p.14
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of?
A) Simple cuboidal epithelium
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
C) Transitional epithelium
D) Columnar epithelium
E) Connective tissue
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
Explanation: The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against abrasion and environmental damage.
What is the primary function of Vitamin D produced in the skin?
A) To enhance skin color
B) To aid in the absorption of calcium into the blood
C) To protect against UV radiation
D) To promote hair growth
E) To improve skin elasticity
B) To aid in the absorption of calcium into the blood
Explanation: The primary function of Vitamin D produced in the skin is to assist in the absorption of calcium into the bloodstream, which is crucial for maintaining healthy bones and overall bodily functions.
p.2
Overview of the Integumentary System
Which of the following is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
A) Skin
B) Subcutaneous tissue
C) Sweat glands
D) Bones
E) Hair
D) Bones
Explanation: The integumentary system includes skin, subcutaneous tissue, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails, but does not include bones.
p.23
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What happens to skin cells as they are pushed away from the source of nourishment?
A) They multiply rapidly
B) They become more flexible
C) They die
D) They grow larger
E) They change color
C) They die
Explanation: As skin cells are pushed away from their source of nourishment, they eventually die, which is a natural part of the skin's renewal process.
p.36
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the skin?
A) Hair
B) Skin glands
C) Nails
D) Muscles
E) Sweat glands
D) Muscles
Explanation: Muscles are not classified as accessory organs of the skin. The accessory organs include hair, skin glands, and nails, which all play specific roles in the integumentary system.
p.3
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What separates the epidermis from the dermis?
A) Hypodermis
B) Basement membrane (BM)
C) Sebaceous glands
D) Sweat glands
E) Blood vessels
B) Basement membrane (BM)
Explanation: The epidermis and dermis are separated by the basement membrane (BM), which plays a crucial role in supporting the epidermis and anchoring it to the dermis.
p.10
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is a primary cause of pimples?
A) Excessive hydration
B) Overproduction of sebum
C) Lack of sleep
D) High sugar intake
E) Exposure to cold weather
B) Overproduction of sebum
Explanation: Pimples are primarily caused by the overproduction of sebum, which can clog pores and lead to acne formation.
p.51
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
Which of the following is true about second-degree burns?
A) They are always dry
B) They do not cause pain
C) They commonly have blisters
D) They involve deep tissues
E) They are characterized by a leathery surface
C) They commonly have blisters
Explanation: Second-degree burns, also known as partial-thickness burns, often present with blisters and are painful, with a wound base that is sensitive to touch.
p.19
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the skin?
A) Produce melanin
B) Act as slow mechanoreceptors
C) Provide immunological defense
D) Waterproof and protect the skin
E) Regulate body temperature
D) Waterproof and protect the skin
Explanation: Keratinocytes, which make up 90% of the skin cells, are primarily responsible for waterproofing and protecting the skin, as well as forming the outer layer known as the stratum corneum.
p.18
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is primarily involved in cell division and regeneration?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Granulosum
C) Stratum Spinosum
D) Stratum Basale
E) Stratum Lucidum
D) Stratum Basale
Explanation: The Stratum Basale (or Germinativum) is the deepest layer of the epidermis, where active cell division occurs, leading to the regeneration of the skin.
p.3
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What are the two main layers of human skin?
A) Epidermis and hypodermis
B) Dermis and subcutis
C) Epidermis and dermis
D) Dermis and epidermis
E) Hypodermis and epidermis
C) Epidermis and dermis
Explanation: Human skin is primarily divided into two layers: the epidermis, which is the outermost layer, and the dermis, which is the innermost layer.
p.7
Body Temperature Regulation
What role do sweat glands play when body temperature increases?
A) They stop producing sweat
B) They produce sweat
C) They absorb heat
D) They constrict blood flow
E) They release hormones
B) They produce sweat
Explanation: In response to an increase in body temperature, glands in the dermis produce sweat, which helps cool the body as it evaporates.
p.7
Body Temperature Regulation
What process occurs when sweat evaporates?
A) Water freezes
B) Water changes from liquid to vapor
C) Water condenses
D) Water is absorbed by the skin
E) Water is converted to ice
B) Water changes from liquid to vapor
Explanation: As sweat evaporates, water changes state from liquid to vapor, which results in heat loss and helps cool the body.
p.12
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
A) Dermis
B) Hypodermis
C) Epidermis
D) Subcutaneous layer
E) Integumentary layer
C) Epidermis
Explanation: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium, providing a protective barrier.
p.42
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Where does nail growth occur?
A) In the cuticle
B) In the lunula
C) At the distal edge
D) In the nail bed
E) In the stratum corneum
B) In the lunula
Explanation: Nail growth occurs in the lunula, which is the visible part of the nail matrix located at the base of the nail.
p.56
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How much does the skin weigh on average?
A) 1 kilogram
B) 2 kilograms
C) 2.5 kilograms
D) 3 kilograms
E) 4 kilograms
C) 2.5 kilograms
Explanation: The skin weighs about 2.5 kilograms, making it the largest organ in the body, which emphasizes its importance in human physiology.
p.35
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of tissue is primarily found in the hypodermis?
A) Epithelial tissue
B) Connective tissue
C) Muscle tissue
D) Nervous tissue
E) Cartilage
B) Connective tissue
Explanation: The hypodermis is primarily composed of adipose (fat) tissue, which is a type of connective tissue that helps in insulation and energy storage.
p.14
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is a key characteristic of the epidermis regarding blood supply?
