What protocol uses cryptography to secure connections?
Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS).
p.78
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Why is SQL injection a significant security concern?
It can allow attackers to access, modify, or delete database data.
p.5
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How is CTF related to hacking?
It involves hacking skills but is conducted in a legal and controlled environment.
p.119
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the link to the Discord channel for registration?
https://discord.gg/hTwPJDm7jk
p.119
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the link to sample challenges for training?
https://training.hkcert24.pwnable.hk/
p.88
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Where can you find the OWASP Top 10 list?
At https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/
p.7
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What does 'loss' encompass according to the Crimes Ordinance?
Loss includes not getting what one might get and parting with what one has.
What is Cryptohack?
A wargame containing basic crypto knowledge.
p.22
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the scoring system based on in the King-of-the-Hill CTF?
Scoring is based on rounds, with 5 minutes per round.
p.117
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the URL of the training platform?
https://training.hkcert24.pwnable.hk/
p.9
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common vulnerability in PHP code?
SQL injection due to improper handling of user input.
p.9
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a known vulnerable version of WordPress?
WordPress versions prior to 5.0 are often considered vulnerable.
What is a known attack in the context of modern ciphers?
An attack that exists under certain circumstances for specific ciphers.
p.61
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common feature of websites related to promotions?
Points card or lucky draw.
p.29
Binary Exploitation (Pwn) Challenges
What does 'Pwn' refer to in the context of CTF?
It refers to exploiting vulnerabilities in binary applications.
p.32
CTF Challenge Categories
What is the URL associated with the challenge?
https://www.xn--80ak6aa92e.com/
What are the basic building blocks of cryptography?
Encoding/Decoding, Encryption/Decryption, Digital Signature, Hashing, Pseudo-random number generator.
What are ad hoc attacks?
Attacks where you need to figure it out yourself.
p.67
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does DVWA stand for?
Damn Vulnerable Web Application.
Why is it important to learn mathematics in cryptography?
Mathematics is fundamental to understanding cryptographic concepts.
p.53
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Where can you find more information about HKCERT CTF 2024?
At the website https://ctf.hkcert.org/
What is a smart contract?
A self-executing contract with the terms of the agreement directly written into code.
p.21
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the main objective of a King-of-the-Hill CTF?
To maintain control of a vulnerable system against other participants.
p.2
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
Who is Byron Wai?
A founding member of BlackB6a and a Security Analyst.
p.43
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Why are writeups valuable?
They provide learning opportunities from previous challenges.
p.111
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the main challenge in the Sum-O-Primes problem from picoCTF 2022?
To find the prime factors p and q given their product n and their sum p+q.
p.111
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What information is provided in the Sum-O-Primes challenge besides the product of the primes?
The sum of the primes, p+q.
What two key aspects does cryptography maintain for data?
Confidentiality (keeping data secret) and integrity (ensuring data is accurate and trustworthy).
p.65
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How does a Web Proxy relate to MitM attacks?
It can be used to intercept and relay communications, making it a potential tool for MitM attacks.
p.112
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Where can the challenge values be found?
At the provided URL: https://mercury.picoctf.net/static/3cfeb09681369c26e3f19d886bc1e5d9/values.
p.57
CTF Challenge Categories
What type of content can be found at the sample challenges link?
Training challenges related to CTF.
p.43
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What are writeups in the context of challenges?
Solutions to past challenges.
p.7
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What are the four intents that constitute an offence when accessing a computer?
1) Intent to commit an offence, 2) Dishonest intent to deceive, 3) Dishonest gain for oneself or another, 4) Dishonest intent to cause loss to another.
What is a key characteristic of modern cryptography compared to traditional methods?
It usually involves more mathematics.
p.65
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary purpose of a Man-in-the-Middle attack?
To intercept and manipulate communication between two parties.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are cookies in the context of web browsing?
Small pieces of data stored on the user's computer by the web browser while browsing a website.
What is classical cryptography?
Cryptography methods used 2000 years ago, primarily done with pen and paper.
p.74
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does the '$_GET' superglobal in PHP do?
It retrieves data sent via URL parameters.
p.47
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
How do tools contribute to problem-solving?
They provide methods and resources to address challenges.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary purpose of cookies?
To remember information about the user, such as login details and preferences.
What was the Enigma machine used for?
It was used by the Nazis for encryption during World War II.
p.5
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is Capture-the-Flag (CTF)?
A legal hacking competition where participants solve security-related challenges.
p.116
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the purpose of a training platform?
To provide resources and tools for learning and skill development.
p.88
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common client-side attack?
Cross-site scripting (XSS injection).
p.9
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What can lead to a misconfigured web server?
Default settings not changed, exposing sensitive information.
Why must the prime numbers used in RSA be kept secret?
