What is the first step of metastasis?
A) Formation of new tumors
B) Cancer cells invade the basement membrane
C) Spread to lymph nodes
D) Development of secondary tumors
E) Apoptosis of cancer cells
B) Cancer cells invade the basement membrane
Explanation: The first step of metastasis involves cancer cells invading the basement membrane, which is a reliable feature of malignancy and necessary for subsequent spread to distant sites.
p.1
Definition of Neoplasia
What does the term 'oncology' refer to?
A) The study of benign tumors
B) The study of cancer and neoplasia
C) The treatment of infections
D) The study of genetics
E) The study of normal tissue growth
B) The study of cancer and neoplasia
Explanation: Oncology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study of neoplasia and cancer in all its aspects, including diagnosis, treatment, and research.
p.5
In Situ vs. Invasive Carcinoma
What does 'in situ carcinoma' refer to?
A) A fully invasive cancer
B) A pre-stage of invasion
C) A benign tumor
D) A type of benign growth
E) A metastatic cancer
B) A pre-stage of invasion
Explanation: 'In situ carcinoma' refers to a pre-stage of invasion where cancer cells are present but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues, distinguishing it from invasive carcinoma.
p.8
Nomenclature of Tumors
What is the correct answer for Q1 in the Scientific Committee Med222?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
C) C
Explanation: The answer sheet indicates that the correct answer for Q1 is C.
p.7
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
Which statement is true regarding basal cell carcinoma (BCC)?
A) BCC invades nearby tissue
B) BCC does not invade nearby tissue
C) BCC is highly aggressive
D) BCC is always well differentiated
E) BCC has a high rate of recurrence
B) BCC does not invade nearby tissue
Explanation: Basal cell carcinoma is known for its non-invasive nature, making it less aggressive compared to other types of skin cancer.
p.2
Nomenclature of Tumors
Which of the following tumors is an example of a benign tumor of glandular epithelium?
A) Squamous cell carcinoma
B) Adenoma
C) Lymphoma
D) Chondroma
E) Granuloma
B) Adenoma
Explanation: Adenoma is a benign tumor that arises from glandular epithelium, distinguishing it from other types of tumors.
p.1
Definition of Neoplasia
What is the definition of a neoplasm?
A) A type of benign tumor
B) An abnormal mass of tissue that grows uncoordinated with normal tissues
C) A genetic disorder
D) A type of cancer
E) A normal tissue growth
B) An abnormal mass of tissue that grows uncoordinated with normal tissues
Explanation: A neoplasm is defined as a new growth of cells or an abnormal mass of tissue that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue growth, persisting even after growth stimuli cease.
p.5
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What type of mitosis is often observed in malignant cells?
A) Normal mitosis
B) Abnormal mitosis (tri, quadripolar)
C) No mitosis
D) Slow mitosis
E) Binary fission
B) Abnormal mitosis (tri, quadripolar)
Explanation: Malignant cells are characterized by abnormal mitosis, including tri and quadripolar mitotic figures, which indicates a disruption in normal cell division processes.
p.3
Classification of Tumors
What type of tumor is a teratoma?
A) Always malignant
B) Always benign
C) May be benign or malignant
D) Only found in adults
E) A type of carcinoma
C) May be benign or malignant
Explanation: Teratomas can be either benign or malignant and are usually found in the ovaries or testes, making them unique among tumors.
What is the first step of metastasis?
A) Dysplasia
B) In situ cancer
C) Invasion
D) Increased nuclear size
E) Differentiation
C) Invasion
Explanation: The first step of metastasis is invasion, where cancer cells invade surrounding tissues before spreading to other parts of the body.
p.1
Nomenclature of Tumors
What is the general term for all malignant growths?
A) Tumor
B) Neoplasm
C) Cancer
D) Benign
E) Oncology
C) Cancer
Explanation: Cancer is the general term used to describe all types of malignant growths, encompassing various forms of invasive and spreading neoplasms.
p.5
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
What is a key feature of benign tumors regarding local invasion?