A) Highly vascular
B) Avascular
C) Contains capillaries
D) Has a rich blood supply
E) Receives nutrients directly from the bloodstream
B) Avascular
Explanation: The epidermis is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply. Instead, it relies on the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the underlying dermis.
What is the primary function of sweat glands in the integumentary system?
A) To produce oil
B) To provide structural support
C) To regulate body temperature
D) To protect against UV radiation
E) To facilitate hair growth
C) To regulate body temperature
Explanation: Sweat glands play a crucial role in regulating body temperature through the process of perspiration, which helps cool the body.
p.42
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What are nails primarily composed of?
A) Smooth muscle cells
B) Stratified squamous epithelial cells with hard keratin
C) Adipose tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Connective tissue
B) Stratified squamous epithelial cells with hard keratin
Explanation: Nails are made up of plates of stratified squamous epithelial cells that contain hard keratin, which provides strength and protection.
p.24
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the arrangement of cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
A) Regularly arranged
B) Irregularly arranged
C) Completely disorganized
D) Layered in perfect symmetry
E) Forming a solid mass
B) Irregularly arranged
Explanation: In the Stratum Spinosum, the cells become irregularly arranged, which is a key characteristic of this layer of the skin.
p.17
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of epithelium is the epidermis classified as?
A) Simple cuboidal epithelium
B) Stratified columnar epithelium
C) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
D) Transitional epithelium
E) Simple squamous epithelium
C) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Explanation: The epidermis is specifically classified as a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection and resilience to the skin.
p.28
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What proportion of the epidermal thickness does the Stratum Corneum make up?
A) One-fourth
B) One-half
C) Three-fourths
D) One-third
E) One-sixth
C) Three-fourths
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum makes up three-fourths of the epidermal thickness, highlighting its significant contribution to the overall structure of the epidermis.
p.53
Assessment of Burn Wounds
Which chart is commonly used to assess the total percentage of body surface area affected by burns?
A) Glasgow Coma Scale
B) Lund-Browder chart
C) APACHE II score
D) Braden Scale
E) Norton Scale
B) Lund-Browder chart
Explanation: The Lund-Browder chart is specifically designed to assess the total percentage of body surface area affected by burns, providing a more accurate measurement than other methods.
p.35
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of the hypodermis layer of the skin?
A) To produce sweat
B) To attach the dermis to underlying tissues
C) To provide a barrier against pathogens
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To produce melanin
B) To attach the dermis to underlying tissues
Explanation: The hypodermis contains adipose tissue and primarily serves to anchor the dermis to the underlying tissues, providing structural support and insulation.
p.48
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
How is sensory information from the integumentary system transmitted to the central nervous system?
A) Through motor nerves
B) Via sensory nerves
C) Through blood vessels
D) By hormonal signals
E) Via lymphatic vessels
B) Via sensory nerves
Explanation: Sensory information from the integumentary system is relayed to the central nervous system through sensory nerves, which play a crucial role in processing external stimuli.
p.13
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the outermost layer of the skin called?
A) Dermis
B) Hypodermis
C) Epidermis
D) Subcutaneous layer
E) Basement membrane
C) Epidermis
Explanation: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier against environmental factors and pathogens.
p.2
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Which accessory structure is responsible for producing oil in the skin?
A) Sweat glands
B) Hair
C) Sebaceous glands
D) Nails
E) Subcutaneous tissue
C) Sebaceous glands
Explanation: Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing oil (sebum) that helps to lubricate and protect the skin.
p.2
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
A) To regulate temperature
B) To provide protection for the tips of fingers and toes
C) To produce sweat
D) To absorb nutrients
E) To facilitate hair growth
B) To provide protection for the tips of fingers and toes
Explanation: Nails serve to protect the sensitive tips of fingers and toes from injury and enhance the ability to grasp objects.
p.2
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the cutaneous membrane commonly referred to as?
A) Subcutaneous tissue
B) Hair
C) Skin
D) Nails
E) Sweat glands
C) Skin
Explanation: The cutaneous membrane is the scientific term for skin, which is the largest organ of the integumentary system.
p.29
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of the dermis layer of the skin?
A) Protection against UV radiation
B) Sensation and support
C) Vitamin D production
D) Storage of fat
E) Regulation of body temperature
B) Sensation and support
Explanation: The dermis is primarily responsible for providing sensation and structural support to the skin, containing various structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
p.45
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What type of glands are ceruminous glands and mammary glands classified as?
A) Endocrine glands
B) Modified apocrine sweat glands
C) Sebaceous glands
D) Eccrine glands
E) Holocrine glands
B) Modified apocrine sweat glands
Explanation: Ceruminous glands (ear wax glands) and mammary glands are specifically identified as modified apocrine sweat glands, indicating their specialized functions in the body.
p.13
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which component of the epidermis is responsible for the production of new skin cells?
A) Melanocytes
B) Keratinocytes
C) Fibroblasts
D) Adipocytes
E) Langerhans cells
B) Keratinocytes
Explanation: Keratinocytes are the primary cells in the epidermis responsible for the production of new skin cells, contributing to the skin's barrier function.
p.51
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is a characteristic of a first-degree burn?
A) White or black surface
B) Very sensitive to touch
C) Commonly has blisters
D) Involves deep tissues
E) Anesthetic or hypoesthetic
B) Very sensitive to touch
Explanation: First-degree burns are characterized by redness (erythema), high sensitivity to touch, and significant pain, making them very sensitive compared to deeper burns.
p.25
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary characteristic of the Stratum Granulosum in thick skin?
