p.6
Tracheal System in Insects
What happens to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the tracheal system?
Cells remove CO2 into the tracheoles.
p.5
Tracheal System in Insects
What is the primary function of the tracheal system in insects?
To deliver air directly to the body cells.
p.14
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What is the function of the diaphragmaticus in crocodiles?
It helps in the process of respiration.
p.9
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What structural feature of lungs increases surface area for gas exchange?
Highly subdivided structure.
p.4
Respiratory Medium: Air vs. Water
What is a disadvantage of using air as a respiratory medium?
The respiratory surface loses water to air by evaporation.
p.9
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What are lungs composed of?
Internal sacs with moist epithelials.
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
What are the primary gases involved in animal gas exchange?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
How do lizards regulate their body temperature?
Lizards are ectothermic and rely on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature.
p.10
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What structures do air pass through from the trachea to the alveoli?
Air passes through the bronchioles.
p.10
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?
Cilia help sweep air down to the alveoli and collect dust and matter.
p.23
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
Where are cilia commonly found in the body?
In the respiratory tract, lining the airways.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What is the advantage of unidirectional airflow in birds?
It maximizes oxygen extraction from the air.
p.6
Tracheal System in Insects
How does oxygen (O2) move in the tracheal system?
O2 flows from the tracheoles into the cells.
p.3
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
How is air ventilated in most terrestrial vertebrates?
Through bidirectional movement of air.
p.18
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the result of the compression of air sacs during exhalation?
Air is pushed from the back sacs into the lungs and air in the front sacs is expelled through the trachea.
p.7
Tracheal System in Insects
What is the primary function of the tracheal system in grasshoppers?
To facilitate gas exchange.
p.10
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
How do lungs interact with body tissues?
Lungs are not in direct contact with body tissues; the circulatory system must transport gases.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What adaptation helps lizards in their environment?
Lizards have specialized skin that helps prevent water loss.
p.12
Gas Exchange in Reptiles
What adaptation helps reptiles minimize water loss during gas exchange?
The presence of a more impermeable skin and efficient lungs.
p.20
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What fills the anterior air sacs during inhalation?
Stale air from the lungs.
p.27
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What role does the diaphragm play during inhalation?
It contracts and is pulled downwards.
p.4
Respiratory Medium: Air vs. Water
Why is ventilation easier in air compared to water?
Because air is less dense.
p.5
Tracheal System in Insects
How does air enter the trachea in insects?
Through spiracles (pores on the insect’s body).
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
What is gas exchange in animals?
The process by which animals take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What is a key characteristic of lizard anatomy?
Lizards have a unique skeletal structure that includes a flexible spine.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What type of respiratory system do lizards possess?
Lizards have a simple lung structure that allows for gas exchange.
p.13
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What is the primary function of a lizard's tail?
The tail is used for balance, communication, and can be shed as a defense mechanism.
p.23
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What happens if cilia are damaged?
It can lead to respiratory issues and accumulation of mucus.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What role do air sacs play in bird respiration?
They store and move air, ensuring a constant supply of fresh air to the lungs.
p.22
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
Where does gas exchange occur in the mammalian respiratory system?
In tiny sacs in the lungs.
p.4
Respiratory Medium: Air vs. Water
How do terrestrial animals adapt to the challenges of air as a respiratory medium?
They have internal respiratory structures with infolded respiratory surfaces inside the body.
p.9
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
How is water loss minimized in lungs?
Lungs are bathed in body fluids.
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
What factors can affect the efficiency of gas exchange in animals?
Surface area, concentration gradients, and the presence of respiratory pigments.
p.15
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What is the role of anterior air sacs in birds?
They assist in the respiratory cycle by storing air.
p.12
Gas Exchange in Reptiles
How do some reptiles, like sea turtles, facilitate gas exchange?
By using specialized lungs that can function efficiently underwater.
p.20
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What happens to the air sacs during inhalation in birds?
Both sets of air sacs inflate.
p.20
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What occurs during exhalation in the bird respiratory system?
Both sets of air sacs deflate, forcing fresh air into the lungs and stale air out through the trachea.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What is the primary respiratory mechanism in birds?
Birds use a unidirectional airflow system for breathing.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
How many cycles of inhalation and exhalation are needed for air to pass through a bird's lungs?
Two cycles of inhalation and exhalation.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the difference between the right lung and the left lung?
The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.
p.25
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What is an alveolar sac?
A cluster of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
p.4
Respiratory Medium: Air vs. Water
What is a key advantage of air as a respiratory medium?
Higher oxygen concentration.
p.9
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
Where does the respiratory system begin?
At the nostrils, nasal cavity, etc.
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
What role do respiratory surfaces play in gas exchange?
They facilitate the diffusion of gases between the animal's body and the environment.
p.7
Tracheal System in Insects
How do grasshoppers regulate airflow in their tracheal system?
By opening and closing their spiracles.
p.7
Tracheal System in Insects
Why is the tracheal system efficient for gas exchange in grasshoppers?