A) They invade surrounding tissues
B) They have a capsule that limits growth
C) They do not have a capsule
D) They grow rapidly
E) They infiltrate nerves
B) They have a capsule that limits growth
Explanation: Benign tumors are often encapsulated, which limits their growth and prevents them from invading surrounding tissues, unlike malignant tumors that invade and destroy adjacent tissues.
p.6
In Situ vs. Invasive Carcinoma
What characterizes Carcinoma In Situ?
A) Complete invasion of surrounding tissues
B) Entire epithelial thickness shows dysplasia
C) Basement membrane is breached
D) Presence of metastasis
E) Formation of new blood vessels
B) Entire epithelial thickness shows dysplasia
Explanation: Carcinoma In Situ is characterized by dysplasia throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium while the basement membrane remains intact, indicating a pre-invasive stage of cancer.
p.3
Nomenclature of Tumors
What is the suffix used for benign tumors originating from connective tissue?
A) -carcinoma
B) -sarcoma
C) -oma
D) -blastoma
E) -teratoma
C) -oma
Explanation: Benign tumors originating from connective tissue are named with the suffix -oma, such as fibroma and lipoma, indicating their non-malignant nature.
Which of the following tumors is NOT capable of metastasizing?
A) Lung carcinoma
B) Basal cell carcinoma
C) Melanoma
D) Breast carcinoma
E) Glioblastoma
B) Basal cell carcinoma
Explanation: Basal cell carcinoma is one of the tumors that typically does not metastasize, along with glial tumors, making them exceptions among malignant tumors.
p.1
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What happens to tissues affected by malignant neoplasms?
A) They grow normally
B) They become necrotic and die
C) They remain unaffected
D) They regenerate quickly
E) They become benign
B) They become necrotic and die
Explanation: Malignant neoplasms can invade tissues, destroy them, and utilize their nutrients, leading to tissue necrosis and death.
p.2
Nomenclature of Tumors
What is the term for a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?
A) Sarcoma
B) Adenoma
C) Carcinoma
D) Fibroma
E) Lipoma
C) Carcinoma
Explanation: A malignant tumor of epithelial origin is referred to as carcinoma, which includes various types such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
p.7
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
How do malignant tumors typically grow?
A) Slow growth
B) Expansile and not invasive
C) Rapid growth
D) Well differentiated
E) Monomorphic
C) Rapid growth
Explanation: Malignant tumors are characterized by rapid growth and progressive infiltration, invasion, and destruction of surrounding tissues.
p.5
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What is a characteristic of malignant cells regarding their nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio?
A) Low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
B) Normal nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
C) Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
D) Variable nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
E) No nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
C) Large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
Explanation: Malignant cells typically exhibit a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, which is one of the distinguishing features that indicate abnormal cell growth and potential malignancy.
p.3
Classification of Tumors
Which of the following is an example of a malignant connective tissue tumor?
A) Fibroma
B) Lipoma
C) Osteosarcoma
D) Chondroma
E) Teratoma
C) Osteosarcoma
Explanation: Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of connective tissue, specifically bone, while the other options are benign tumors or tumors of different origins.
p.7
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
Which of the following characteristics is true for benign tumors?
A) Rapid growth
B) Prominent, irregular shape
C) Has a fibrous capsule
D) Progressive infiltration
E) Pleomorphic
C) Has a fibrous capsule
Explanation: Benign tumors are typically well-differentiated and often have a fibrous capsule that separates them from surrounding tissues.
p.1
Genetic Basis of Cancer
What is the primary cause of cancer as a genetic disorder?
A) Environmental factors
B) DNA mutations
C) Viral infections
D) Bacterial infections
E) Nutritional deficiencies
B) DNA mutations
Explanation: Cancer is primarily caused by DNA mutations, which can be acquired spontaneously or induced by environmental insults, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
p.2
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benign tumors?
A) Rarely come back after removal
B) Can be well differentiated
C) Always malignant
D) Named with the suffix -oma
E) Can arise from epithelial origin
C) Always malignant
Explanation: Benign tumors are characterized by their low likelihood of recurrence after removal and are not malignant, which distinguishes them from malignant tumors.
p.7
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What type of cell differentiation is associated with malignant tumors?
A) Well differentiated
B) Monomorphic
C) Poorly differentiated
D) Normal
E) Increased nuclear size
C) Poorly differentiated
Explanation: Malignant tumors can range from well differentiated to poorly differentiated, often exhibiting pleomorphic characteristics and anaplasia.
p.2
Classification of Tumors
What is the primary factor used to classify tumors?
