p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the origin of the Pronator Quadratus muscle?
Anterior surface of shaft of ulna.
p.7
Cubital Fossa and Carrying Angle
What is cubitus valgus?
An increased carrying angle greater than 15 degrees.
p.6
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
Why is the Biceps Brachii referred to as the 'work horse' of the elbow flexors?
It is active with or without a load, during rapid or slow motion, and is effective when the forearm is pronated.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What is the shape of the capitulum and what groove is located between it?
The capitulum is spheroid in shape and the capitulotrochlear groove is located between it.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What are the activation conditions for the Supinator muscle?
Unresisted slow supination in all elbow positions, unresisted fast supination with elbow in extension, and elbow extension.
p.7
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which muscles are included in the 'Mobile Wad of Three'?
Brachioradialis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL), and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECR).
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What is the common origin for elbow flexors?
Medial Epicondyle, also known as 'flexor epicondyle'.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What is the shape of the trochlea and what separates its two portions?
The trochlea has an hourglass shape and its two portions are separated by the trochlear groove.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What structure is above the capitulum and what does it receive?
The radial fossa is above the capitulum and it receives the head of the radius.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Extension
What is the insertion point of the triceps?
Olecranon process of ulna.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the close-packed position (CPP) for the humeroulnar joint?
Extension with supination.
p.7
Cubital Fossa and Carrying Angle
What is cubitus varus or gunstock deformity?
A decreased carrying angle resulting in the forearm deviating towards the midline, less than 5 - 15 degrees.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the insertion point of the Supinator muscle?
Neck and shaft of radius.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
Why is the brachialis considered the 'workhorse' of the elbow flexors?
Because it is active in all positions of the elbow and forearm, with or without resistance, and during all types of contractions.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
Where is the quadrate ligament located?
Below the radial notch of the ulna to the medial surface of the neck of the radius.
p.3
Degrees of Freedom in Elbow Movements
In which plane and around which axis do pronation and supination occur?
Transverse plane, y-axis.
p.6
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which muscles are involved in forearm supination?
Biceps Brachii and Supinator.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What are the key features of the radius?
Head (fovea articulates with convex capitulum), neck, and radial tuberosity.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the insertion point of the Pronator Quadratus muscle?
Anterior surface of shaft of radius.
p.3
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the open-packed position (OPP) of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
35° supination, 70° elbow flexion.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the capsular pattern for the humeroradial joint?
Flexion, extension, supination, pronation.
p.2
Ligaments of the Elbow
What are the attachments of the lateral/radial collateral ligament (LCL)?
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the upper margin of the annular ligament.
p.7
Cubital Fossa and Carrying Angle
What is the carrying angle or cubital angle?
The angle formed between the long axis of the upper arm (humerus) and the long axis of the forearm (radius and ulna) when the elbow is fully extended and the forearm is supinated.
p.1
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
Where does the radial head slide during elbow flexion?
In the capitulotrochlear groove.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What are the origins of the Pronator Teres muscle?
(Humeral head) medial epicondyle of humerus, (Ulnar head) medial border of coronoid process of ulna.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What are the origins of the long and short heads of the biceps?
Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Short head: Coracoid process of scapula.
p.7
Cubital Fossa and Carrying Angle
When does the carrying angle disappear?
During full elbow extension with forearm pronated and full elbow flexion with forearm supinated.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What is the common origin for elbow extensors?
Lateral Epicondyle, also known as 'extensor epicondyle'.
p.6
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which muscles are involved in forearm pronation?
Pronator Teres and Pronator Quadratus.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the insertion point of the Pronator Teres muscle?
Lateral aspect of shaft of radius.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What is the insertion point of the biceps?
Medial aspect of the shaft of the humerus.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What are the activation conditions for the Pronator Quadratus muscle?
Unaffected with elbow in any positions, resisted and unresisted pronation, slow or fast, deep head active in resisted supination and pronation.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What is the origin and insertion of the brachioradialis?
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge; Insertion: Base of styloid process of radius.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What are the primary actions of the brachioradialis?
Elbow flexion, supination from full pronation to neutral, and pronation from full supination to neutral.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Extension
What is the origin and insertion of the anconeus?
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; Insertion: Lateral surface of olecranon process of ulna.
p.3
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What structures form the distal radioulnar joint?
Rounded head of the ulna and the ulnar notch on the radius.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
What are the main ligaments of the distal radioulnar joint?
