C5.
Breast cancer.
Less than 2 cm.
Dermatomes, myotomes, and reflexes.
Excision.
Finger drop, thumb drop, and sensory loss.
Ewing's sarcoma.
Always surgical intervention.
Extension of MCP joints and flexion of interphalangeal joints of the index and little finger.
Simple bone cyst/Unicameral bone cyst.
10-25 years (before skeletal maturity).
Abduction, flexion, and opposition.
Idiopathic.
The hip into 4 quadrants.
C8-T1/lower trunk.
Fracture of the atlas (C1) caused by compression injury, with no neurological deficit.
Subacute osteomyelitis.
FCU, medial half of FDP, adductor pollicis, lumbricals 3 and 4, interossei, and hypothenar muscles.
A complication where the organism releases proteolytic substances leading to joint fusion.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Low grade fever, malaise, night pains, and evening rise of temperature.
Tip of the little finger.
Positively birefringent.
It indicates the presence of a neuroma that grows at a rate of 1 mm/day.
Extensor carpi radialis longus.
Pain.
Supracondylar humeral fracture.
It indicates Median nerve injury.
A variant of osteomyelitis that does not have a sinus or sequestrum.
Primary Osteosarcoma.
Ochronosis/Alkaptonuria.
Pincer grasp function related to Median nerve injury.
Spine > Skull > Pelvis.
More common in males (M > F).
Inability to extend the elbow, wrist drop, thumb drop, finger drop, and sensory loss.
It indicates paralysis of all wrist flexors except FCU and medial half of FDP.
Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN).
Neuropraxia, Axonotmesis, and Neurotmesis.
Tuberculosis of the fingers characterized by filling up of air.
To manage deformities, particularly in cases like Erb’s palsy.
Cock-up splint.
1 in 1000 live births.
Repair + graft.
Fracture of C2 (spondylolysis) with dislocation of C2 over C3, commonly caused by road traffic accidents (RTA).
Proximal end of the tibia.
Abductor pollicis is paralyzed, leading to thumb flexion by flexor pollicis longus.
Klippel Feil syndrome.
It represents the classification of fractures involving the growth plate.
Excision curettage + ABG.
1 in 1000 live births.
Deposition of calcium in the cartilage.
Injury of axon + endoneurium + perineurium.
Best prognosis as the germinal layer is preserved.
Penumbra sign.
Metaphysis of long bone.
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
Idiopathic.
Sinus tract excision, sequestrectomy, debridement, and closure with skin or muscle flap.
Inflammatory arthritis affecting the spine and joints.
Acute: Presence of abscess; Chronic: Formation of sequestrum.
Staphylococcus aureus.
Ewing's sarcoma.
Holstein Lewis fracture (Lower 1/3rd of humerus).
Locally aggressive.
Onion Peel appearance.
Loss of sensory supply leading to partial claw hand.
Sun burst appearance.
Talar head.
Hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy, acromegaly, gout, Colle’s fracture, amyloidosis.
Osteosarcoma.
Ponsetti serial manipulation and casting, followed by Dennis Brown splint at night and CTEV shoes during the day.
Aneurysmal bone cyst.
A benign bone tumor.
Proximal femur.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
Median nerve at the wrist.
An avulsion fracture of the C7 spinous process due to the force of upper limb muscles in clay shovelers.
Pus presence, acute dull aching pain, no periosteal reaction, and a thick sclerotic rim.
Puberty.
Extensive curettage technique.
No movement, no pain, and the joint is stable.
Neuromuscular Infantile Non-structural/Postural Idiopathic.
Prolapsed intervertebral disc (PIVD).
Restricted abduction & internal rotation, Trendelenburg gait.
Ulnar nerve under the pisohamate ligament.
Conservative treatment includes rest in a semi-fowler position and physiotherapy.
Staphylococcus.
High dose Methotrexate.
ATT for 18-24 months + rest + brace (Taylor).
Median nerve at the heads of pronator teres.
Tibial tuberosity.
Codman’s Tumor.
Distal femur.
Indicates fresh bleeding during curettage, allowing for closure with bone graft or cement.
In the upper & outer quadrant.
Soap bubble appearance.
Erb’s palsy.
Pathological fracture, acute exacerbation of disease, neoplastic change of the sinus tract, and amyloidosis.