Because if they are known, the ciphertexts can be easily decrypted.
What is the purpose of Cryptopals?
It is more for self-learning in cryptography.
p.40
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of vulnerability was exploited in the MobileIron MDM hack?
Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE).
What is cryptanalysis?
The study and practice of breaking cryptographic systems.
p.68
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does DVWA stand for?
Damn Vulnerable Web Application.
p.27
Reverse Engineering Techniques
What is the primary goal of reverse engineering in CTF?
To understand what a binary or executable software does without access to its source code.
p.85
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of a JavaScript attack?
To manipulate or steal data from users.
p.84
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the significance of JavaScript in web development?
It allows developers to implement complex features on web pages.
p.51
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the URL of the training platform?
https://training.hkcert24.pwnable.hk/
p.117
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the significance of the training platform?
It provides resources for cybersecurity training.
p.116
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What types of training can be found on a training platform?
Courses, tutorials, and hands-on exercises.
p.61
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What types of websites are mentioned?
Government, banking, school websites.
p.31
CTF Challenge Categories
What is steganography in the context of CTF?
The practice of hiding information, such as an image, within another medium like a soundtrack.
p.35
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the significance of career prospects in cybersecurity?
Cybersecurity offers a growing number of job opportunities due to increasing threats and the need for protection.
Under what condition does the Broadcast attack for RSA work?
If the unknown is smaller than the product of moduli.
p.29
Reverse Engineering Techniques
How does Cheat Engine assist in reverse engineering?
It allows users to inspect and modify the memory of running processes.
p.57
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What can you find at the provided registration link?
You can register for CTF events.
p.35
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
How can certifications impact career prospects in cybersecurity?
Certifications can enhance credibility and demonstrate expertise, making candidates more attractive to employers.
p.39
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is HackerOne?
A bug bounty platform that connects organizations with ethical hackers.
p.42
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the primary purpose of using the command line in Linux?
To navigate the file system and execute commands.
p.71
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of vulnerability is demonstrated in DVWA - File Inclusion?
File Inclusion vulnerability.
p.35
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the job outlook for cybersecurity professionals?
The job outlook is very positive, with a high demand for skilled professionals in the field.
p.39
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What can you find on the HackerOne Hacktivity page?
Reports of vulnerabilities discovered by hackers and the rewards given.
p.4
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the link to the Discord channel mentioned?
https://discord.gg/hTwPJDm7jk
What do you do after raising the plaintext m to the e-th power in RSA encryption?
Divide by n and take the remainder as the ciphertext.
Why is cryptography important in online connections?
It ensures that the connection is secure.
What is the primary purpose of cryptography?
To ensure secure communication in the presence of adversaries.
p.35
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What types of roles are available in the cybersecurity field?
Roles include security analyst, penetration tester, security engineer, and incident responder.
p.22
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How does performance in a round affect scoring in King-of-the-Hill CTF?
The better you perform in a round, the more score you will have.
p.35
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What skills are essential for a career in cybersecurity?
Essential skills include knowledge of networks, programming, risk assessment, and incident response.
p.64
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Where can the Insp3ct0r 64 challenge be found?
At the URL: https://jupiter.challenges.picoctf.org/problem/41511/.
p.84
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is JavaScript primarily used for?
Creating interactive and dynamic content on websites.
What is a classical cipher?
A method of encrypting text using a fixed system, such as substitution or transposition.
p.70
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What does the original command 'ping 127.0.0.1' do?
It checks the network connection to the local host.
p.77
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is three-tier architecture?
A software architecture pattern that separates applications into three layers: presentation, application logic, and data storage.
p.68
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of vulnerability is demonstrated in DVWA - Command Injection?
Command Injection vulnerability.
What should you know about computers in relation to cryptography?
Know what a computer can do for you and what you can only do by hand.
What is the significance of the number 106?
It could refer to various contexts such as a numerical value, a code, or a specific identifier.
p.19
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the format of a Jeopardy-style CTF?
CTF challenges are set up by authors, and players tackle these challenges to get flags.
p.31
CTF Challenge Categories
What type of data can be hidden using steganography?
Images can be hidden in soundtracks.
p.57
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the purpose of the Discord channel linked in the text?
To register and participate in discussions related to CTF challenges.
What is the purpose of encoding/decoding?
Translating data between different forms.
p.78
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is SQL injection?
A code injection technique that exploits a vulnerability in an application's software by manipulating SQL queries.
p.36
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is CTF in the context of the security community?
A platform for security researchers and practitioners to communicate their thoughts.
p.67
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of vulnerabilities can be tested using DVWA?
Common web vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, XSS, and CSRF.
p.44
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What should you avoid when working on a CTF challenge?