A) Size of the tumor
B) Cell of origin
C) Age of the patient
D) Location of the tumor
E) Color of the tumor
B) Cell of origin
Explanation: Tumors are classified primarily by their cell of origin, which indicates where the tumor arises from, such as epithelial or connective tissue.
p.2
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What does the degree of differentiation indicate in tumor classification?
A) The size of the tumor
B) The age of the patient
C) The growth rate of the tumor
D) The histological appearance of the tumor
E) The location of the tumor
D) The histological appearance of the tumor
Explanation: The degree of differentiation refers to how much the tumor cells resemble normal cells, which is assessed histologically and categorized into well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated.
p.1
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
What distinguishes a malignant neoplasm from a benign neoplasm?
A) Limited growth without invasion
B) Invasive growth that spreads
C) Non-cancerous nature
D) Lack of tissue destruction
E) Presence of growth stimuli
B) Invasive growth that spreads
Explanation: A malignant neoplasm is characterized by invasive growth that can spread to other tissues, unlike a benign neoplasm, which is limited in growth and does not invade or spread.
p.6
In Situ vs. Invasive Carcinoma
What must occur before metastasis can happen?
A) Tumor necrosis
B) Invasion of adjacent tissues
C) Formation of new blood vessels
D) Apoptosis of surrounding cells
E) Activation of immune response
B) Invasion of adjacent tissues
Explanation: Invasion of adjacent tissues must occur before metastasis can take place, as cancer cells need to breach local barriers before spreading to distant sites.
p.5
Rate of Growth in Tumors
How does the rate of growth in malignant tumors compare to benign tumors?
A) Slower in malignant tumors
B) The same in both
C) Rapid in malignant tumors
D) No growth in malignant tumors
E) Variable in benign tumors only
C) Rapid in malignant tumors
Explanation: Malignant tumors typically exhibit a rapid rate of growth, contrasting with benign tumors, which usually grow slowly. This rapid growth is often correlated with the level of differentiation.
p.3
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
What does the term 'anaplasia' refer to in tumor biology?
A) Similarity in growth to the tissue of origin
B) No similarity in growth to the tissue of origin
C) Rapid growth of tumors
D) Tumors that are benign
E) Tumors that are always malignant
B) No similarity in growth to the tissue of origin
Explanation: Anaplasia indicates a lack of similarity between the new tissue and the tissue of origin, often seen in malignant tumors.
p.8
Nomenclature of Tumors
What is the correct answer for Q2 in the Scientific Committee Med222?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
B) B
Explanation: According to the answer sheet, the correct answer for Q2 is B.
p.6
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
What is a reliable feature of malignancy?
A) Presence of necrosis
B) Invasion of the basement membrane
C) Formation of fibrous tissue
D) Presence of inflammation
E) Increased cell differentiation
B) Invasion of the basement membrane
Explanation: The invasion of the basement membrane is a reliable feature of malignancy, indicating that cancer cells have breached a critical barrier and are capable of spreading.
p.2
Nomenclature of Tumors
What suffix is commonly used to denote benign tumors?
A) -oma
B) -carcinoma
C) -sarcoma
D) -itis
E) -omae
A) -oma
Explanation: Benign tumors are typically named by their tissue of origin with the suffix -oma, such as fibroma or lipoma.
p.3
Classification of Tumors
Which of the following tumors is classified as a blastoma?
A) Angiosarcoma
B) Rhabdomyosarcoma
C) Retinoblastoma
D) Liposarcoma
E) Chondrosarcoma
C) Retinoblastoma
Explanation: Retinoblastoma is an example of a blastoma, which is a tumor of primitive fetal origin, while the other options are types of sarcomas.
p.3
Differences Between Benign and Malignant Tumors
What is a key difference between benign and malignant tumors regarding local invasion?
A) Benign tumors invade surrounding tissues
B) Malignant tumors do not invade
C) Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues
D) Both types invade equally
E) Benign tumors metastasize
C) Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues
Explanation: Malignant tumors are characterized by their ability to invade local tissues and potentially metastasize, while benign tumors typically do not invade surrounding tissues.