A) It consists of multiple layers of cuboidal cells
B) It consists of a few layers of flattened cells
C) It is the outermost layer of the skin
D) It is composed of only one layer of columnar cells
E) It contains no living cells
B) It consists of a few layers of flattened cells
Explanation: The Stratum Granulosum in thick skin is characterized by a few layers of flattened cells, which is a key feature distinguishing it from other skin layers.
p.14
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How do the epidermis receive oxygen and nutrients?
A) Through direct blood supply
B) From the air
C) By diffusion from the dermis
D) Through sweat glands
E) From the environment
C) By diffusion from the dermis
Explanation: The epidermis receives oxygen and nutrients through diffusion from the underlying dermis, which is vascularized and provides essential support.
p.27
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the Stratum Corneum?
A) The first layer of the epidermis
B) The final layer of the epidermis
C) A layer of dermis
D) The layer beneath the dermis
E) The layer of subcutaneous tissue
B) The final layer of the epidermis
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum is identified as the final layer of the epidermis, playing a crucial role in skin protection and barrier functions.
p.23
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How long does it take for the epidermis to renew in humans?
A) 1 to 2 weeks
B) 3 to 4 weeks
C) 5 to 6 weeks
D) 7 to 8 weeks
E) 2 to 3 weeks
B) 3 to 4 weeks
Explanation: The renewal of the epidermis in humans takes about 3 to 4 weeks, during which millions of cells are produced daily, highlighting the skin's regenerative capacity.
p.56
Functions of the Skin
What is house dust primarily made of?
A) Pollen
B) Pet dander
C) Skin flakes
D) Food particles
E) Mold spores
C) Skin flakes
Explanation: House dust is mainly composed of skin flakes, highlighting the significant role of human skin in the indoor environment.
p.45
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Which of the following glands is involved in milk production?
A) Sebaceous glands
B) Ceruminous glands
C) Mammary glands
D) Eccrine glands
E) Apocrine glands
C) Mammary glands
Explanation: Mammary glands are specialized glands that produce milk, primarily in females, and are classified as modified apocrine sweat glands.
What triggers the production of Vitamin D in the skin?
A) Exposure to cold temperatures
B) Exposure to UV light
C) Contact with water
D) Physical exercise
E) Consumption of food
B) Exposure to UV light
Explanation: Vitamin D production in the skin is initiated when dermis cells are exposed to UV light, highlighting the importance of sunlight for this vital process.
p.14
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the outer layer of skin called?
A) Dermis
B) Epidermis
C) Hypodermis
D) Subcutaneous layer
E) Stratum corneum
B) Epidermis
Explanation: The outer layer of skin is known as the epidermis, which serves as the first line of defense against environmental factors.
p.13
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of the hypodermis?
A) Protection against pathogens
B) Sensory perception
C) Insulation and energy storage
D) Production of sweat
E) Regulation of body temperature
C) Insulation and energy storage
Explanation: The hypodermis, or subcutaneous layer, primarily functions in insulation and energy storage, as it contains fat cells that help regulate body temperature.
p.30
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How does the thickness of the dermis compare to the epidermis?
A) The dermis is thinner than the epidermis
B) The dermis is the same thickness as the epidermis
C) The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis
D) The epidermis is thicker in all areas
E) The thickness varies greatly with age
C) The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis
Explanation: The dermis is significantly thicker than the epidermis, which is an important characteristic that contributes to the skin's overall structure and function.
p.17
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How many structurally different layers can be identified in the epidermis?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Six
E) Seven
C) Five
Explanation: The epidermis consists of five structurally different layers, which are essential for its function and structure.
p.26
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary characteristic of the Stratum lucidum?
A) It consists of living cells
B) It consists of several layers of flattened dead cells
C) It is the thickest layer of the skin
D) It contains many blood vessels
E) It is the outermost layer of the skin
B) It consists of several layers of flattened dead cells
Explanation: The Stratum lucidum is characterized by several layers of flattened dead cells, which is a key feature that distinguishes it from other layers of the skin.
p.6
Skin Protection and Barrier Functions
Which function of the skin involves protecting underlying tissues?
A) Metabolism
B) Excretion
C) Sensation
D) Protection
E) Immunity
D) Protection
Explanation: The skin serves as a barrier that protects underlying tissues from physical damage, pathogens, and harmful substances, making protection one of its major functions.
p.28
Skin Protection and Barrier Functions
What role does the Stratum Corneum play in the protection of the body?
A) It absorbs nutrients
B) It produces sweat
C) It provides structural support
D) It contributes to the protective features of the epidermis
E) It regulates body temperature
D) It contributes to the protective features of the epidermis
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum plays a crucial role in the protection of the body by providing a barrier that helps prevent the entry of pathogens and loss of moisture.
p.24
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of the interconnections between cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
A) To provide insulation
B) To facilitate nutrient absorption
C) To interconnect the cells
D) To produce melanin
E) To store fat
C) To interconnect the cells
Explanation: The spine-like cytoplasmic extensions serve to interconnect the cells of the Stratum Spinosum, contributing to the structural integrity of this layer.
p.47
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What happens to skin exposed to sunlight over time?
A) It becomes smoother
B) It becomes wrinkled and creased
C) It becomes thicker
D) It loses its color
E) It becomes more elastic
B) It becomes wrinkled and creased
Explanation: Skin exposed to sunlight can become wrinkled and creased due to the disruption of collagen and elastin in the dermis, as well as the loss of fibroblasts that produce new proteins.
p.34
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Why are hypodermic injections administered into the hypodermis?