Not to focus too hard on a single challenge.
p.42
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Why is programming important in CTF challenges?
For scripting and reading source code.
p.71
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary risk associated with File Inclusion vulnerabilities?
Unauthorized access to files on the server.
p.76
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does it mean that HTTP is stateless?
It means that each request from a client to a server is treated as an independent transaction, with no memory of previous requests.
p.84
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are some common uses of JavaScript?
Form validation, animations, and handling events.
What does the lock symbol in your browser indicate?
It indicates that cryptography is being used to secure your connection.
What is the first step in RSA encryption?
Take the plaintext m to the e-th power.
p.4
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the link to sample challenges?
https://training.hkcert24.pwnable.hk/
p.29
Reverse Engineering Techniques
What is Cheat Engine commonly used for in CTF challenges?
It is used for reverse engineering and binary exploitation.
p.78
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does DVWA stand for?
Damn Vulnerable Web Application.
p.31
CTF Challenge Categories
What is the primary purpose of steganography in CTF challenges?
To conceal information in a way that is not easily detectable.
p.19
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What determines the winner in a Jeopardy-style CTF?
The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.
p.63
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are Developer Tools used for in a browser?
They are used for inspecting and debugging web pages.
p.85
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What can JavaScript attacks exploit?
Vulnerabilities in web applications.
What does encryption/decryption do?
Transforms a message into 'ciphertext' using keys and reverses it back.
p.18
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is picoCTF?
A long-running Capture-the-Flag (CTF) event designed for educational purposes.
p.74
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What could happen if a web application allows direct access to '/etc/passwd' through a GET request?
It could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive information.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How do cookies enhance user experience on websites?
By allowing websites to remember user preferences and sessions.
What is RSA in cryptography?
A widely used asymmetric encryption algorithm.
p.92
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the URL provided in the demo?
https://mercury.picoctf.net/static/b44842413a0834f4a3619e5f5e629d05/shark1.pcap
p.68
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary risk associated with command injection?
It allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the server.
p.44
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is a recommended practice for tracking progress in CTF challenges?
Keep a log for everything you have tried in a challenge.
p.61
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are some examples of platforms where webpages are used?
Mobile apps, web apps, Discord, Google Classroom, Google Docs.
p.7
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
How is 'gain' defined in the context of accessing a computer with dishonest intent?
Gain includes keeping what one has and getting what one has not.
p.116
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is a key feature of effective training platforms?
Interactive and engaging content.
Why is the solution of the quadratic equation exactly p and q?
This is a concept covered in DSE Core Maths.
p.7
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
Does the definition of gain and loss extend beyond money or property?
Yes, it extends to any gain or loss, whether temporary or permanent.
What is public knowledge in RSA encryption?
The value of n and e, which form the public key.
p.34
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is an important mindset to have when playing CTF?
Be attentive: The devil is hidden in the details.
p.47
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the significance of tools in various fields?
Tools enhance efficiency and effectiveness in tasks.
p.34
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Why is creativity important in CTF challenges?
What you learn from school may not help; think out of the box.
p.111
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the significance of the provided links in the Sum-O-Primes challenge?
They contain the script and output necessary to solve the challenge.
p.22
CTF Challenge Categories
What are some different aims of challenges in King-of-the-Hill CTF?
Aims include reaching deeper into the system, solving faster than competitors, and checking server aliveness.
What is the main concept of frequency analysis in cryptography?
It involves comparing the distribution of letters in encrypted text to the normal distribution of letters in English.
What is the file type of the provided link?
.pcap (packet capture file).
What is a digital signature used for?
To verify that a message is sent from a specific person and to ensure its integrity.
p.47
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What role do tools play in cybersecurity?
They help in identifying vulnerabilities and protecting systems.
p.27
Reverse Engineering Techniques
What might you investigate when reverse engineering a program?
Whether the program is hiding something.
p.85
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is one method attackers use in JavaScript attacks?
Injecting malicious scripts into web pages.
p.36
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Who often supports and sponsors CTF events?
Government and commercial security organizations.
What is forensic science?
The application of scientific methods and techniques to investigate crimes.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the primary motivation behind most hackers?
To exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain or to demonstrate their skills.
p.116
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
How can training platforms benefit individuals in cybersecurity?
They offer structured learning paths and practical experience.
What is n in RSA encryption?
A product of two large primes.
What is a requirement for the Padding Oracle attack on AES?
It only works for CBC mode.
p.19
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How do teams earn points in a Jeopardy-style CTF?
Teams gain points for every task solved, with more complicated tasks earning more points.
p.63
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does 'View Source' allow you to do in a browser?
It allows you to see the HTML code of a webpage.
p.29
Binary Exploitation (Pwn) Challenges
What type of challenges does Cheat Engine help solve in CTF competitions?