50%.
Serratus anterior.
Inflammation.
Hemangioma.
Ewing Sarcoma.
Pain radiating from the lower back to the lower limb through the sciatic nerve.
Achondroplasia.
Short webbed neck, low set hairline, restriction of neck movements.
Asymptomatic, vascular tumor of bone.
Idiopathic or Rickets in children.
Radial nerve.
Conservative management.
Also known as Thurston Holland, it has a poor prognosis.
Chinese letter pattern appearance.
Aggravation of symptoms related to sciatica.
To assess for developmental dysplasia of the hip.
No recovery.
Massive disc prolapse leading to multiple nerve roots being compressed.
Idiopathic.
PMTSR + Dilwyn Evan’s + Dwyer’s osteotomy.
Policeman’s tip/waiter’s tip/porter’s tip.
Hemi vertebrae.
Sacroiliac joint, spine, and hip.
Posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus.
Dry/non-exudative tuberculosis of the shoulder.
Finger drop and thumb drop.
Kiloh Nevin syndrome or anterior interosseous nerve injury.
Book test.
Osteochondroma.
Paradiscal, Central, Anterior/wet/exudative, and Posterior.
Females aged 30 to 60 years.
Spontaneous recovery in 3-6 weeks with 100% recovery.
Pavlik harness or Von Rosen splint.
Asymmetrical expansile growth.
Burning pain, tingling, numbness, and paresthesia in the median nerve sensory distribution, often worsening at night.
Distal Femur.
Ground Glass appearance.
A finger deformity characterized by flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint and extension of the distal interphalangeal joint.
10-20 years (younger).
Durkan’s test.
Also known as a seatbelt fracture, it is a fracture that goes all the way through the vertebra due to flexion and distraction forces.
Males (M > F).
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery or limb ablation.
Mutation in the FGFR3 gene on chromosome 4.
Bursitis, nerve compression, and fracture.
Night pain that is relieved by aspirin.
Associated with breech presentation and oligohydramnios.
Brachydactyly, starfish hand, frontal bossing, saddle nose, champagne glass pelvis, bullet nose vertebrae.
Aspiration ± injection with steroids/sclerosants.
They pass through all three layers of the growth plate and have a poor prognosis.
Knee.
Vascular sign of Narath, associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip.
Osteosarcoma.
Arthrotomy with irrigation and debridement under antibiotic cover.
Metastasis, size of lesion, and male gender.
20-40 years (after skeletal maturity).
Multiple Myeloma.
Perthe's disease.
Temporary physiological, reversible conduction block due to compression.
Direct/post-surgical, open fracture, and septic arthritis.
Hyper-abduction of shoulder, difficult breech delivery, or holding on to something during a fall from height.
Polygonal in shape.
Punctate/stippled calcification.
Females (F > M).
Less than 5%.
Movement is possible, pain is present, and the joint is unstable.
Hematogenous.
Rickets.
Knuckle bender splint.
Ankle clonus/DTR ++.
It grows away from the joint line and stops growing with skeletal maturity.
Mc-Cune Albright Syndrome.
CT Guided Biopsy.
Proximal humerus.
To assess nerve regeneration following injury.
Condition where the intervertebral disc bulges out posteriorly and compresses the nerve root.
Giant Cell Tumor and Secondary Osteosarcoma.
Extensors of the thumb and fingers.
Supplies the deltoid for abduction and teres minor for external rotation.
Persistence of growth after skeletal maturity, a cartilaginous cap greater than 2 cm, and heavy calcification.
HLA B27 positive.
Hyperparathyroidism.
A clinical sign indicating infection of the tendon or tendon sheath.
Cheralgia paresthetica at the radial styloid.
History of lifting heavy objects.
Morning stiffness and back pain that improves with activity.
MRI, showing marrow edema in less than 24 hours.
Metaphyseal tumor at the distal end of the femur.
Trauma, PIVD, and canal stenosis.
Excision curettage and bone graft.
Less clawing despite a higher lesion when the FDP is paralyzed.
Congenital undescended hypoplastic scapula with restriction of shoulder movements.
Involvement of the Adductor pollicis muscle.
Long head of triceps.
Posteromedial soft tissue release (PMSTR) and Turco procedure.
Injury of the axon.
Flexor pollicis, Palmar interossei, Dorsal interossei, Thenar muscles.
Presence of eschar tissue or tumor.
To differentiate between structural and nonstructural scoliosis.
Salmonella.
Winging of scapula.
Ulnar nerve behind the medial condyle of the humerus.
Osteoid Osteoma.
Hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint.
Bowel/bladder involvement.
Septic arthritis of the hip in infants under 1 year.
Stenosing tenosynovitis of tendons passing through the 1st dorsal compartment of the wrist, specifically the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.
CTEV (Congenital Talipes Equinus Varus).
Hemochromatosis.
Finger & thumb drop.
Shoulder dislocation.
To prevent infection during surgical procedures.
It is a positive marker often found in patients with these conditions.
Card test.
Fallen Leaf Sign.
Mutations in EXT 1 and EXT 2 genes.
Ewing Sarcoma, Osteoid Osteoma, Adamantinoma, and Fibrous Dysplasia.
Finkelstein’s test.
Enchondroma.
20-40 degrees.
Hematogenous.
Schober/modified Schober test.
Salter Harris classification.
Translocation t(11:22).
Compression of the spinal cord due to TB spine.
Giant Cell Tumor.
Klein’s line does not intersect the head of femur.
L4-L5 and L5-S1.
Chondrosarcoma, Metastasis, Multiple Myeloma, Adamantinoma, and Chordoma.
Chondroblastoma.
Discharging sinus.
Type V, which involves impaction or crushing of the growth plate.
Cavus, Adduction, Varus, Equinus.
Ultrasound (USG) for infants under 6 months.
By Cobb’s angle.
Hematogenous.
Clavicle.
An idiopathic inflammation of the bone-cartilage interface that occurs in children and is self-limiting.
Idiopathic (most common), diabetes mellitus, and alcohol use.
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals.
Trabeculations, vertical striations (jail-bar sign), and corduroy appearance.
Bilateral idiopathic genu varum.
Ewing's Sarcoma.
Green stick fracture.
Dislocation of one vertebra over another, commonly at L5-S1.
Central nidus > 2 cm and does not respond to aspirin.
Unicortical fracture where the outer cortex breaks and the inner cortex just bends.
L5.
Vertical bridging syndesmophytes associated with ankylosing spondylitis.
Braces.
Abnormal purine metabolism leading to increased serum uric acid.
Osteoarthritis (OA).
MCP joint.
Asymmetric decreased joint space, subchondral sclerosis, subchondral cysts, osteophytes, and loose bodies.
Deltoid: Abduction of shoulder from 15 to 90 degrees; Teres minor: External rotation.
Tourniquet palsy or Saturday night palsy.
Knee reflex (Quadriceps).
Spine (TB spondylitis).
They have increased water content, making them flexible and resilient to stress, and a thick periosteum.
Onion peel, Sunburst, and Codman’s Triangle.
Lateral aspect of forearm.
Cavus, Adduction, Varus, Equinus.
Ape thumb deformity.
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor tendon at the A1 pulley located at the MCP joint.
Periosteal reaction (7-10 days).
Shoulder adducted + internally rotated.
Enthesopathy.
Abnormal fibrosis (Collagen 3) of the palmar aponeurosis.
Sun-ray/sunburst appearance and Codman's triangle.
CD99 positive due to MIC-2 gene mutation.
Lateral deviation of the spine greater than 10 degrees.
Scottie dog sign and beheaded Scottish terrier sign.
Ring finger.
Biopsy from the site of infection.
Chronic osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, septicemia, and growth disturbance.
Axonotmesis involves injury to axons with nerve continuity intact, while Neurotmesis involves complete nerve injury with no recovery.
Onion peel appearance or lamellated appearance.
It is seen in the AP view for certain spinal conditions.
1st MTP (metatarsophalangeal joint).
Soft tissue lucency within 48 hours.
2 weeks of parenteral antibiotics followed by 4 weeks of oral antibiotics.
Sinus.
Crepitations, decreased range of movement, muscle wasting (most commonly Vastus medialis), and deformity (genu varus in knee).
Avulsion of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb at the 1st MCP joint.
Dead, dense, devascularized bone surrounded by granulation tissue.
Coralliform, annular/ring, tubular/diaphyseal, and feathery/flake/coarse.
