p.8
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What happens when the number of new bacterial cells equals the number of dying cells?
There is no net gain or loss in the number of bacterial cells.
p.32
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What are two methods for plating out bacteria for single colonies?
Using a single loop sterilized in flame and cooled, or using disposable loops.
p.7
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What role do bacterial membranes play in adhesion?
They are involved in the attachment process and protection against phages.
p.13
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the shape of Streptococcus bacteria?
Streptococcus bacteria are spherical and form chains.
p.2
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What are organelles and which type of cells contain them?
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell, and they are found in eukaryotic cells.
p.18
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the distinguishing feature of Gram-negative bacteria in Gram staining?
Gram-negative bacteria do not trap crystal violet in their peptidoglycan and are stained by counterstaining (red).
p.18
Gram Staining Techniques
Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain the crystal violet stain?
Because their peptidoglycan layer does not trap the crystal violet.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
Which bacteria are known for producing endospores?
Bacteria from the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are known for producing endospores.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does a positive catalase test indicate?
The presence of the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
What is Diff Quick staining?
A modified Giemsa/Romanowsky staining method for rapid staining of bacterial morphology.
p.7
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the primary function of bacterial cell adhesion structures?
To help bacteria attach to surfaces and protect against phages.
p.30
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
How are biochemical tests commercially used in bacteriology?
Biochemical tests are used commercially to identify and differentiate bacteria, often through automated systems or test kits like API strips.
p.29
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What is the coagulase test used to distinguish?
The coagulase test is used to distinguish Staphylococcus species.
p.34
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Can hemolysis be specific for blood from certain hosts?
Yes, hemolysis can be specific for blood from certain hosts.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the third step in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Place the slide in solution 1 for a few seconds.
p.36
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
Where are antigen, molecular tests, and typing usually performed?
In reference laboratories.
p.18
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the distinguishing feature of Gram-positive bacteria in Gram staining?
Gram-positive bacteria have peptidoglycan that binds crystal violet, resulting in a dark purple stain.
p.18
Gram Staining Techniques
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after Gram staining?
Red, due to counterstaining.
p.4
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, whereas eukaryotic cells do.
p.28
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Which bacteria are catalase negative?
Streptococcus, Enterococcus.
p.15
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the function of a bacterial capsule?
The capsule helps protect bacteria from phagocytosis and can aid in adherence to surfaces.
p.35
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
What surface structures are targeted in serology for bacterial classification?
Flagella, lipopolysaccharides (LPS/LOS), and capsules.
p.35
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
What does antimicrobial susceptibility testing determine?
It determines the susceptibility or resistance of bacteria to specific antimicrobials.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What is the purpose of the oxidase test in bacteriology?
To determine if a bacterium produces cytochrome c oxidase.
p.18
Gram Staining Techniques
What role does teichoic acid play in Gram-positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid is present in Gram-positive bacteria and contributes to their ability to bind crystal violet.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What is the urease test used for in bacteriology?
To identify bacteria that produce the enzyme urease, which hydrolyzes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide.
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are acid-fast bacteria?
Acid-fast bacteria have a waxy cell wall that is resistant to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What are API strips used for in a diagnostic laboratory?
To perform multiple biochemical tests simultaneously for the identification of bacteria.
p.17
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the purpose of the decolorization step in Gram staining?
To wash away the crystal violet-iodine complex from Gram-negative bacteria, but not from Gram-positive bacteria.
p.28
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does the catalase test measure?
The conversion of H2O2 to H2O and O2, indicated by bubbles.
p.32
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
Why is it important to sterilize the loop in flame before plating bacteria?
To prevent contamination.
p.34
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What are the three types of hemolysis observed in bacteriology?
Complete hemolysis, incomplete hemolysis, and no hemolysis.
p.11
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are the main categories of bacterial morphology?
Bacilli (rods), Cocci (spherical), Spirochaetes, Vibrios (comma).
p.13
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the shape of Staphylococcus bacteria?