Challenges related to reverse engineering and binary exploitation.
What should you focus on instead of being a script kiddie?
Really understand how things work.
p.63
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What can you view using the 'View Network' feature?
You can see all network requests made by the webpage.
p.40
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is MobileIron MDM?
A Mobile Device Management solution.
What is Symmetric Key Cryptography?
A method that uses a single key to lock and unlock data.
p.21
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How long does a King-of-the-Hill CTF typically run?
For a set period, e.g., several hours or days.
p.74
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a potential risk of using user input directly in file paths?
It can lead to Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerabilities.
p.107
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a reentrancy attack?
A vulnerability that allows an attacker to repeatedly call a function before the previous execution is complete.
p.80
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does the 'or True' condition do in the SQL injection example?
It always evaluates to true, allowing unauthorized access.
p.74
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does 'page=/etc/passwd/' imply in a URL?
It suggests an attempt to access the system's password file, which is a security risk.
What is a key objective in CTF forensics?
To find target data such as flags or important documents in various storage mediums.
p.85
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How can developers protect against JavaScript attacks?
By validating and sanitizing user input.
p.37
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is a key characteristic of Black Hat hackers?
They steal data and operate without authorization.
p.94
CTF Challenge Categories
What is the URL provided for the challenge?
https://mercury.picoctf.net/static/a734f18939e0aaea9d27bc7a243a0ed0/dds1-alpine.flag.img.gz
p.21
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What skills are required for a King-of-the-Hill CTF?
Both offensive and defensive cybersecurity skills.
p.14
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What must participants do while engaging in CTF?
Obey rules and do no harm.
What types of evidence can forensic experts analyze?
Digital files, logs, network traffic, and hardware.
p.14
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
Are automated tools allowed in CTF?
No, automated tools like nmap and nikto are not used in CTF.
p.74
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the significance of the '/etc/passwd' file in web security?
It contains user account information on Unix-like systems, and exposing it can lead to security vulnerabilities.
p.85
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common type of attack in JavaScript?
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
p.111
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the mathematical relationship given in the Sum-O-Primes challenge?
n = p * q and p + q is also provided.
p.71
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does DVWA stand for?
Damn Vulnerable Web Application.
p.67
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of DVWA?
To provide a platform for testing and practicing web application security.
p.44
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How should participants choose challenges in a CTF?
Pick challenges that fit your skill level.
What type of machines were sometimes used in classical cryptography?
Some make use of machines.
What is forensics in the context of digital data?
The art of recovering the digital trail left on a computer.
p.18
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is the primary goal of picoCTF?
To teach cybersecurity concepts through hands-on challenges.
Why is the distribution of English letters important in frequency analysis?
Because it is not uniform, allowing for the recovery of the original plaintext by comparison.
p.70
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the purpose of the malicious command 'ping 127.0.0.1; ls -al .'?
It executes two commands: pinging the local host and listing files in the current directory.
p.78
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of using DVWA for learning?
To practice and understand web application security vulnerabilities in a controlled environment.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are session cookies?
Cookies that are temporary and are deleted when the browser is closed.
p.33
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is a hacker beyond security?
A hacker who engages in activities like solving riddles or puzzles on computers.
p.59
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
Where should exercises be attempted according to the Code of Ethics?
ONLY INSIDE THE SECLUDED LAB ENVIRONMENT.
p.79
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How does a typical login query work in a web application?
It checks the database for the username and verifies if the password is correct.
What are field modifiers in Solidity?
Modifiers that change the behavior of functions or variables in smart contracts.
p.80
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does the '--' signify in the SQL injection example?
It comments out the rest of the SQL query, preventing it from being executed.
p.33
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is a Puzzle Hunt?
An event where participants solve a series of puzzles, similar to riddles.
p.13
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What can you achieve with a little research in hacking?
You can conduct an 'attack' similar to the F1 student.
p.62
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How do clients and servers communicate in a client-server architecture?
Through a network using specific protocols.
p.33
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the Gold-bug Defcon?
A specific Puzzle Hunt event.
What is steganography in the context of CTF?
The analysis of photos, audio, or video to find hidden information.
p.62
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is a common example of a client-server application?
Web browsers (clients) accessing web servers.
p.59
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
How should the challenge server be regarded?
As a hostile environment.
p.13
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What does the phrase '凡走過必留下痕跡' imply in hacking?
Every action leaves a trace.
p.41
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is a common activity performed by White Hat hackers?
Participating in Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions.
p.37
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the primary difference between Black Hat and White Hat hackers?
Their purpose; White Hats improve cyber defenses, while Black Hats engage in criminal activities.
p.34
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What should players do to enhance their learning in CTF?