A) It is less painful
B) It is highly vascular
C) It has more nerve endings
D) It is thicker than the dermis
E) It is more elastic
B) It is highly vascular
Explanation: Hypodermic injections are given into the hypodermis because this layer is highly vascular, allowing for efficient absorption of medications into the bloodstream.
p.25
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How many layers of the Stratum Granulosum may be visible in thin skin?
A) None
B) One
C) Two
D) Three
E) Four
B) One
Explanation: In thin skin, only one layer of the Stratum Granulosum may be visible, indicating a difference in the structure of skin compared to thick skin.
p.8
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for Vitamin D production?
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Hypodermis
D) Subcutaneous layer
E) Stratum corneum
B) Dermis
Explanation: The dermis layer of the skin contains cells that produce Vitamin D when exposed to UV light, making it essential for this biochemical process.
p.35
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is located beneath the dermis?
A) Epidermis
B) Hypodermis
C) Stratum corneum
D) Papillary layer
E) Reticular layer
B) Hypodermis
Explanation: The hypodermis is the layer located beneath the dermis, serving as a connection to underlying tissues and providing cushioning.
p.48
Functions of the Skin
Which of the following social interactions can be influenced by the integumentary system?
A) Only verbal communication
B) Facial expressions, blushing, and touching
C) Only physical touch
D) Only visual cues
E) None of the above
B) Facial expressions, blushing, and touching
Explanation: The integumentary system influences social interactions through facial expressions, blushing, and touching, which are important for non-verbal communication and emotional expression.
p.7
Body Temperature Regulation
What happens to blood vessels in the skin when you are cold?
A) They dilate
B) They constrict
C) They become inflamed
D) They burst
E) They expand
B) They constrict
Explanation: When the body is cold, the blood vessels in the skin constrict to conserve heat, reducing blood flow to the surface.
p.13
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of tissue primarily makes up the dermis?
A) Epithelial tissue
B) Adipose tissue
C) Connective tissue
D) Nervous tissue
E) Muscle tissue
C) Connective tissue
Explanation: The dermis is primarily composed of connective tissue, which provides strength, elasticity, and support to the skin.
p.40
Hair Color and Texture
What determines hair color?
A) The length of the hair
B) The amount and type of melanin present
C) The temperature of the scalp
D) The age of the individual
E) The thickness of the hair shaft
B) The amount and type of melanin present
Explanation: Hair color is primarily determined by the amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes, which gives hair its various colors.
p.36
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?
A) To provide insulation
B) To produce sweat
C) To protect against UV radiation
D) To aid in sensation
E) To regulate body temperature
A) To provide insulation
Explanation: Hair primarily serves to provide insulation and protection, helping to regulate body temperature and protect the skin from environmental factors.
p.24
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is another name for the cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
A) Squamous cells
B) Basal cells
C) Spinous cells
D) Cuboidal cells
E) Columnar cells
C) Spinous cells
Explanation: The cells in the Stratum Spinosum are commonly referred to as spinous cells, named for their spine-like cytoplasmic extensions.
p.47
Skin Protection and Barrier Functions
What role do melanocytes play in the skin?
A) They produce sweat
B) They synthesize collagen
C) They absorb UV radiation and distribute melanin
D) They create new skin cells
E) They excrete waste products
C) They absorb UV radiation and distribute melanin
Explanation: Melanocytes contain melanin, which absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and they distribute this pigment to neighboring cells, providing a protective barrier against UV light.
p.44
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Where are eccrine glands primarily located?
A) Only in the armpits
B) In the dermis or hypodermis
C) Only in the face
D) Only in the hands
E) In the hair follicles
B) In the dermis or hypodermis
Explanation: Eccrine glands can be found in the dermis or hypodermis, and they play a crucial role in producing sweat to help regulate body temperature.
p.12
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Which structures are included in the integumentary system?
A) Bones and muscles
B) Hair and nails
C) Blood vessels and nerves
D) Lungs and heart
E) Digestive organs
B) Hair and nails
Explanation: Hair and nails are integral components of the integumentary system, contributing to protection and sensory functions.
p.36
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Which of the following glands is primarily involved in thermoregulation?
A) Sebaceous glands
B) Apocrine glands
C) Eccrine glands
D) Ceruminous glands
E) Mammary glands
C) Eccrine glands
Explanation: Eccrine glands are primarily involved in thermoregulation by producing sweat, which helps cool the body through evaporation.
p.15
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
A) To provide insulation
B) To serve as the outer layer of skin
C) To produce sweat
D) To store fat
E) To facilitate blood circulation
B) To serve as the outer layer of skin
Explanation: The epidermis is defined as the outer layer of skin, playing a crucial role in protecting the underlying layers and serving as the first line of defense against environmental factors.
p.53
Assessment of Burn Wounds
What does TBSA stand for in the context of burn assessment?
A) Total Body Surface Area
B) Total Burn Severity Assessment
C) Total Burn Surface Area
D) Total Body Surface Assessment
E) Total Burn Severity Area
A) Total Body Surface Area
Explanation: TBSA stands for Total Body Surface Area, which is a critical measurement used in assessing the extent of burns on a patient's body.
p.3
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the layer of loose connective tissue beneath the dermis called?
A) Epidermis
B) Subcutis
C) Basement membrane
D) Dermis
E) Stratum corneum
B) Subcutis
Explanation: The layer of loose connective tissue located beneath the dermis is referred to as the hypodermis or subcutis, which provides insulation and cushioning for the body.
p.29
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of connective tissue primarily composes the dermis?
A) Adipose tissue
B) Loose connective tissue
C) Dense irregular connective tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Bone tissue
C) Dense irregular connective tissue
Explanation: The dermis is primarily composed of dense irregular connective tissue, which provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.27
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
How thick is the Stratum Corneum?