Staphylococcus bacteria are spherical and form clusters.
p.25
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What is the optimal growth temperature for Listeria?
Approximately 4 degrees Celsius.
p.35
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
What is phage-typing based on?
Phage-typing is based on susceptibility to a panel of bacteriophages.
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is bacterial morphology?
Bacterial morphology refers to the shape and arrangement of bacterial cells.
p.10
Classification System for Bacteria
What is the classification hierarchy for Escherichia coli?
Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Gammaproteobacteria, Order: Enterobacterales, Family: Enterobacteriaceae, Genus: Escherichia, Species: Escherichia coli.
p.4
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
How does genomic data contribute to our understanding of the tree of life?
It helps classify and understand the evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
Can endospores return to their vegetative state?
Yes, endospores can return to their vegetative state through a process called germination when conditions become favorable again.
p.8
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What is the growth pattern of bacterial cells in ideal conditions?
Bacterial cells grow exponentially in ideal conditions.
p.27
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Which bacteria test positive in the oxidase test?
Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Moraxella, Campylobacter.
p.2
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What are the two main categories of cells in the tree of life?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
p.36
Microscopy of samples
What are the essential tools required for microscopy of bacterial samples?
Microscope, staining, and Bunsen burner.
p.34
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does no hemolysis indicate in bacterial typing?
No hemolysis indicates that there is no lysis of red blood cells around the bacterial colony.
p.36
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
What are the steps involved in initial diagnostics of bacterial infections?
Microscopy, culture, and antigen/molecular tests.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is an endospore?
An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
Name two types of nutrient media used for non-fastidious organisms.
Nutrient agar and Mueller Hinton.
p.6
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What factors are considered in bacterial growth conditions and requirements?
Nutrient availability, temperature, pH, and oxygen levels.
p.6
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What role does CO2 play in bacterial growth?
Some bacteria require CO2 for optimal growth conditions.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the basis of Gram staining?
Retaining crystal violet staining and counterstaining.
p.28
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Which bacteria are catalase positive?
Staphylococcus, Listeria, Enterobacteriaceae.
p.13
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the shape of Campylobacter bacteria?
Campylobacter bacteria are spiral-shaped.
p.15
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the role of pili or fimbriae in bacteria?
Pili or fimbriae are involved in attachment to surfaces and other cells, and can play a role in conjugation.
p.29
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Which Staphylococcus species test negative in the coagulase test?
S. epidermidis and S. hominis test negative in the coagulase test.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the fourth step in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Place the slide in solution 2 for a few seconds.
p.25
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
Can bacteria have a limited temperature range for growth?
Yes, bacteria may have a limited temperature range for growth.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What makes endospores resistant to extreme conditions?
Endospores have a tough outer coating made of keratin, dehydration, DNA-protecting proteins, and other protective layers that make them resistant to extreme conditions such as heat, radiation, and chemicals.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does a positive coagulase test signify?
The presence of the enzyme coagulase, which causes blood plasma to clot.
p.4
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What is the significance of the tree of life in bacteriology?
It helps in understanding the evolutionary relationships and classification of bacteria.
p.6
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are surface or antigenic structures in bacteria?
Structures like pili, flagella, and capsules that can be used for identification.
p.17
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the purpose of Gram staining in bacteriology?
To differentiate bacterial species into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on the characteristics of their cell walls.
p.17
Gram Staining Techniques
What role does iodine play in the Gram staining process?
Iodine acts as a mordant that forms a complex with crystal violet, trapping it in the cell wall.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the purpose of heat fixation in Gram staining?
To fix the bacteria to the slide.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What is the significance of the stationary phase in bacterial cultures?
It indicates that the culture has reached its carrying capacity, with limited resources and space.
p.5
Classification System for Bacteria
Why do we need a classification system for bacteria?
To provide a common language for describing findings and to organize bacteria based on their structure, function, and genetic relationships.
p.8
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What occurs when the number of new bacterial cells is less than the number of dying cells?
The bacterial population decreases.
p.33
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What is the purpose of plating out bacteria?
To obtain single colonies.
p.15
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the function of bacterial flagella?
Flagella are used for motility, allowing bacteria to move.
p.2
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
p.13
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is a common characteristic of the bacteria Campylobacter, Streptococcus, Spirochaete, and Staphylococcus?
They are all quite small in size.
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are examples of bacterial shapes?
Examples include cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the difference between thick and thin bacterial envelopes?
Thick bacterial envelopes typically refer to Gram-positive bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer, while thin envelopes refer to Gram-negative bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
p.19
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
Which enzyme can degrade peptidoglycan?
The enzyme lysozyme can degrade peptidoglycan.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What is selective media?
Media that is supplemented with specific substances, such as antibiotics, to select for certain bacteria.
p.6
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What can enzyme or toxin production indicate in bacteria?
It can help in differentiating and identifying bacterial species.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve?
Lag phase, log (exponential) phase, stationary phase, and death (decline) phase.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
Is Gram staining usable with all bacteria?
No, it is not usable with all bacteria.
p.17
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain the crystal violet stain?
Because their thinner peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane allow the crystal violet-iodine complex to be washed away during decolorization.
p.30
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What are API strips used for in bacteriology?
API strips are used to combine multiple biochemical tests for the identification and differentiation of bacteria.
p.29
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does the coagulase test convert?
The coagulase test converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the first step in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Place a drop on the slide and let it air dry briefly.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What should be done after letting the drop air dry in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Place the slide in fixative for a few seconds.
p.35
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What is hemolysis in bacteriology?
Hemolysis can be specific for blood from certain hosts.
p.25
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
Why is it important to consider temperature and gas conditions when storing or sending bacterial samples?
Because optimal growth temperature and gas conditions are often related to the host or environmental niche, and they can affect the viability of the samples.
p.25
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
How does the optimal growth temperature of bacteria relate to their environment?
The optimal growth temperature is often related to the host or environmental niche of the bacteria.
p.19
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
How does peptidoglycan assist bacteria in evading the immune system?
Peptidoglycan assists in preventing phagocytosis.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
How do endospores form?
Endospores form through a process called sporulation, which occurs when the bacterium encounters unfavorable conditions.
p.12
Gram Staining Techniques
What is the Gram staining technique?
The Gram staining technique is a method used to differentiate bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative based on the structure of their cell walls.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
Give an example of selective media and its use.
Supplemented plates with antibiotics for Campylobacter.
p.6
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are some distinguishing features of bacterial colonies on an agar plate?
Colony morphology such as rough/smooth texture and round/edged shape.
p.6
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What is the purpose of adding blood to a growth medium?
To provide additional nutrients and growth factors for certain bacteria.
p.17
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
Why do Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain?
Because of their thick peptidoglycan layer, which traps the crystal violet-iodine complex.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
Why is the log phase also called the exponential phase?
Because the number of bacteria doubles at a constant rate, leading to exponential growth.
p.30
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What is the purpose of combining different growth media for bacterial selection?
To selectively grow and identify specific types of bacteria based on their growth requirements and characteristics.
p.15
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are the three main surface structures found in bacteria?
Flagella, Pili/Fimbriae, and Capsule.
p.2
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
p.29
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
Which Staphylococcus species test positive in the coagulase test?
S. aureus and S. intermedius test positive in the coagulase test.
p.34
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does complete hemolysis indicate in bacterial typing?
Complete hemolysis indicates the total lysis of red blood cells around the bacterial colony.
p.35
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
What is serology based on in bacteriology?
Serology is based on antisera to surface structures such as flagella, lipopolysaccharides (LPS/LOS), and capsules.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What should be done after each step in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Let the excess liquid drain.
p.4
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What are the two main categories of organisms in the tree of life?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
p.4
Tree of Life: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
What distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.
p.19
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
What role does peptidoglycan play in bacterial cells?