Read write-ups from players and challenge authors.
p.81
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does DVWA stand for?
Damn Vulnerable Web Application.
p.37
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What do White Hat hackers do?
They work with the permission of system administrators to improve cyber defenses.
What is the Caesar Cipher?
A cipher used by Julius Caesar 2000 years ago for encryption.
p.16
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Where can you find information about CTF events around the world?
On the website ctftime.org.
What are the key properties of hashing?
Easy to compute but hard to reverse, collision-resistant, and sensitive to small changes in input.
p.48
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
Which VTuber channel is mentioned?
https://www.youtube.com/c/kurenaif
p.27
Reverse Engineering Techniques
Can reverse engineering be used to modify a program's behavior?
Yes, it can be used to patch the program to change its logic.
p.3
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is Capture-the-Flag (CTF)?
A competitive event in cybersecurity where participants solve challenges to capture virtual flags.
p.77
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the purpose of the presentation layer in three-tier architecture?
To handle user interface and user interaction.
p.44
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is a crucial mindset to maintain during a CTF?
Be really careful and always scrutinize what you see.
p.70
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What does the command 'ls -al .' do?
It lists all files and directories in the current directory with detailed information.
What types of media can be analyzed in CTF forensics?
Disk images, USB drives, phone images, and drone footage.
p.36
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What cybersecurity law is mentioned in relation to Hong Kong?
Hong Kong cybersecurity law.
p.27
Reverse Engineering Techniques
What is a key question to ask when trying to reverse the logic of a program?
What input do I need to 'get flag'?
p.81
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary goal of exploiting SQL injection vulnerabilities?
To gain unauthorized access to a database and manipulate its data.
p.23
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What kind of system command might participants run in web CTF challenges?
Arbitrary commands in the system.
What is steganography?
The practice of hiding data within other data.
p.89
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Where can you find write-ups for web challenges?
They are readily available on the Internet.
Why is 'p' likely to be 'I'?
'a' can’t occur at the end of a sentence, suggesting 'p' should be 'I'.
p.59
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What should you do if you accidentally break a challenge?
Let the instructors know.
What is the significance of the phrase 'Kuvut grkko' in the cipher?
It appears multiple times, suggesting it may represent a common word or phrase.
p.63
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What information can you access through 'View Cookie'?
You can see the cookies stored by the website.
p.80
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of the SQL injection example provided?
To demonstrate how an attacker can manipulate a SQL query to bypass authentication.
p.34
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is the benefit of teamwork in CTF?
Team up! No one is an island nor all-rounded.
p.79
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is SQL injection?
A technique where an attacker can manipulate a web application's SQL queries to gain unauthorized access.
p.62
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the primary function of a client in a client-server architecture?
To request services or resources from the server.
What can be used to perform frequency analysis on text?
Tools like https://quipqiup.com/ can assist in this process.
p.89
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does Natas teach?
The basics of server-side web security.
p.76
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the basic structure of HTTP communication?
It consists of a request from the client and a response from the server.
p.36
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is a factor contributing to the increasing importance of CTF?
Increasing reliance on computer technologies.
What is EXIF data?
Metadata that can be found in image files, often containing information about the camera settings and location.
p.89
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Where can you find Natas challenges?
At https://overthewire.org/wargames/natas/
p.81
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Why is DVWA used for learning about SQL injection?
It provides a safe environment to practice and understand web application vulnerabilities.
p.79
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Can an attacker log in to the system without knowing the password using SQL injection?
Yes, by manipulating the SQL query.
p.18
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How does picoCTF contribute to cybersecurity education?
By providing a platform for practical experience in solving security challenges.
p.80
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of database operation is being exploited in this SQL injection?
A SELECT operation to retrieve user information.
What is the relationship between the public key and private key in Public Key Cryptography?
The public key is shared with everyone, while the private key is kept secret.
What does the occurrence of a single 'p' and 'o' suggest in the cipher?
'p' could translate to 'I' or 'A', and 'o' is likely 'A'.
What is modern cryptography?
Modern cryptography includes algorithms like RSA.
What is the importance of key management in cryptography?
To ensure the security and integrity of cryptographic keys.
p.15
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is the main objective in a CTF competition?
To find a 'flag' (secret file) inside a vulnerable system.
p.46
CTF Difficulty (HKCERT CTF)
What is the highest difficulty level in CTF?
★★★★★ : Challenge yourself!
p.41
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the primary focus of White Hat hackers?
To identify and fix security vulnerabilities in systems.
p.14
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is one benefit of participating in CTF?
It provides a safe, fun, and profitable way to legally hack systems.
p.40
Web Security Vulnerabilities
Why is unauthenticated RCE particularly dangerous?
It allows attackers to execute code without needing valid credentials.
p.23
CTF Challenge Categories
What can participants aim to steal in web CTF challenges?