A) About 10 cells thick
B) About 20 cells thick
C) About 30 cells thick
D) About 50 cells thick
E) About 100 cells thick
C) About 30 cells thick
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum consists of approximately 30 cells thick, which contributes to its protective function.
p.29
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin lies directly beneath the epidermis?
A) Hypodermis
B) Subcutaneous layer
C) Dermis
D) Stratum corneum
E) Stratum basale
C) Dermis
Explanation: The dermis lies directly beneath the epidermis, serving as a supportive layer that contains various structures and provides the skin with its strength and elasticity.
p.6
Body Temperature Regulation
What is one of the major functions of the skin related to temperature?
A) Absorbing nutrients
B) Regulating body temperature
C) Storing fat
D) Producing hormones
E) Filtering blood
B) Regulating body temperature
Explanation: One of the primary functions of the skin is to regulate body temperature, helping to maintain homeostasis through mechanisms such as sweating and blood flow adjustments.
p.28
Functions of the Skin
What happens to the cells in the Stratum Corneum?
A) They are constantly produced
B) They are constantly shed
C) They remain unchanged
D) They divide rapidly
E) They migrate to the dermis
B) They are constantly shed
Explanation: Cells in the Stratum Corneum are constantly shed, which is a key feature of this outermost layer of the epidermis, contributing to skin renewal.
p.56
Functions of the Skin
What happens to your hair when you are frightened or cold?
A) It falls out
B) It grows longer
C) It stands on end
D) It changes color
E) It becomes oily
C) It stands on end
Explanation: When frightened or cold, tiny muscles attached to hair follicles contract, causing the hair to stand on end and resulting in 'goose bumps'.
p.51
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What distinguishes fourth-degree burns from other types?
A) They are always red and painful
B) They involve only the epidermis
C) They involve deep tissues including fascia
D) They are characterized by blisters
E) They are superficial and moist
C) They involve deep tissues including fascia
Explanation: Fourth-degree burns are the most severe, involving not just the skin but also deeper tissues such as fascia, muscle, and bone, making them significantly more serious than the other degrees of burns.
p.34
Functions of the Skin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypodermis?
A) Energy reservoir
B) Thermal insulation
C) Protection against UV radiation
D) Hypodermic injections
E) Connecting skin to underlying tissues
C) Protection against UV radiation
Explanation: While the hypodermis serves as an energy reservoir and provides thermal insulation, it does not primarily function to protect against UV radiation, which is mainly the role of the epidermis.
p.10
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is the effect of using comedogenic products on the skin?
A) They help clear acne
B) They moisturize the skin
C) They can clog pores
D) They have no effect
E) They reduce oiliness
C) They can clog pores
Explanation: Comedogenic products are known to clog pores, which can lead to the formation of pimples and worsen acne conditions.
p.5
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the average surface area of the skin?
A) 1500 square inches
B) 2000 square inches
C) 2500 square inches
D) 3000 square inches
E) 3500 square inches
D) 3000 square inches
Explanation: The skin covers an average area of about 3000 square inches, which illustrates its extensive coverage of the body.
What is unique about the skin's regeneration?
A) It is the slowest organ to regenerate
B) It is the fastest to regenerate
C) It does not regenerate
D) It regenerates only when injured
E) It regenerates every year
B) It is the fastest to regenerate
Explanation: The skin is noted for being the fastest organ to regenerate, which is crucial for maintaining its protective functions.
p.39
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
A) To grow hair
B) To make hair stand up on end
C) To anchor the hair follicle
D) To produce sweat
E) To nourish the hair
B) To make hair stand up on end
Explanation: The arrector pili muscle is associated with each hair follicle and causes the hair to stand up on end when it contracts, often in response to cold or emotional stimuli.
p.54
Functions of the Skin
What is the total percentage of body surface area represented by both arms in the Rule of Nines?
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 27%
D) 36%
E) 45%
B) 18%
Explanation: Both arms together account for 18% of the total body surface area in the Rule of Nines, with each arm representing 9%.
p.31
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the dermis?
A) The outer layer of skin
B) The inner layer of skin
C) A type of muscle tissue
D) A layer of fat beneath the skin
E) The layer of skin that produces hair
B) The inner layer of skin
Explanation: The dermis is defined as the inner layer of skin, which lies beneath the outer epidermis and contains various structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.
p.48
Overview of the Integumentary System
What types of receptors are well-supplied in the integumentary system?
A) Only touch receptors
B) Receptors for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and pressure
C) Only pain and temperature receptors
D) Only vibration and pressure receptors
E) Receptors for smell and taste
B) Receptors for touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and pressure
Explanation: The integumentary system is characterized by its abundance of various receptors that detect touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and pressure, allowing for a wide range of sensory experiences.
p.9
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What causes pimples (acne)?
A) Excessive hydration
B) A build-up of dirt and oils
C) Lack of sunlight
D) Overproduction of collagen
E) Hormonal imbalance
B) A build-up of dirt and oils
Explanation: Pimples, commonly known as acne, are primarily caused by the accumulation of dirt and oils on the skin, which can clog pores and lead to inflammation.
p.9
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is a primary reason for the formation of wrinkles as people age?
A) Increased oil production
B) Enhanced elasticity of the skin
C) Decreased elasticity and oil production
D) Excessive hydration
E) Increased collagen synthesis
C) Decreased elasticity and oil production
Explanation: Wrinkles occur as skin becomes less elastic with age and produces less oil, leading to dryness and the formation of fine lines.
p.45
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?
A) To produce sweat
B) To secrete ear wax
C) To produce milk
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To secrete hormones
B) To secrete ear wax
Explanation: Ceruminous glands are responsible for producing ear wax, which serves to protect the ear canal from debris and microorganisms.
p.28
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary characteristic of the Stratum Corneum?
A) It is the deepest layer of the epidermis
B) It has a somewhat looser appearance
C) It is impermeable to all substances
D) It contains living cells
E) It is the only layer that produces melanin
B) It has a somewhat looser appearance
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum, being the outermost layer of the epidermis, is noted for its somewhat looser appearance, which distinguishes it from the underlying layers.
p.23
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What process do skin cells undergo as they move outward?
A) Photosynthesis
B) Keratinization
C) Mitosis
D) Apoptosis
E) Fermentation
B) Keratinization
Explanation: As skin cells move outward, they undergo keratinization, where keratin, a tough protein, is deposited within the cells, contributing to the skin's protective barrier.
p.45
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What type of secretion do apocrine glands, including ceruminous and mammary glands, primarily use?
A) Merocrine secretion
B) Holocrine secretion
C) Apocrine secretion
D) Endocrine secretion
E) Exocrine secretion
C) Apocrine secretion
Explanation: Apocrine glands, such as ceruminous and mammary glands, utilize apocrine secretion, where a portion of the cell's cytoplasm is released along with the secretion.
p.12
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
A) Simple cuboidal epithelium
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
C) Transitional epithelium
D) Simple columnar epithelium
E) Ciliated epithelium
B) Stratified squamous epithelium
Explanation: The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium, which helps protect underlying tissues from abrasion and damage.
p.19
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What percentage of skin cells are melanocytes?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 8%
D) 15%
E) 20%
C) 8%
Explanation: Melanocytes account for approximately 8% of the skin cells and are responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.
p.10
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
Which lifestyle factor can exacerbate pimples?
A) Balanced diet
B) Stress
C) Regular sleep schedule
D) Hydration
E) Sun exposure
B) Stress
Explanation: Stress can exacerbate pimples by triggering hormonal changes that increase oil production, leading to more clogged pores and acne.
p.5
Overview of the Integumentary System
How much does the skin weigh on average?
A) 4 pounds
B) 5 pounds
C) 6 pounds
D) 7 pounds
E) 8 pounds
C) 6 pounds
Explanation: The average weight of the skin is about 6 pounds, indicating its substantial contribution to overall body weight.
p.18
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is known for its clear appearance and is found only in thick skin?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Lucidum
C) Stratum Granulosum
D) Stratum Spinosum
E) Stratum Basale
B) Stratum Lucidum
Explanation: The Stratum Lucidum is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells found only in thick skin areas, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
p.39
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Where is the root of each hair anchored?
A) In the dermis
B) In the hypodermis
C) In the hair follicle
D) In the epidermis
E) In the arrector pili muscle
C) In the hair follicle
Explanation: The root of each hair is anchored in a tubular invagination of the epidermis known as the hair follicle, which extends into the dermis and sometimes into the hypodermis.
p.18
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin contains desmosomes that provide strength and support?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Granulosum
C) Stratum Spinosum
D) Stratum Lucidum
E) Stratum Basale
C) Stratum Spinosum
Explanation: The Stratum Spinosum contains desmosomes, which are intercellular connections that provide structural support and strength to the skin.
p.7
Body Temperature Regulation
What happens to blood vessels in the dermis when body temperature rises?
A) They constrict
B) They remain unchanged
C) They dilate
D) They disappear
E) They harden
C) They dilate
Explanation: When body temperature rises, the small blood vessels in the dermis dilate, which increases blood flow and facilitates the loss of body heat through radiation.
p.29
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which of the following structures is NOT found in the dermis?
A) Hair follicles
B) Sweat glands
C) Sebaceous glands
D) Epidermal cells
E) Blood vessels
D) Epidermal cells
Explanation: Epidermal cells are found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, while the dermis contains structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels.
p.30
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary composition of the dermis (or corium)?
A) Adipose tissue
B) Dense fibrous connective tissue
C) Smooth muscle tissue
D) Stratified squamous epithelium
E) Loose areolar connective tissue
B) Dense fibrous connective tissue
Explanation: The dermis, also known as corium, is primarily composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, which provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.24
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What separates the cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
A) Large gaps
B) Narrow, translucent clefts
C) Thick membranes
D) Solid barriers
E) Air pockets
B) Narrow, translucent clefts
Explanation: The cells in the Stratum Spinosum are often separated by narrow, translucent clefts, which contribute to the unique structure of this skin layer.
p.47
Functions of the Skin
What substances can the skin excrete?
A) Only water
B) Water, salt, and small amounts of waste products
C) Only salt
D) Only waste products
E) Water and nutrients
B) Water, salt, and small amounts of waste products
Explanation: The skin has the ability to excrete water, salt, and small amounts of waste products such as urea, highlighting its role in excretion.
p.29
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the role of collagen in the dermis?
A) To provide color to the skin
B) To aid in sensation
C) To provide structural support and strength
D) To regulate temperature
E) To produce sweat
C) To provide structural support and strength
Explanation: Collagen is a key protein in the dermis that provides structural support and strength, helping to maintain the skin's integrity and resilience.
p.27
Functions of the Skin
What fills the space between the cells in the Stratum Corneum?
A) Water
B) Blood
C) Lipids
D) Proteins
E) Air
C) Lipids
Explanation: The space between the cells in the Stratum Corneum is filled with lipids, which help to cement the cells together into a continuous membrane, enhancing the barrier function of the skin.
p.42
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What happens to the cells in the nail root?
A) They become muscle cells
B) They are keratinized
C) They die immediately
D) They produce sweat
E) They absorb nutrients
B) They are keratinized
Explanation: Cells in the nail root undergo keratinization, which is the process of forming hard keratin that contributes to the structure of the nail.
p.39
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What are terminal hairs?
A) Hairs found only on the scalp
B) Hairs that are not visible
C) Hairs in parts of the skin perceived as 'hairy'
D) Hairs that grow in the hypodermis
E) Hairs that are always curly
C) Hairs in parts of the skin perceived as 'hairy'
Explanation: Terminal hairs are the types of hair found in areas of the skin that we perceive as 'hairy', indicating their presence in various regions of the body.
p.17
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary function of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis?
A) Absorption
B) Protection
C) Secretion
D) Sensation
E) Filtration
B) Protection
Explanation: The primary function of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis is to provide protection against environmental damage, pathogens, and water loss.
p.21
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of cells primarily make up the Stratum Basale?
A) Squamous cells
B) Columnar or cuboidal cells
C) Adipocytes
D) Keratinocytes
E) Melanocytes
B) Columnar or cuboidal cells
Explanation: The Stratum Basale consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells that rest on the basement membrane, which is essential for the skin's regenerative process.
p.33
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
A) Synthesize hormones
B) Synthesize collagen, elastin, and reticulin
C) Store fat
D) Conduct nerve impulses
E) Fight infections
B) Synthesize collagen, elastin, and reticulin
Explanation: Fibroblasts are specialized cells responsible for synthesizing key structural proteins such as collagen, elastin, and reticulin, which are essential for the integrity and function of connective tissue.
p.49
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
Which system relies on nerve receptors in the skin to detect sensations?
A) Endocrine system
B) Cardiovascular system
C) Nervous system
D) Muscular system
E) Lymphatic system
C) Nervous system
Explanation: The nervous system depends on nerve receptors located in the skin to detect certain sensations from the outside world, highlighting the interaction between these systems.
p.54
Functions of the Skin
In the Rule of Nines, what percentage of the body does each leg represent?
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 27%
D) 36%
E) 45%
B) 18%
Explanation: In the Rule of Nines, each leg is assigned 18% of the total body surface area, which helps in assessing the extent of burns on a patient.
p.13
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin contains connective tissue and blood vessels?
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Hypodermis
D) Stratum corneum
E) Stratum basale
B) Dermis
Explanation: The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and various structures such as hair follicles and glands.
p.9
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
Which of the following factors contributes to the skin becoming dryer with age?
A) Increased hydration
B) Decreased oil production
C) Enhanced elasticity
D) Higher collagen levels
E) Increased exposure to sunlight
B) Decreased oil production
Explanation: As people age, the skin produces less oil, which contributes to dryness and the development of wrinkles.
p.42
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the primary function of nails?
A) To provide warmth
B) To protect the distal ends of phalanges
C) To produce sweat
D) To absorb nutrients
E) To facilitate movement
B) To protect the distal ends of phalanges
Explanation: The primary function of nails is to protect the distal ends of the phalanges, which are the bones in the fingers and toes.
p.56
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the approximate area of skin if laid out flat?
A) 1 square meter
B) 2 square meters
C) 3 square meters
D) 4 square meters
E) 5 square meters
B) 2 square meters
Explanation: If all the skin on a human body were laid out flat, it would cover an area of about 2 square meters, illustrating the extensive surface area of the skin.
p.24
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What are the cytoplasmic extensions in the Stratum Spinosum called?
A) Filopodia
B) Microvilli
C) Spine-like extensions
D) Cilia
E) Flagella
C) Spine-like extensions
Explanation: The cytoplasmic extensions that span the clefts in the Stratum Spinosum are referred to as spine-like extensions, which interconnect the cells of this layer.
How is vitamin D synthesized in the skin?
A) Through the absorption of water
B) By exposure to sunlight
C) From dietary sources only
D) Through the secretion of sweat
E) By the action of melanocytes
B) By exposure to sunlight
Explanation: Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight, although it can also be obtained from dietary sources.
p.18
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is the outermost layer?
A) Stratum Lucidum
B) Stratum Granulosum
C) Stratum Spinosum
D) Stratum Corneum
E) Stratum Basale
D) Stratum Corneum
Explanation: The Stratum Corneum is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier against environmental damage and water loss.
p.43
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?
A) To produce sweat
B) To secrete sebum
C) To absorb nutrients
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To produce hormones
B) To secrete sebum
Explanation: The primary function of sebaceous glands is to secrete sebum, an oily product that serves as a natural skin cream, helping to keep hair and skin healthy.
p.19
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What role do Merkel cells play in the skin?
A) Produce melanin
B) Provide waterproofing
C) Act as slow mechanoreceptors
D) Serve as immunological defense
E) Regulate skin temperature
C) Act as slow mechanoreceptors
Explanation: Merkel cells function as slow mechanoreceptors, playing a role in the sensation of touch and pressure within the skin.
Which of the following is a sensory function of the skin?
A) Producing vitamin D
B) Regulating blood pressure
C) Receiving stimuli for touch, pain, and temperature change
D) Storing energy
E) Filtering toxins
C) Receiving stimuli for touch, pain, and temperature change
Explanation: The skin is equipped with sensory receptors that allow it to receive stimuli for touch, pain, and temperature changes, contributing to the body's ability to interact with the environment.
p.40
Hair Color and Texture
What is alopecia?
