Lesions of the anterior arch of the foot.
Acrocyanosis, marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities with mottled blue or red discoloration and coldness of the digits.
Babinski's sign is associated with loss or lessening of the Achilles tendon reflex in sciatica and is also seen in hemiplegia.
Bekhterev's test assesses sciatica by observing the patient's ability to stretch out both legs.
It is part of the Babinski’s reflex, showing spreading apart of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked.
Minor's sign is characteristic of sciatica, where the patient rises from a sitting position by supporting themselves on the healthy side.
Axial loading tests for nerve damage in the neck and can also disprove evidence of a low back problem.
It differentiates between peripheral and cerebellar ataxia.
It assesses rotary instability of the knee.
It assesses hip pain through forced positions involving flexion, adduction, and rotation.
Pain felt at the site of the lesion during spinal flexion.
The patient lies supine with the knee fully flexed, the examiner rotates the foot outward and slowly extends the knee; a painful 'click' indicates a medial meniscus tear.
Bragard’s sign indicates disease of the nerve root when pain increases upon dorsiflexing the foot after flexing the lower extremity.
To determine nerve root irritation.
A sign of intrascapular fracture of the femur, characterized by abnormal rotation of the great trochanter.
It tests for the existence of shoulder dislocation by assessing the ability to bring the elbow to the side of the chest.
It suggests contracture of the lateral fascia of the thigh if the buttocks arch away from the table.
A positive McMurray sign indicates a meniscal injury in the knee.
The Thompson test evaluates the integrity of the Achilles tendon by compressing the calf muscle and observing for ankle flexion.
The Bracelet test reveals pain on moderate lateral compression of the lower ends of the radius and ulna, observed in rheumatoid arthritis.
Organic disease of the central nervous system.
The British test assesses knee pain and/or injury through compression of the patella during active quadriceps contraction.
The Moro reflex tests for normal early neurologic development in infants.
Morton sign indicates metatarsalgia or neuroma, where transverse pressure across the metatarsal heads causes sharp pain in the forefoot.
Arthritis of the hip.
Tinel’s sign indicates a partial lesion or the beginning regeneration of a nerve, characterized by a tingling sensation when percussion is made over the site of a divided nerve.
The Bowstring sign indicates nerve irritability when pain is felt in the back of the limb while pressing on the popliteal fossa.
It evaluates cervical spine and foraminal nerve encroachment.
Swaying of the body or falling when standing with feet close together and eyes closed.
Only the big toe is extended.
The hand is paretic.
It is a hearing test.
The Thomas test assesses the degree of hip flexion deformity by measuring the angle of the hip when one leg is flexed to the chest.
Any sign presented by the trunk or limbs rather than the sensory apparatus.
Carpal tunnel syndrome.
The Tourniquet test assesses for phlebitis of the leg by applying pressure to the thigh and observing for pain in the calf.
It evaluates for lesions of the third or fourth lumbar disk through passive knee flexion.
Brudzinski's sign indicates meningitis, as flexion of the neck forward results in flexion of the hip and knee.
Naffziger sign assesses for sciatica or herniated nucleus pulposus by producing nerve root irritation through external jugular venous compression.
Tetany, where an extensor spasm occurs at the knee joint after flexing the leg strongly at the hip joint.
The Anvil test assesses vertebral disorders by eliciting pain in the vertebrae when a closed fist strikes the top of the head.
Latent tetany.
Any postural deformity (stiffness) does not reverse.
It assesses coordinated movements of the extremities.
In Ober's test, the patient lies on the side opposite to be tested, with the upper knee flexed and abducted; the angle above horizontal indicates the degree of abduction contracture.
The eustachian tube and middle ear.
Increased mechanical irritability of the sensory nerves in tetany, tested usually with the ulnar nerve; involves flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb and other fingers when the nail of the index, middle, or ring finger is nipped.
It is a hearing test.
Osteoarthritis deformans of the hip; crossing legs is impossible when the disease exists.
It indicates the development of sudden transient electric-like shocks when the patient flexes the head forward, often seen in multiple sclerosis.
Goldthwait’s sign helps differentiate between a sprain of the sacro-iliac joint and lesions in the sacro-iliac or lumbosacral articulation based on pain response.
Creasing of the skin just above the patella, indicative of a fracture of the femur with overriding of fragments.
It differentiates pain originating in the sacrolumbalis muscles from lumbar pain of any other origin.
It tests for ligamentous instability or ruptured cruciate ligaments.
Imminent postoperative thrombosis.
Mill's test assesses for tennis elbow, where painful extension of the elbow occurs with the wrist and fingers fully flexed and the forearm pronated.
The Toe spread sign is used to assess for Morton neuroma by observing disproportionate spreading of the toes between the two feet.
The ability to hold the leg out at a right angle.
There is a rapid rise in pressure that quickly disappears when pressure is released.
Trunk rotation tests for malingering, as positive results may produce back pain or leg pain in the presence of nerve irritation.
Medialward curving of the Achilles tendon as viewed from behind; seen in flatfoot.
The patellar retraction test assesses for synovitis, where compression of the patella causes pain during quadriceps contraction with the knee in full extension.
It is for subluxation of the long head of the biceps tendon.
It aims to reduce anterior dislocations of the shoulders.
Hamilton’s test assesses shoulder joint luxation by checking if a straight rod can touch the outer condyle and acromion simultaneously.
Heberden’s nodules are associated with interphalangeal osteoarthritis and are small hard nodules formed at the distal interphalangeal articulations of the fingers.
It is characterized by jerky motions that are neither rhythmic nor equal, often associated with pain.
Ecchymosis on the perineum and scrotum or labia, indicating a fracture of the pelvis.