Passwords from admin accounts.
p.15
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What do competitors need to do in a CTF?
Exploit systems to find the flags.
p.42
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is a key practice for improving CTF skills?
Writing write-ups after completing challenges.
p.28
Binary Exploitation (Pwn) Challenges
What is typically provided to participants in a Pwn challenge?
The binary or executable software.
p.77
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What role does the application logic layer play in three-tier architecture?
It processes the business logic and communicates between the presentation and data layers.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is social engineering in the context of hacking?
Manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information.
p.54
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Why is participating in CTF important?
CTF helps improve practical cybersecurity skills and knowledge through hands-on experience.
Who can unlock the padlock in Public Key Cryptography?
Only the person with the private key can unlock it.
p.77
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the function of the data storage layer in three-tier architecture?
To manage data storage and retrieval.
p.30
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How can programming languages be relevant in hacking?
Interesting features in programming languages can be exploited for hacking purposes.
p.62
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is one advantage of client-server architecture?
Centralized management of resources and services.
What is disk imaging?
The process of creating a copy of a computer's hard drive for analysis.
p.75
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common method to test for RFI vulnerabilities?
Injecting payloads into URL parameters to see if the server executes them.
What is RSA in modern cryptography?
A widely used public-key cryptographic system that enables secure data transmission.
p.3
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What are some tips for succeeding in CTF challenges?
Practice regularly, collaborate with others, and utilize online resources.
What are the main processes involved in cryptography?
Encryption, decryption, signatures, and hashes.
p.47
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
Can tools be used for both offensive and defensive strategies in cybersecurity?
Yes, tools can be utilized for both attacking and defending systems.
What does AES stand for?
Advanced Encryption Standard.
p.71
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are the two types of File Inclusion vulnerabilities?
Local File Inclusion (LFI) and Remote File Inclusion (RFI).
What is cryptanalysis?
The study to determine if a cryptographic system is flawed.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are persistent cookies?
Cookies that remain on the user's device for a set period or until deleted.
What role does forensic analysis play in cybersecurity?
It helps in identifying, preserving, and analyzing digital evidence.
p.54
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is Capture-the-Flag (CTF)?
CTF is a cybersecurity competition where participants solve challenges to find 'flags' that represent points.
What does the term 'relative frequency' refer to in the context of English letters?
It refers to how often each letter appears in a given text compared to others.
In Public Key Cryptography, who can obtain the padlock?
Everyone can obtain the padlock to lock data.
p.75
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does the PHP function 'system()' do?
It executes an external program and displays the output.
p.15
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Is CTF considered an examination?
No, it is a learning process.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
How do hackers typically find vulnerabilities?
By conducting reconnaissance and scanning networks for weaknesses.
p.54
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How do you play CTF?
Participants solve various challenges across different categories to earn points and capture flags.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the role of anonymity for hackers?
To protect their identity while conducting illegal activities.
p.54
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What can you gain from playing CTF?
You can gain practical skills, knowledge in cybersecurity, and networking opportunities.
p.58
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How can web security be improved?
By implementing secure coding practices, regular security audits, and using web application firewalls.
p.59
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What should you not do to other players working on challenges?
Intentionally disrupt them or disclose their private information.
p.58
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the primary focus of web security?
To protect websites and web applications from cyber threats.
p.77
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What are the three layers in three-tier architecture?
Presentation layer, application logic layer, and data storage layer.
p.67
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are the two URLs provided for accessing DVWA?
https://dvwa.byronwai.xyz and http://hkcert.duckdns.org/
What is a pseudo-random number generator?
It generates 'random' numbers from a deterministic seed, making them unpredictable and uniformly random.
p.63
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does the phrase 'What you see is not the whole picture' imply in web browsing?
It suggests that there is more behind the visible content, such as code and network activity.
p.15
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How does CTF serve participants?
As a security training and exchange of ideas.
p.27
Reverse Engineering Techniques
What type of vulnerabilities can be identified through reverse engineering?
Bugs or errors in the program that can be exploited, such as for game hacks.
p.3
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Why is participating in CTF important?
It helps improve cybersecurity skills, problem-solving abilities, and teamwork.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is a Bug Hunter?
A professional who identifies and reports software vulnerabilities.
Why is randomness important in cryptography?
It must be unpredictable to ensure security.
p.13
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is a consequence of hacking?
You may enjoy the consequences of your actions.
Why is chain of custody important in forensic investigations?
It ensures that evidence is preserved and its integrity is maintained.
p.15
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What is expected of participants before a CTF game starts?
They are not expected to know everything.
p.28
Binary Exploitation (Pwn) Challenges
What do you need to do after finding a vulnerability in a Pwn challenge?
