is a common vector for Babesia spp. infections?
Different types of ticks.
p.19
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is syngamy?
The complete fusion of genetic material from two gametes to form a zygote.
p.23
Reproduction in Protozoa
What are the two types of binary fission?
Longitudinal and transverse.
p.36
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is essential for the life cycle of Leishmania spp.?
Biting arthropods, specifically mosquitoes.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What is the purpose of blood smears in diagnostics?
To detect protozoal infections in the blood.
p.8
Reproduction in Protozoa
How do Rhizopods reproduce?
Asexually via binary fission.
p.9
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What are the two stages in the life cycle of ciliates?
Cyst and trophozoite stages.
p.17
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What is vertical transmission in the context of protozoal infections?
Transmission from mother to fetus.
p.35
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What occurs during the life cycle stages within the host and intermediate vector host?
Asexual multiplication in vertebrate and arthropod hosts, and sexual reproduction in the arthropod vector.
p.39
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What factors are used to distinguish protozoal infections?
Clinical signs, history, and laboratory tests.
p.28
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is a direct life cycle in parasitic infections?
Transmission of a parasitic infection to a definitive host directly without requiring an intermediate host.
p.4
Definition of Protozoa
What is the characteristic of the zoite stage in protozoa?
It is a cyclic motile stage.
p.38
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
Why are zoonotic protozoa significant?
They are of public health significance.
p.12
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
Can you name a characteristic feature of flagellates?
They possess one or more flagella.
p.34
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What are the organisms that transmit protozoa infections?
Blood-sucking arthropods, such as flies and ticks.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What does fecal flotation help identify?
The resistant, cyst stage of protozoa.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
p.30
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
Can you name examples of protozoa with a direct life cycle?
Eimeria, Isospora, and Cryptosporidium.
p.25
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is a direct life cycle in parasitology?
A life cycle where a parasite requires only a definitive single host to complete its development.
p.10
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
How do Ciliates move?
Using hair-like structures called cilia.
p.7
Classification of Protozoa
What is a Flagellate?
A type of protozoan that moves using whip-like structures called flagella.
p.4
Definition of Protozoa
What is the difference between trophozoite and cyst stages?
Trophozoite is motile and feeding, while cyst is non-motile.
p.33
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
How many hosts are involved in completing an indirect life cycle?
More than one host (definitive and intermediate).
p.8
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What life stages do Rhizopods cycle between?
Cyst and trophozoite stages.
p.13
Reproduction in Protozoa
What does sexual reproduction in sporozoans involve?
Fusion of dissimilar gametes producing a non-parasitic, environmentally resistant form called oocyst.
p.11
Definition of Protozoa
What is the shape of flagellates?
Elongated, torpedo-shaped form.
p.19
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is conjugation in sexual reproduction?
The exchange of genetic material between two cells, involving temporary fusion without forming a new organism.
p.23
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is binary fission?
A method of asexual reproduction where an organism divides into two parts.
p.28
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
Can you name examples of parasites with a direct life cycle?
Giardia and Tritrichomonas.
p.22
Reproduction in Protozoa
How can binary fission occur in protozoa?
It can divide longitudinally or transversely.
p.30
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What are the phases of reproduction in a direct life cycle?
Distinct sequential phases of asexual followed by sexual reproduction.
p.9
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
When may cilia occur in the life cycle of ciliates?
They may occur in only part of the life cycle.
p.13
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is asexual reproduction in sporozoans?
A process involving multi-nuclear division known as schizogony.
p.13
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
In which animals are Toxoplasma gondii commonly found?
Common in puppies and kittens.
p.28
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What are the two stages in the life cycle of a parasite with a direct life cycle?
Motile, feeding, reproducing stage (Trophozoite) and non-motile, resistant, resting, infective stage (Cyst).
p.38
Zoonosis and Public Health Significance
Name three examples of zoonotic protozoa.
Giardia, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium.
p.23
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is transverse binary fission?
A type of fission where the organism divides across its width.
p.22
Reproduction in Protozoa
What happens during multiple fission (schizogony)?
The nucleus divides repeatedly before the cytoplasm divides, forming smaller uninucleate merozoites.
p.8
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is the feeding method of Rhizopods?
They feed by phagocytosis extracellularly.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What does indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) help diagnose?
Protozoal infections using antibodies.
p.42
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
What type of medications are used to treat protozoal infections?
Antiprotozoal medications.
p.42
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
Why is supportive care important in treating protozoal infections?
It promotes recovery by addressing hydration, nutrition, and environmental factors.
p.18
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What does iatrogenic transmission refer to?
Transfusion of protozoa infective stage after organ transplant or through contaminated medical equipment.
p.7
Classification of Protozoa
What is a Sporozoan?
A type of protozoan that is typically non-motile and often parasitic.
p.22
Reproduction in Protozoa
What is budding in protozoa?
A new organism produced from a small outgrowth from the parent cell, which is ejected when mature.
p.40
Diagnostic Methods for Protozoal Infections
What is the function of direct fluorescent antibody tests?
To identify specific protozoa in samples.
p.9
Reproduction in Protozoa
What are the methods of reproduction in ciliates?
Asexual reproduction (binary fission or budding) and sexual reproduction (conjugation).
p.11
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What types of life cycles do flagellates have?
Direct and Indirect life cycles.
p.12
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What are flagella?
Long, whip-like structures that enable movement in flagellates.
p.38
Modes of Transmission of Protozoa
What are the modes of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?
Fecal oral, vertical (transplacental), ingestion of infective stage in meat, unwashed fruit and vegetables.
p.13
Classification of Protozoa
What are sporozoans?
A large group of parasitic, one-celled protozoa.
p.8
Classification of Protozoa
Name two examples of Rhizopods.
Entamoeba histolytica and E. invadens.
p.9
Classification of Protozoa
Can you name an example of a ciliate?
Balantidium coli or Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
p.11
Classification of Protozoa
Can you name some examples of flagellates?
Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp., Giardia spp., Tritrichomonas spp.
p.34
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is the role of vectors in protozoa infections?
They transmit protozoa infections from one host to another.
p.30
Life Cycle Characteristics of Protozoa
What is a direct life cycle in parasitic infections?
Transmission of a parasitic infection to a definitive host directly without requiring an intermediate host.
p.9
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What is the typical size and quantity of cilia?
Short and present in large numbers.
p.9
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What functions do cilia serve in ciliates?
Used in swimming, crawling, feeding, and sensation.
p.42
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
What is necessary for effective treatment of protozoal infections?
Supportive care, including hydration, nutrition, and environmental management.
p.11
Reproduction in Protozoa
How do flagellates reproduce?
Asexually through binary fissions.
p.42
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
How do antiprotozoal medications work?
They disrupt a specific stage in the life cycle of the protozoa.
p.11
Types of Locomotion in Protozoa
What is the function of flagella in flagellates?
They allow the organism the ability to swim.
p.42
Preventive Measures and Treatment for Protozoal Infections
What does case management in protozoal infections focus on?
A holistic approach focusing on individual patient care strategies.
p.13
Classification of Protozoa
Can you name some examples of sporozoans?
Eimeria spp., Cystoisospora, Isospora spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii.