The Apley test differentiates ligamentous from meniscal injury through tibial rotation on the femur with traction or compression.
The Babinski reflex indicates loss of brain control over the lower extremities, causing toes to pull up when the soles are scraped.
It suggests sciatica when flexing the sound thigh causes pain on the affected side.
Trendelenburg's test indicates varicosity and incompetence of the valves if the veins become distended quickly after raising the leg.
It is used for diagnosing synovitis.
Pallor or blueness of fingers, toes, or nose due to cold exposure.
Ortolani's click indicates congenital dislocation of the hip, felt when the thigh is abducted in flexion.
Anterolateral instability of the knee, noted by a jerk at about 20 degrees from full extension when applying valgus force.
It indicates meningitis, as the leg cannot be completely extended when the thigh is flexed upon the abdomen.
It indicates a torn anterior cruciate ligament.
The Fournier test assesses ataxic gait by asking the patient to rise from a sitting position, walk, stop quickly, and turn around on command.
Gaenslen’s sign is used to assess lumbar sacral disease, indicated by pain on the affected side when one leg is pressed down while the other is flexed.
It is referenced under bench test.
The heel-knee test assesses coordinated movements of the extremities by having the patient touch the knee of one leg with the heel of the other.
It indicates a scapular fracture, showing a triangular swelling in the scapular region shortly after the accident.
Aggravation of symptoms of radiculitis produced by coughing, sneezing, and straining at stool.
Valsalva's maneuver tests for the effects of increased intrathoracic pressure on venous return to the heart.
The Thumb-nail test indicates a fractured patella when a sharp crevice is felt over the subcutaneous surface of the patella.
Analgesia of the peroneal nerve, sometimes noted in tabes dorsalis.
In sciatica, the pelvis is always horizontal despite scoliosis, whereas in other lesions with scoliosis, the pelvis is inclined.
It is associated with alterations in the texture of the sign below the somatic level in lesions of the spinal cord.
The Fowler maneuver tests for tight intrinsic muscles in ulnar deviation of the digits, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis.
Gower’s sign indicates certain stages of tabes dorsalis, characterized by abrupt intermittent oscillation of the iris under light.
In rupture of the supraspinatus tendon, pain occurs when the arm is supported and the deltoid contracts suddenly.
Caries or cancer of the upper cervical vertebrae.
It is a sign of ulnar palsy, characterized by the little finger assuming a position of abduction.
Flexion of the thigh and extension of the leg in the paralyzed limb when the patient coughs, indicating an upper motor neuron lesion.
A point of maximum tenderness in the palm one inch proximal to the base of the little finger in tendon sheath infection.
Froment’s paper sign indicates affection of the ulnar nerve, shown by flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb when a sheet of paper is held between the thumb and index finger.
A similar movement will be seen in the opposite limb, indicating a neurological response.
Dissociation between the movements of the head and eyes, also known as doll's eye sign.
It assesses for sciatica, causing pain on the affected side when the leg is held straight.
Adduction, inversion, and slight plantar flexion of the foot on stroking the inner aspect of the foot from the great toe to the heel.
Discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot; a sign of thrombosis in the veins of the calf.
Emphasizing the patellar reflex by having the patient hook their hands together and pull apart.
It helps distinguish sciatica from disease of the hip joint.
It indicates an increase in the frequency of the pulse upon pressure over a painful spot.
Guilland’s sign signifies meningeal irritation, shown by brisk flexion at the hip and knee joint when the contralateral quadriceps muscle is pinched.
The Harris hip scale is a 100-point scale used to evaluate hip function and pain, with 40 points for function and 60 for pain.
An objective sign is one that can be seen, heard, or felt by the diagnostician, also known as a physical sign.
In normal state or genuine paralysis, pressing one leg against the couch causes a lifting movement in the other leg; absent in hysteria and malingering.
Increased diameter of the leg at the malleoli in Pott’s fracture of the fibula.
It indicates lesions of the corticospinal paths when the big toe extends upon skin irritation in the external malleolar region.
Palpation over the bursa causes pain when the arm hangs by the side, but the pain disappears when the arm is abducted.
They are a standardized group of five types of physician signs utilized to detect malingering or pretending.
With the knee extended from 30 degrees with valgus stress and internal rotation of the foot, a click is heard in cases of osteochondritis dissecans.
It refers to any sign seen in affection of either sensory or motor tracts in the spinal cord.
Galeazzi’s sign indicates congenital dislocation of the hip, where the dislocated side appears shorter when both thighs are flexed 90 degrees.
It is a general test of motion involving a rotation action of a group of joints.
A closed fist striking a blow to the sole of the foot with leg extended produces pain in the hip or vertebrae.
With the patient in prone position, flexing the knees to 90 degrees reveals the potential discrepancies of both femur, tibial and femoral lengths.
Painful flexure of the spine, particularly in tuberculosis of the vertebrae.
For thoracic outlet syndrome.
Inability to bend the spine while lying on the back so as to rest on the head and heels alone, seen in tuberculosis of the vertebrae.
For determination of leg length discrepancy.
Fracture of the neck of the femur.
For occlusion of radial or ulnar artery.
Simmons Test, Thompson test.
A method of determining if radial and ulnar arteries communicate through the two palmar arches by observing the pattern of capillary refill in the hand.
With the patient in a sitting position, his hands resting on thighs, the examiner palpates both radial pulses as the patient rapidly fills his lungs by deep inspiration and, holding his breath, hyperextends his neck and turns his head toward the affected side.
For early hip joint disease of diseased vertebrae.
Involuntary contraction of the tibialis anterior muscle when the thigh is forcibly flexed on the abdomen; seen in spastic paraplegia.
For Achilles tendon rupture.
It is used for drawer sign.