Craft and fire an exploit to gain access to the remote service.
What is the purpose of forensic imaging?
To create an exact copy of digital evidence for analysis.
p.3
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is SQL injection?
A web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to interfere with the queries that an application makes to its database.
p.15
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What permission is granted under CTF rules?
Permission to hack the CTF challenges.
p.24
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the OWASP Top 10?
A list of the most critical web application security risks.
What is symmetric cryptography?
A type of cryptography where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.
What is a cryptographic hash function?
A function that converts input data into a fixed-size string of characters, which is typically a hash value.
p.39
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the purpose of a bug bounty program?
To incentivize ethical hackers to find and report security vulnerabilities.
p.34
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What should players remember about failure in CTF?
Don’t worry to fail; we compete to learn in CTFs.
p.18
CTF Challenge Categories
What type of challenges can participants expect in picoCTF?
A variety of cybersecurity challenges that test different skills.
p.21
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
How are points awarded in a King-of-the-Hill CTF?
Based on the duration of control over the system.
p.81
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is SQL injection?
A code injection technique that exploits a vulnerability in an application's software by manipulating SQL queries.
p.62
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What role does the server play in a client-server architecture?
To provide services or resources to clients.
p.41
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How do White Hat hackers contribute to cybersecurity?
By conducting penetration testing and vulnerability assessments.
p.79
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a bad example of a SQL query for user authentication?
SELECT * from users where username='ringo' and password='123456'.
p.76
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What role do cookies play in HTTP?
Cookies are used to maintain stateful information across multiple requests.
p.68
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How can command injection be mitigated?
By validating and sanitizing user inputs.
p.59
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
Who assumes no responsibility for actions performed outside the secluded lab?
The university, course lecturer, lab instructors, teaching assistants, and the speaker.
p.49
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Why is it useful to search for past write-ups in CTF?
To gain insights and strategies for solving challenges.
What is symmetric key cryptography?
A type of encryption where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.
p.15
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
Are participants required to solve all challenges by the end of a CTF?
No, they are not required to solve all challenges.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is a common method hackers use to gain unauthorized access?
Exploiting software vulnerabilities or using brute force attacks.
What does 'P’n' translate to in the cipher?
It translates to 'I’m', indicating 'n' should be 'M'.
How can reasoning on the English language help in deciphering?
It allows for logical deductions about letter occurrences and placements.
p.23
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are some common web vulnerabilities involved in CTF challenges?
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) and injection attacks.
p.13
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What is a reason for participating in CTF?
Hacker tools are readily available on the Internet.
p.58
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What are common web security vulnerabilities?
SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
p.68
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of using DVWA?
To practice and understand web application security vulnerabilities.
p.75
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of the payload 'page=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgZWNobyBzeXN0ZW0oJ3B3ZCcpOyA/Pg=='?
To execute PHP code that outputs the current working directory.
p.45
CTF Challenge Categories
What does the 'Misc.' category in CTF include?
Forensic challenges and others.
What is the significance of mathematics in cryptography?
Mathematics provides the foundation for encryption algorithms and security protocols.
What is a fallback function in Solidity?
A special function that is executed when a contract is called but does not match any function signature.
p.41
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What distinguishes White Hat hackers from Black Hat hackers?
White Hat hackers operate legally and ethically, while Black Hat hackers exploit vulnerabilities for malicious purposes.
p.89
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is picoCTF?
A cybersecurity competition hosted by CMU.
p.3
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What can you gain from playing CTF?
Experience in cybersecurity, knowledge of various tools, and potential job opportunities.
p.36
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What does HKMA iCAST refer to?
A program related to cybersecurity in Hong Kong.
p.75
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the significance of using '$_GET' in the context of RFI?
It allows attackers to manipulate input parameters to execute arbitrary code.
p.3
CTF Challenge Categories
What is a common category of CTF challenges related to web security?
Web challenges, which include topics like SQL injection and website functionality.
p.58
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the purpose of CSRF attacks?
To trick a user into executing unwanted actions on a different website where they are authenticated.
p.75
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What could be a potential consequence of exploiting RFI vulnerabilities?
An attacker could gain unauthorized access to the server and execute malicious code.
What is a substitution cipher?
A classical cryptography technique where each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter with a fixed relationship to it.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What is the significance of ethical hacking?
To identify and fix vulnerabilities before malicious hackers can exploit them.
How can forensic analysis assist in incident response?
By identifying the source and impact of a security breach.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What does a Security Researcher do?
They investigate and analyze security threats and vulnerabilities.
What role does cryptography play in your digital life?
Cryptography secures communications and protects sensitive information.
p.42
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How can Google be effectively used in CTF?
By utilizing advanced search techniques to find relevant information.