Anterior (palmar) distal radioulnar ligament and posterior (dorsal) radioulnar ligament.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the close-packed position (CPP) for the humeroradial joint?
Elbow flexed to 90°, forearm supinated to 5°.
p.2
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
What are the concave and convex surfaces of the humeroradial joint?
Concave: radial surface, Convex: capitulum.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What is the origin of the lateral compartment of the muscle of the forearm?
Lateral supracondylar ridge.
p.6
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
How does the Biceps Brachii perform as a supinator at different elbow positions?
It is 4x better as a supinator at 90 degrees of elbow flexion and 2x better when the elbow is extended.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which nerve innervates the Pronator Quadratus muscle?
Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve.
p.3
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What type of joint is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Synovial diarthrodial pivot/trochoid joint.
p.2
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What are the articulating surfaces of the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna.
p.3
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?
Synovial diarthrodial pivot/trochoid joint.
p.2
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
What are the concave and convex surfaces of the humeroulnar joint?
Concave: ulnar trochlear notch, Convex: humeral trochlea.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What are the origins of the Supinator muscle?
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, anular ligament of proximal radioulnar joint, and ulna.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What are the key features of the ulna?
Trochlear ridge/longitudinal ridge, trochlear/semilunar notch (concave), coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity, and radial notch.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the activation condition for the Biceps in supination?
With resistance, fast supination at 90 degrees of elbow flexion, 4x supinating power than supinator with forearm in pronation.
p.3
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which muscles are involved in supination of the forearm?
Biceps brachii and supinator.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the open-packed position (OPP) for the humeroulnar joint?
70° elbow flexion, 10° supination.
p.2
Ligaments of the Elbow
What are the attachments of the medial/ulnar collateral ligament (MCL)?
Medial epicondyle to the olecranon process and coronoid process.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which nerve innervates the Supinator muscle?
Deep branch of radial nerve.
p.5
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What are the actions of the Pronator Teres muscle?
Pronation and flexion of forearm.
p.3
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
Which structures form the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Head of the radius, annular ligament, and radial notch on the ulna.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
Where is the annular ligament attached?
From the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch on the ulna to the head of the radius.
p.3
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
What movements occur at the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Pronation and supination.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
Where is the anterior (palmar) distal radioulnar ligament located?
From the anterior aspect of the radioulnar joint.
p.6
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
Which muscles are considered the primary elbow flexors?
Brachialis, Brachioradialis, and Biceps Brachii.
p.6
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What is the role of the Brachioradialis in elbow flexion?
It acts as a pure elbow flexor when the forearm is in midposition.
p.6
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
What is the primary role of the Pronator Quadratus?
It is the most active and consistently used pronator muscle, involved during all pronation movements, regardless of power demands or associated elbow flexion.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What are the primary actions of the biceps?
Elbow flexion and forearm supination.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Extension
What are the origins of the three heads of the triceps?
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula; Lateral head: Upper half of posterior surface of humerus; Medial head: Lower half of posterior surface of humerus.
p.3
Forearm Supinators and Pronators
Which muscles are involved in pronation of the forearm?
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the open-packed position (OPP) for the humeroradial joint?
Full extension and supination.
p.2
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
Which muscles are involved in elbow flexion?
Brachialis, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, pronator teres.
p.6
Muscles Involved in Elbow Extension
What is the role of the Anconeus in elbow extension?
It is usually the first muscle to initiate elbow extension, especially at low levels of extension.
p.1
Anatomy of Elbow Complex Bones
What structure is superior to the trochlea and what does it receive?
The coronoid fossa is superior to the trochlea and it receives the coronoid process of the ulna.
p.3
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What is the capsular pattern of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Equal limitation of supination and pronation.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
What are the main ligaments of the proximal radio-ulnar joint?
Annular ligament, quadrate ligament, and oblique ligament.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
Where is the oblique ligament located?
From the lateral side of the ulnar tuberosity to just distal to the bicipital tuberosity.
p.2
Elbow Joint Types and Functions
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Synovial diarthrodial hinged/ginglymus joint.
p.3
Osteokinematics and Arthrokinematics
What is the movement of the radius during supination at the distal radioulnar joint?
Posterior roll and slide.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Elbow Flexion
What is the origin and insertion of the brachialis?
Origin: Front of lower half of humerus; Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna.
p.3
Ligaments of the Elbow
Where is the posterior (dorsal) distal radioulnar ligament located?
From the dorsal aspect of the radioulnar joint.
