Venules.
Larger, thicker-walled vessels with valves that ensure unidirectional flow, affected by pressure gradients.
Lacteals.
Bean/Kidney-shaped; it filters lymph.
Plasma proteins and material originating from tissue cells, such as cytoplasm from disintegrating cells.
Chyle is a milky fluid conveyed by visceral lymphatics, containing lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed by the intestine.
Two hydrostatic pressures (capillary and tissue/interstitial) and two oncotic pressures (capillary and tissue/interstitial).
In the tonsils (lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal), intestinal ileum (Peyer's patches), and appendix.
Fluid enters via minivalves, moves towards the lumen at high pressure, and shuts the opening at low pressure.
2 collecting ducts
Left and right brachiocephalic veins
A specialized set of lymphatics large enough to absorb large molecules or chylomicrons.
Lymph flows in through multiple afferent vessels and exits through one efferent vessel.
Edema is an excess of interstitial fluid, manifesting as swelling.
Return excess fluid to the heart, absorption and transport of fat, and immune surveillance.
Fluids and some proteins.
Fluid, gas, and nutrient exchange, including the continual exchange of O2 and CO2.
They open.
They are the terminal end of the cardiovascular system where a lot of fluid exchange occurs.
Lymph is the fluid that flows inside the lymphatic system, including lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
Axillary lymph nodes
Thoracic viscera
Sparsely distributed tissues around the area with loosely arranged lymphoid cells and proteins.
Edema.
It 'disappears' and is replaced by fat.
Bean or kidney-shaped organs that filter lymph.
Upper extremities, breast
Cortex (B lymphocytes), Paracortex (T lymphocytes), Medulla (phagocytes).
Right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein
Because they are too big.
Into another lymph node or directly into a lymphatic trunk.
They prevent the accumulation of excess fluid in the extracellular spaces.
Arteries → Arteriole → Capillaries → Venules → Veins.
Net fluid has the tendency to move out of the capillary, extruding about 20 liters of fluid over 24 hours.
They allow free movement by attaching one end to the endothelial wall while the other end is unattached.
Blinded terminal ends inserted within the blood capillaries themselves.
Right side of face, neck, thoracic cavity, and right upper extremities.
Abdominal organs
Between the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
Phagocytes
Intestines → lymphatic vessels → lymph nodes → ductal system.
Head and Neck
Inguinal lymph nodes
Discrete concentrations of lymphocytes without an outer covering or capsule.
Excess fluid not reabsorbed by the blood capillaries (~3L).
Larger, thicker walled vessels with valves.
Head and Neck
An enlarged, starting portion of the intestinal trunk that pierces the diaphragm and enters the thoracic cavity
Antibodies
They are inserted within the blood capillaries themselves to take up any excess fluid thrown into the extracellular space.
The Cardiovascular System and The Lymphatic System.
Oxygen-rich blood.
Legs
Fluid tends to move back into the capillary, reabsorbing 17 of the 20 liters extruded from the arteriolar end.
Unattached portions or ends of endothelial cells that allow fluid movement towards the lumen of the lymphatic capillary.
Larger and thicker vessels that include lumbar trunks (2), intestinal trunk, bronchomediastinal trunk, subclavian trunk, and jugular trunk.
Intestines (via lymphatic lacteals)
Encapsulated and larger than lymphatic nodules, includes lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
To engulf foreign material
They close.
At least 3 liters.
Capillaries contain a single layer of endothelial cells and are very porous due to the presence of fenestrations.
Abdominal lymph nodes
Lymphatic organs are larger and have a capsule.
Inside the abdominal cavity, related to the GI tract (left, lateral to the stomach and splenic flexure of the colon, anterior to the kidney).
Lacteals.
Left internal jugular vein + Left subclavian vein → Left Brachiocephalic vein.
Right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk, right bronchomediastinal trunk
Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic trunks, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, lymphatic organs, and collecting ducts.
Lungs and mediastinum
The force of a fluid in a contained environment, also known as 'push' pressure.
The loosely packed cell arrangement of their single layer of endothelial cells.
Lymph.
Lymph enters via multiple afferent vessels and exits via a single efferent vessel.
Lungs, mediastinum
Discrete and packed concentration of lymphocytes, not encapsulated, includes tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and appendix.
B-lymphocytes
Larger and thicker lymphatic vessels that include three pairs of trunks in the thoracic cavity.
Arterioles.
Aortic lymph nodes
Pressure brought about by proteins inside the plasma or blood vessels, also known as 'pull' pressure.
Located in the thoracic cavity (anterior mediastinum), it produces T-cells.
Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct.
Left + Right Brachiocephalic vein → Superior Vena Cava (SVC).
Between the right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein
Venules receive fluid from the capillaries and deliver blood to the veins.
Inserted in between the blood capillaries.
The lymphatic system includes lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, and collecting ducts.
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue in MALT, distributed sparsely in the intestines and respiratory tracts.
Abdominal viscera
Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Right internal jugular vein + Right subclavian vein → Right Brachiocephalic vein.
Left subclavian trunk, left jugular trunk, left bronchomediastinal trunk, cisterna chyli (intestinal trunk, lumbar trunk)
T-lymphocytes
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, found in the mucosa of the trachea, intestine, GI tract, and respiratory tract.
Lymph is fluid flowing through the lymphatic system, originating as interstitial (tissue) fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels.
All other areas not drained into the right lymphatic duct.
Lower limbs & pelvic organs
Left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein
