p.2
Sympathetic Trunk Anatomy
How many paravertebral ganglia are typically found in the sympathetic trunk?
12 paravertebral ganglia.
p.3
Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
What levels of the spinal cord form the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve?
The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve is formed from the levels T5 – T9.
p.5
Superior Mediastinum Structures
上縱隔內之構造，由前往後之順序，正確的是哪一項？
<p>D. 頭臂靜脈，主動脈弓，氣管，食道</p>
p.2
Sympathetic Trunk Anatomy
What do postganglionic sympathetic fibers innervate?
Blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles.
p.4
Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
What does the T12 spinal nerve become?
T12 becomes the least splanchnic nerve, which ends in the renal plexus.
p.2
Sympathetic Trunk Anatomy
What types of fibers primarily compose the sympathetic trunk?
Ascending and descending preganglionic sympathetic fibers and visceral afferent fibers.
p.4
Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
Which spinal nerves unite to form the lesser splanchnic nerve?
T10 – T11 unite to form the lesser splanchnic nerve, which ends in the aorticorenal ganglion.
p.11
Azygos System Overview
What veins unite to form the azygos vein?
The right ascending lumbar and subcostal veins unite to form the azygos vein.
p.10
Descending Aorta and Branches
Which paired arteries from the descending aorta supply the posterior regions of the diaphragm?
Paired superior phrenic arteries
p.13
Hemiazygos Vein Pathway
Where does the hemiazygos vein ascend?
The hemiazygos vein ascends on the left side of the vertebral bodies.
p.11
Azygos System Overview
Where does the azygos vein converge?
The azygos vein converges with the superior vena cava (SVC).
p.12
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein Function
Which posterior intercostal veins does the accessory hemiazygos vein receive?
The accessory hemiazygos vein receives posterior intercostal veins 4 to 8.
p.11
Azygos System Overview
How does the azygos vein ascend into the thorax?
It ascends into the thorax through the aortic opening of the diaphragm.
p.6
Anterior Mediastinum Characteristics
What does the anterior mediastinum contain?
The anterior mediastinum contains fat, areolar tissue, and the inferior part of the thymus or its remnant.
p.13
Hemiazygos Vein Pathway
What does the hemiazygos vein join?
The hemiazygos vein joins the azygos vein.
p.11
Azygos System Overview
Which veins does the azygos vein directly and indirectly connect with?
It directly connects with the posterior intercostal veins and indirectly with the left-sided hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins.
p.16
Thoracic Duct and Lymphatic Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct ascend after passing through the diaphragm?
It ascends deep to the diaphragm by coursing through the aortic hiatus.
p.13
Hemiazygos Vein Pathway
What is the origin of the hemiazygos vein?
The hemiazygos vein is formed by the union of the left ascending lumbar vein and the left subcostal vein.
p.10
Descending Aorta and Branches
What paired arteries arise from the descending aorta to supply the area below the ribs?
Paired subcostal arteries
p.11
Azygos System Overview
At which vertebral level does the azygos vein arch over the right primary bronchus?
The azygos vein arches over the right primary bronchus at the TTP (T4-T5 vertebral level).
p.12
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein Function
Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein begin?
The accessory hemiazygos vein begins at the 4th intercostal space.
p.12
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein Function
What does the accessory hemiazygos vein join?
The accessory hemiazygos vein joins the azygos vein.
p.13
Hemiazygos Vein Pathway
Which posterior intercostal veins does the hemiazygos vein receive?
The hemiazygos vein receives the posterior intercostal veins 9 to 11.
p.10
Descending Aorta and Branches
What branches does the descending aorta provide to the middle third of the esophagus?
Multiple esophageal branches
p.10
Descending Aorta and Branches
Which arteries are associated with the descending aorta from the 3rd to the 11th intercostal spaces?
Posterior intercostal arteries
p.13
Hemiazygos Vein Pathway
With which vein does the hemiazygos vein often communicate?
The hemiazygos vein often communicates with the left renal vein.
p.6
Anterior Mediastinum Characteristics
What is the location of the anterior mediastinum?
The anterior mediastinum is located between the sternal angle, the deep sternal surface, the pericardial sac, and the diaphragm.
p.16
Thoracic Duct and Lymphatic Drainage
Where does the thoracic duct empty?
It empties into the junction of the left internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.