Peptidoglycan gives rigidity to bacterial cells.
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the significance of the bacterial envelope?
The bacterial envelope provides structural integrity and protection, and it plays a role in the bacterium's interaction with its environment.
p.19
Role of Peptidoglycan in Bacteria
What pyrogenic property does peptidoglycan have?
Peptidoglycan can cause fever.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
Give examples of enriched media used for fastidious organisms.
Blood agar, serum agar (whole blood, lysed blood, serum).
p.12
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What are Gram-positive rods?
Gram-positive rods are rod-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls.
p.6
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is a bacterial colony?
A visible mass of microorganisms all originating from a single mother cell.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What characterizes the log (exponential) phase of bacterial growth?
Rapid cell division and exponential increase in the number of bacteria.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What factors can influence the length of the lag phase in bacterial growth?
The initial condition of the bacteria, the composition of the growth medium, and environmental conditions.
p.27
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What is the oxidase test used for?
It is used to test for Gram-negative bacteria based on cytochrome C oxidase.
p.7
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What do bacterial adhesion structures depend on?
The type of bacteria (thebac).
p.33
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What are two methods for plating out bacteria for single colonies?
Using a single loop sterilized in flame and cooled, or using disposable loops.
p.33
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
Why is it important to look at colony morphology when plating out bacteria?
To identify characteristics such as whether the colonies are mixed, smooth, or rough.
p.13
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the shape of Spirochaete bacteria?
Spirochaete bacteria are spiral-shaped.
p.34
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
What does incomplete hemolysis indicate in bacterial typing?
Incomplete hemolysis indicates partial lysis of red blood cells around the bacterial colony.
p.21
Gram Staining Techniques
What optional step can be performed after placing the slide in solution 2 in the Kwik Diff / Diff quick staining process?
Wash the slide with distilled water.
p.11
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
Can bacterial morphology vary beyond the main categories?
Yes, a lot more variety is possible, including hyphae and combinations.
p.14
Bacterial Morphology and Characteristics
What is the primary function of an endospore?
The primary function of an endospore is to ensure the survival of the bacterium through periods of environmental stress.
p.26
Biochemical Tests for Bacterial Differentiation
How is lactose fermentation tested in bacteria?
By using media that contain lactose and a pH indicator to detect acid production from lactose fermentation.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What are some other supplements that can be added to enriched media?
Electron acceptors and energy sources.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What happens during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for cell division, but do not yet divide.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What leads to the death (decline) phase in the bacterial growth curve?
Nutrient depletion and accumulation of waste products cause the rate of cell death to exceed the rate of cell division.
p.24
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What are the different types of oxygen conditions for bacterial growth?
Aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and microaerobic.
p.32
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What is the purpose of plating out bacteria?
To obtain single colonies.
p.23
Types of Growth Media for Bacteria
What is differential media?
Media that differentiates bacteria based on their use of nutrients, such as the fermentation of sugars.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
What occurs during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?
The rate of bacterial cell growth equals the rate of cell death, leading to a stable population size.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
What happens to Gram-positive bacteria that can't retain crystal violet?
They do not appear as Gram-positive in the staining process.
p.6
Methods for Bacterial Typing and Diagnostics
How can susceptibility to phages or antimicrobials be used in bacteriology?
It can help in identifying and classifying bacteria based on their resistance or sensitivity.
p.16
Gram Staining Techniques
What does Gram staining distinguish between?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
How does binary fission work in bacterial cell division?
The bacterial cell replicates its DNA, elongates, and divides into two identical daughter cells.
p.9
Bacterial Cell Division and Growth Curve
How can the bacterial growth curve be used in microbiology?
To understand bacterial population dynamics, optimize growth conditions, and evaluate the effects of antibiotics.
