p.4
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is the first phase of infectious illness?
Incubation – microbes invade the host and begin active growth.
p.14
Modes of Transmission
What is vertical transmission?
Transmission from mother to offspring.
p.7
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is the latent period in latent infections?
The time during which the pathogen is present in the body but not causing symptoms.
p.12
Portals of Entry for Pathogens
What are natural skin openings that serve as portals of entry for microbes?
Hair follicles and sweat glands.
p.1
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
What does colonization refer to in the context of infection?
The residence of pathogens on the surface or inside the human body.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
What characterizes acute infectious diseases?
Rapid onset of illness, followed by rapid recovery or death.
p.4
Phases of Infectious Illness
What occurs during the Illness phase?
It is the most severe stage with typical symptoms, host cell or tissue damage, and potential death.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
What is vector transmission?
A mode of transmission that involves biological or mechanical vectors to transfer pathogens.
p.7
Types of Infectious Diseases
What is a chronic infection?
An infection that persists over a long period, often for months or years.
p.8
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is a key difference between the asymptomatic period and the latent period?
The asymptomatic period may have disease transmission, while the latent period does not.
p.15
Modes of Transmission
What is one way pathogens can be transmitted through the air?
By inhalation of aerosols.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
What characterizes a secondary infection?
A subsequent infection that occurs when host resistance is lowered by a pre-existing condition, often caused by different pathogens.
p.4
Phases of Infectious Illness
What happens during the Decline phase?
If under control by the immune response, there is a reduction of microbes.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
How can the attachment of pathogens affect disease development?
If they are not attached to specific receptors on host cells, they may not cause disease.
p.17
Modes of Transmission
What role do spores play in the mode of transmission?
Transmission may be facilitated by spores.
p.15
Modes of Transmission
What is vehicle transmission?
A mode of transmission that enables longer traveling distances for pathogens.
p.5
Types of Infectious Diseases
What are disseminated infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases where pathogens spread to other locations or internal organs, such as the brain, lung, or heart.
p.12
Portals of Entry for Pathogens
Which mucous membranes can act as portals of entry for pathogens?
Respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, and conjunctiva of the eye.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
What are examples of pathogens that cause primary infections?
Influenza virus and Salmonella.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
What is the role of white blood cells in infection?
They can destroy or phagocytize pathogens.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What are aerosols?
Tiny droplets that can carry pathogens through the air.
p.5
Types of Infectious Diseases
What are localized infectious diseases?
Infectious diseases where pathogens stay at the primary location, such as skin infections like pimples, boils, or abscesses.
p.15
Modes of Transmission
How can pathogens be transmitted through ingestion?
By consuming contaminated food or water (fecal-oral route).
p.5
Types of Infectious Diseases
Give an example of a localized infectious disease.
Skin infections like pimples, boils, or abscesses.
p.12
Portals of Entry for Pathogens
What is the definition of portals of entry?
Sites where microbes first contact host cells.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
Can you give an example of a biological vector?
The Anopheles mosquito, which carries the malaria protozoan.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
How do mechanical vectors transmit pathogens?
By picking up infectious agents and transferring them to food or surfaces.
p.1
Definition of Infection
How do microbiologists define infection?
Infection is the colonization of pathogens.
p.4
Phases of Infectious Illness
What characterizes the Prodromal phase of infectious illness?
A brief period before the onset of symptoms, where fatigue may be observed.
p.8
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is present during the asymptomatic period that is not during the latent period?
A detectable pathogen is present during the asymptomatic period.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
Provide an example of a chronic infectious disease.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
What is a characteristic of latent infectious diseases?
Infection is asymptomatic with undetectable pathogen during the latent period.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
How does normal flora contribute to preventing disease?
By competing for nutrients or secreting antimicrobial factors.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
How can prior infections affect the outcome of new infections?
They can induce specific immunity that destroys pathogens.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What is droplet transmission?
Transmission through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
p.14
Modes of Transmission
What is indirect contact transmission?
Transmission via fomites, which are non-living objects like door handles or feces.
p.8
Phases of Infectious Illness
Can the latent period result in disease transmission?
No, it does not result in disease transmission.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
What is a primary infection?
An infection developed in any susceptible host, including healthy ones, often caused by true invaders like the Influenza virus or Salmonella.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
What defines chronic infectious diseases?
Insidious onset of illness, long-lasting, and may be fatal.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
What can lead to a secondary infection?
A primary infection or weakened immunity.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
What role do physical or chemical barriers play in preventing disease?
They can destroy or inhibit pathogens.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What is direct transmission?
Transmission through kissing or touching.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What is vertical transmission?
Transmission of pathogens from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What is the role of air in the transmission of diseases?
Air can carry pathogens through aerosols and droplets.
p.1
Definition of Infection
How is infection defined for medical doctors and nurses?
Infection is synonymous with infectious disease, such as pharyngitis.
p.1
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
Can colonization of pathogens cause disease?
Colonization may or may not cause any disease.
p.14
Modes of Transmission
What is droplet transmission?
Transmission through respiratory droplets during speaking, coughing, or sneezing, which can travel about 1 meter.
p.18
Chain of Infection Components
What is the reservoir for E. coli in this case?
GI tract of human & food.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
What is one reason pathogens may not cause disease related to their quantity?
They may not reach the infective dose.
p.18
Chain of Infection Components
What is the mode of transmission for E. coli?
Food borne / contaminated food.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
What are biological vectors?
Infected animals or insects that transfer pathogens through bites.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
Name an example of a latent infectious disease.
Cold sores by Herpes simplex virus or shingles by Varicella-zoster virus.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What is a vector in the context of disease transmission?
An organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another.
p.13
Modes of Transmission
What are fomites?
Inanimate objects that can carry pathogens.
p.14
Modes of Transmission
What is direct contact transmission?
Transmission via body contact, such as shaking hands or kissing.
p.12
Portals of Entry for Pathogens
What are examples of unnatural skin openings that can allow microbes to enter?
Skin cuts and insect bites.
p.6
Types of Infectious Diseases
Give an example of an acute infectious disease.
Influenza virus or Salmonella.
p.2
Pathogen Colonization and Disease
Why doesn’t infection always cause disease?
Because pathogens may be unable to multiply optimally.
p.18
Chain of Infection Components
What is the portal of entry for E. coli?
Mouth or mucous membrane of GI tract.
p.5
Types of Infectious Diseases
Give an example of a disseminated infectious disease.
Infections that spread to the brain, lung, or heart.
p.8
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is the relationship between the incubation period and the asymptomatic period?
The asymptomatic period can occur during the incubation period.
p.4
Phases of Infectious Illness
What is the focus of the Convalescence phase?
Tissue repair, although permanent damage may result, such as in meningitis or poliomyelitis.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
What types of pathogens typically cause secondary infections?
Different pathogens, often opportunistic, such as Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
What are mechanical vectors?
Vectors that are not infected but can transfer infectious agents from one location to another.
p.16
Modes of Transmission
Can you provide an example of a mechanical vector?
Common flies, which can transmit cholera by landing on feces and then on food.
p.9
Primary vs. Secondary Infections
Can a healthy host develop a primary infection?
Yes, a primary infection can develop in any susceptible host, including healthy ones.