What type of data can forensic methods recover?
Data that is seemingly deleted, not stored, or covertly recorded.
What is Public Key Cryptography?
A method that uses a public key to lock data and a private key to unlock it.
p.39
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How does HackerOne benefit organizations?
By providing a platform to identify and fix security vulnerabilities through crowd-sourced testing.
p.10
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What tools do hackers commonly use?
Malware, phishing techniques, and network scanning tools.
What types of issues can cryptanalysis reveal?
Flaws in the system, implementation issues, or side-channel attacks.
p.58
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is SQL injection?
A code injection technique that exploits a vulnerability in an application's software by manipulating SQL queries.
p.84
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a JavaScript framework?
A pre-written JavaScript code library that simplifies development.
p.80
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the potential risk of the SQL injection attack shown?
It can lead to unauthorized access to user data.
p.20
CTF Challenge Categories
What is the CTF category that deals with exploiting binary programs?
Pwn (Binary Exploitation).
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What does a Penetration Tester (Pentester) do?
They simulate attacks on systems to find vulnerabilities.
p.41
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What skills are essential for a White Hat hacker?
Knowledge of programming, networking, and security protocols.
p.79
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What can be entered into the username or password fields to exploit SQL injection?
An attacker can input SQL code that alters the query's logic.
p.49
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What basic programming skills are beneficial for CTF participants?
Python, C++, PHP, and JavaScript.
p.89
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What should you do if you're in doubt while solving challenges?
Feel free to ask in Discord.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What does a Blue Team do?
They defend against and respond to security threats.
p.54
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a common web challenge in CTF?
SQL injection is a common web challenge.
p.24
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of attack allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages?
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
p.70
Ethics and Legal Considerations in Hacking
What does the semicolon ';' signify in the command 'ping 127.0.0.1; ls -al .'?
It allows the execution of multiple commands in a single statement.
p.84
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is the relationship between JavaScript and HTML?
JavaScript is often used to manipulate HTML elements and enhance user interaction.
p.71
Web Security Vulnerabilities
How can attackers exploit File Inclusion vulnerabilities?
By manipulating input to include malicious files.
p.18
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
Who is the target audience for picoCTF?
Students and individuals interested in learning about cybersecurity.
What tools were primarily used in classical cryptography?
Pen and paper, with some machines like the Enigma.
p.82
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What security risks are associated with cookies?
They can be used for tracking users and may expose sensitive information if not properly secured.
p.23
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What type of file access might be attempted in web CTF challenges?
Reading arbitrary files in the system.
p.42
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
What does persistence mean in the context of CTF?
Continuously practicing and improving skills over time.
p.76
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What is a cookie in the context of HTTP?
A small piece of data stored on the user's computer by the web browser while browsing a website.
What is a common concern regarding randomness in cryptographic systems?
Whether the randomness is predictable.
p.14
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
Can we enjoy hacking legally through CTF?
Yes, CTF allows for legal hacking as long as rules are followed.
p.23
Importance of CTF in Cybersecurity
How are web CTF challenges related to bug bounty programs?
They relate more to bug bounty and pentesting as most software today are websites.
Where can you find a video on recovering audio from muted video?
On YouTube, specifically at the link provided.
p.30
Capture-the-Flag (CTF) Overview
What does PPC stand for in the context of CTF?
Professional Programming & Coding.
p.54
CTF Challenge Categories
What are some tips for succeeding in CTF?
Practice regularly, collaborate with others, and utilize available resources.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the role of a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)?
To oversee and manage an organization's information security strategy.
p.24
Web Security Vulnerabilities
What does IDOR stand for?
Insecure Direct Object Reference.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the role of an R&D Engineer in cybersecurity?
They focus on research and development of security technologies.
What is an example of common cryptography used in real life?
Encryption algorithms like AES or RSA.
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the function of a Red Team?
To simulate adversarial attacks to test security defenses.
What is a common tool used in digital forensics?
EnCase or FTK (Forensic Toolkit).
p.38
Career Opportunities in Cybersecurity
What is the responsibility of an IT Auditor?
To assess and ensure the effectiveness of an organization's IT security.
What is the primary purpose of cryptography?
To secure communication and protect information.
What is classical cryptography?
Classical cryptography includes techniques like substitution ciphers.
What is asymmetric cryptography?
A type of cryptography that uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
Why is familiarity with file formats important in forensics?
To effectively recover and analyze data.
What is the significance of metadata in forensic investigations?
It provides information about the creation, modification, and access of files.
What are the two main types of cryptography?
Symmetric and asymmetric cryptography.
What is digital signature?
A cryptographic technique that allows a person to prove the authenticity and integrity of a message.
What is a common use of cryptography in everyday life?
Securing online transactions and communications.
