p.7
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What is the definition of obedience?
Adjusting your thoughts or behavior in accordance with an authority figure.
p.7
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
How does obedience differ from conformity?
Obedience involves following orders from an authority figure, while conformity is going along with others.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What did the shock generator in Milgram's experiment simulate?
It simulated administering electric shocks to the learner for incorrect answers.
p.6
Conformity and Its Definition
What is conformity?
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with the group.
p.7
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What implications does conformity have?
Conformity can be both beneficial (collective knowledge) and harmful (peer pressure).
p.5
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
What was one of the implications of Milgram's findings regarding human behavior?
Under the right circumstances, ordinary people may act in unsettling ways.
p.1
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What is one reason people conform?
Concern about what others think of them.
p.3
Conformity and Its Definition
What was the main finding of the Asch experiment regarding conformity?
Many participants gave clearly incorrect answers to match the thoughts of a group of peers.
p.7
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
What did Milgram's experiment demonstrate about obedience?
Most people would follow orders even when they believed it was wrong.
p.2
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What factor increases conformity according to Asch's findings?
The number of confederates present, up to about five.
p.3
Informational Influence and Decision Making
How did homeowners respond when informed about their energy consumption compared to neighbors?
They reduced the amount of energy they used.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What did the learner say when he reached 150 volts?
He protested, saying he had heart trouble and wanted to be released.
p.6
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What percentage of participants in Asch's study conformed at least once?
75% of participants knowingly gave at least one wrong answer.
p.2
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What was the main task participants had to perform in Asch's study?
Identify which of three lines matched the length of a single line.
p.3
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What is informational influence?
The influence that leads individuals to conform because they believe others possess accurate information.
p.7
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
What was the setup of Milgram's experiment?
Participants acted as 'Teachers' administering shocks to 'Learners' for mistakes, with voltage increasing from 15V to 450V.
p.2
Cultural Differences in Conformity
In which type of cultures is more conformity typically found?
Collectivist cultures, such as Japan and China.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
How did the experimenter respond when participants wanted to stop the experiment?
He insisted that the experiment required them to continue.
p.5
Factors Influencing Obedience
How did seeing other teachers refuse to press the shock levers affect participants' willingness to continue?
Participants were less willing to continue after seeing other teachers refuse.
p.1
Conformity and Its Definition
What is conformity?
The tendency to change attitudes and behaviors to match those of the people around us.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What role did participants believe they were taking in Milgram's study?
They believed they were participating in an experiment on learning and memory.
p.1
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What ethical concerns arise from obedience studies?
The ethical treatment of participants and the implications of blind obedience.
p.3
Informational Influence and Decision Making
What is a positive outcome of using descriptive norms in hotels?
More guests reused towels, reducing water and energy use.
p.6
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What was the main question in Solomon Asch's conformity study?
Would people conform even when the answer was clear and obvious?
p.1
Binge Drinking and Misperceived Norms
What can misperceptions of norms lead to?
Problems such as excessive binge drinking among college students.
p.3
Binge Drinking and Misperceived Norms
How do misperceived norms contribute to binge drinking among college students?
Students often overestimate how much the average student drinks, leading to increased alcohol consumption.
p.7
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What was a significant ethical concern raised by Milgram's study?
Participants believed they were causing harm to others, raising questions about the morality of obedience.
p.6
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What did the contemporary sexism study reveal about predicted versus actual behavior?
95% predicted they would stand up to a sexist comment, but only 44% actually did.
p.1
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What is normative influence?
Going along with the crowd due to concern about social approval and avoiding criticism.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
How was the teacher and learner role assigned in Milgram's experiment?
Through a rigged drawing, the real participant was always assigned the teacher's role.
p.6
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What is the main finding of the Bocchiaro & Zimbardo (2010) study regarding obedience?
Approximately two-thirds of the sample refused to cooperate, influenced by compassion, ethics, and recognition of the situation as problematic.
p.7
Controversies Surrounding Milgram's Research
What did the Nuremberg Trials reveal about obedience?
Nazi war criminals claimed they were 'just following orders' as a defense for their actions.
p.3
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What is the dark side of obedience?
It can lead individuals to violate ethical principles and laws, contributing to atrocities.
p.5
Factors Influencing Obedience
Did women participants show different obedience rates compared to men in Milgram's study?
No, women followed the experimenter's instructions at the same rate as men.
p.1
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What classic study demonstrated conformity?
A study where college students gave wrong answers to a visual judgment task to avoid going against the group.
p.4
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What was the main objective of Milgram's experiments?
To understand why many decent German citizens obeyed Nazi orders during the Holocaust.
p.1
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
What disturbing behavior was illustrated in Milgram's study?
Participants administered painful electric shocks to others when instructed by an authority figure.
p.3
Binge Drinking and Misperceived Norms
What effect does providing accurate information about drinking norms have on students?
It has been found to reduce overindulgent drinking.
p.6
Classic Studies on Conformity (Asch and Sherif)
What did Sherif's study on the autokinetic effect demonstrate about norms?
When alone, estimates varied widely, but in groups, estimates converged toward consensus.
p.6
Normative Influence and Social Approval
What are the two main reasons people conform?
Normative conformity (seeking social approval) and informational conformity (trusting others' opinions).
p.5
Factors Influencing Obedience
What effect did the physical presence of the learner have on obedience rates?
Obedience rates decreased when the learner was in the same room as the experimenter.
p.5
Obedience to Authority and Ethical Concerns
What ethical concerns arose from Milgram's obedience research?
Many participants experienced intense levels of stress during the procedure.