It allows direct delivery of oxygen to tissues without the need for a circulatory system.
p.12
Gas Exchange in Reptiles
What is the role of the alveoli in reptilian lungs?
They increase the surface area for gas exchange.
p.29
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What type of breathing is described as negative pressure breathing?
The process of inhaling air into the lungs.
p.22
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What happens to air in the nasal cavities?
It is warmed, filtered, and moistened.
p.27
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What effect does inhalation have on the volume of the lungs?
It increases the volume of the lungs.
p.24
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What are alveoli?
Clusters of tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the role of the larynx?
It produces sound and protects the trachea against food aspiration.
p.25
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What is the significance of blood flow in the lungs?
It allows for gas exchange between blood and alveoli.
p.3
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
How do most fish ventilate their external gills?
By a unidirectional flow of water, through pumping or swimming.
p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms in Animals
Why is gas exchange important for animals?
It is essential for cellular respiration and energy production.
p.15
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What is the function of posterior air sacs in birds?
They help in the unidirectional flow of air through the lungs.
p.15
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
How does air flow in the respiratory system of birds?
Air flows unidirectionally, similar to fish.
p.12
Gas Exchange in Reptiles
How do reptiles differ from amphibians in terms of gas exchange?
Reptiles rely solely on lungs, while amphibians can use both skin and lungs.
p.17
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What happens to the air already in the lungs during inhalation?
It is pushed into the anterior (front) air sacs.
p.23
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
How do cilia achieve movement?
By beating in a coordinated, wave-like motion.
p.29
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What occurs during expiration?
Muscles relax, including the diaphragm.
p.22
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of the conducting portion in the respiratory system?
To carry air to the gas-exchange portion.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the glottis?
The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.
p.25
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What is the capillary network on the surface of alveoli?
It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.6
Tracheal System in Insects
What is the function of tracheoles in the tracheal system?
They allow air to travel down to the plasma membrane of each cell.
p.6
Tracheal System in Insects
Is the open circulatory system of insects involved in transporting gases?
No, it is not involved in transporting gases.
p.3
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the purpose of ventilating internal lungs in terrestrial vertebrates?
To replenish the oxygen (O2) supply.
p.9
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What type of animals primarily have lungs?
Majority of terrestrial animals.
p.7
Tracheal System in Insects
What is the role of tracheoles in the grasshopper's tracheal system?
To deliver oxygen directly to the cells.
p.10
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What features line the walls of the bronchioles?
Moist epithelial tissue and cilia.
p.17
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
Where is air drawn into during the inhalation phase?
The posterior (back) air sacs.
p.20
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
Where does inhaled air flow after the trachea in birds?
It bypasses the lungs and fills the posterior air sacs.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
How do birds achieve efficient gas exchange?
Through air sacs that allow for continuous airflow through the lungs.
p.22
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What are the two main parts of the mammalian respiratory system?
The conducting portion and the gas exchange portion.
p.24
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What are bronchioles?
Tiny tubes that branch from bronchi.
p.24
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
How do gases exchange in the alveoli?
Oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of the pharynx?
It serves as a pathway for air and food.
p.25
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
p.7
Tracheal System in Insects
How does the tracheal system deliver oxygen to the tissues in grasshoppers?
Through a network of tubes called tracheae.
p.10
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What role does blood play in gas exchange?
Blood carries O2 out of the lungs and CO2 into the lungs.
p.15
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What type of air moves through the lungs of birds?
Fresh air with high oxygen content.
p.23
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What is the primary function of cilia?
To move fluid or mucus across the surface of cells.
p.23
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory Systems
What role do cilia play in the respiratory system?
They help to clear mucus and debris from the airways.
p.29
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
Which muscles contract for forced inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid muscles.
p.16
Bird Respiratory System and Unidirectional Airflow
What is the structure of a bird's lung?
Bird lungs are rigid and do not expand or contract like mammalian lungs.
p.22
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What role does mucus play in the nasal cavities?
It traps particles and moves them to the throat to be swallowed.
p.24
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What do bronchi lead to?
Each bronchus leads to a lung.
p.24
Role of Alveoli in Gas Exchange
What is unique about the walls of alveoli?
They are extremely thin, one cell thick.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What are bronchioles?
Small air passages that branch from the bronchi into the lungs.
p.27
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
How does negative pressure affect air movement during inhalation?
It functions as a suction pump, drawing air into the lungs.
p.25
Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation
What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?
It contracts and relaxes to facilitate breathing.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the role of smooth muscle in the lungs?
It helps regulate airflow by constricting or dilating the bronchi and bronchioles.
p.24
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
It forms a sac and secretes fluid for lubrication between lungs and chest wall.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What are nostrils?
The external openings of the nasal cavity.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What do pulmonary arterioles do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
It filters, warms, and moistens the air we breathe.
p.25
Mammalian Respiratory System Anatomy
What is the function of pulmonary venules?
They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