A) A type of hair dye
B) The term for hair loss
C) A method of curling hair
D) A type of hair texture
E) A condition causing hair to grow faster
B) The term for hair loss
Explanation: Alopecia refers to hair loss, which can occur for various reasons, including genetic factors, aging, and health conditions.
p.44
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What distinguishes the secretion of apocrine glands from that of eccrine glands?
A) It is less viscous
B) It is more viscous
C) It is odorless
D) It contains more antibodies
E) It is produced only during exercise
B) It is more viscous
Explanation: The secretion from apocrine glands is more viscous compared to that of eccrine glands, which is primarily watery. This viscosity is one of the characteristics that differentiate the two types of sweat glands.
p.43
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What is vernix caseosa?
A) A type of skin disease
B) A natural skin cream
C) A white covering on a fetus
D) A type of oil produced by sebaceous glands
E) A form of acne
C) A white covering on a fetus
Explanation: Vernix caseosa is a white covering found on a fetus, which serves to protect the skin during development.
p.9
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is the relationship between skin elasticity and aging?
A) Skin becomes more elastic with age
B) Skin elasticity remains unchanged
C) Skin becomes less elastic with age
D) Skin elasticity is only affected by diet
E) Skin elasticity is improved by hydration
C) Skin becomes less elastic with age
Explanation: With aging, the skin loses its elasticity, which is a significant factor in the formation of wrinkles.
p.12
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is anchored to the subcutaneous layer?
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Hypodermis
D) Stratum corneum
E) Papillary layer
B) Dermis
Explanation: The dermis is the inner layer of the skin that is anchored to the subcutaneous layer, providing structural support and housing various skin structures.
p.42
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the cuticle?
A) A layer of muscle
B) A fold of stratum corneum on the proximal end of the nail
C) A type of nail polish
D) A part of the nail matrix
E) A layer of bone
B) A fold of stratum corneum on the proximal end of the nail
Explanation: The cuticle is a fold of stratum corneum that covers the proximal end of the nail, serving as a protective barrier.
p.44
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What are the two principal types of sweat glands?
A) Sebaceous and apocrine
B) Eccrine and sebaceous
C) Eccrine and apocrine
D) Apocrine and ceruminous
E) Eccrine and mammary
C) Eccrine and apocrine
Explanation: Sweat glands are classified into two main types: eccrine glands, which are the most common, and apocrine glands, each with distinct locations and functions.
p.12
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What are integumentary glands responsible for?
A) Producing hormones
B) Regulating body temperature
C) Secreting sweat and oil
D) Absorbing nutrients
E) Protecting against UV radiation
C) Secreting sweat and oil
Explanation: Integumentary glands, such as sweat and oil glands, play a crucial role in maintaining skin health and regulating moisture.
p.18
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for the process of keratinization?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Granulosum
C) Stratum Spinosum
D) Stratum Lucidum
E) Stratum Basale
B) Stratum Granulosum
Explanation: The Stratum Granulosum is where keratinization occurs, as cells begin to lose their nuclei and become more flattened, contributing to the formation of the skin's protective barrier.
p.43
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Where are sebaceous glands NOT found on the body?
A) On the scalp
B) On the face
C) On the palms
D) On the back
E) On the chest
C) On the palms
Explanation: Sebaceous glands are scattered all over the skin except in specific areas such as the palms, soles, and sides of the feet.
p.32
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the dermis is thicker and provides strength and elasticity?
A) Epidermis
B) Papillary dermis
C) Reticular dermis
D) Hypodermis
E) Stratum corneum
C) Reticular dermis
Explanation: The reticular dermis is the thicker layer of the dermis, composed of dense connective tissue, providing strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.32
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What type of connective tissue primarily composes the reticular dermis?
A) Loose connective tissue
B) Adipose tissue
C) Dense irregular connective tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Epithelial tissue
C) Dense irregular connective tissue
Explanation: The reticular dermis is primarily composed of dense irregular connective tissue, which contributes to the skin's structural integrity and resilience.
p.33
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which of the following is NOT a component of ground substance in connective tissue?
A) Hyaluronic acid
B) Chondroitin sulfate
C) Dermatan sulfate
D) Collagen
E) Glycosaminoglycans
D) Collagen
Explanation: Collagen is a fibrous protein, while hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate are components of ground substance, specifically classified as glycosaminoglycans.
p.27
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Why are individual cells in the Stratum Corneum difficult to observe?
A) They are too small
B) They are very flat
C) They are transparent
D) They are filled with blood
E) They are constantly dividing
B) They are very flat
Explanation: The individual cells in the Stratum Corneum are difficult to observe primarily because they are very flat, along with the fact that their nuclei can no longer be identified.
p.34
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is another name for the hypodermis?
A) Epidermis
B) Dermis
C) Subcutaneous tissue
D) Superficial fascia
E) Stratum corneum
C) Subcutaneous tissue
Explanation: The hypodermis is also known as subcutaneous tissue, which indicates its position beneath the dermis and its role in connecting the skin to underlying structures.
p.10
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What role do bacteria play in the development of pimples?
A) They prevent pimples
B) They cause inflammation
C) They have no effect
D) They reduce oil production
E) They promote skin healing
B) They cause inflammation
Explanation: Bacteria can infect clogged pores, leading to inflammation and the formation of pimples, making them a significant factor in acne development.
p.23
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the key functions of keratin in the skin?
A) It provides nutrients to the cells
B) It waterproofs the skin
C) It allows for gas exchange
D) It enhances sensory perception
E) It promotes cell division
B) It waterproofs the skin
Explanation: One of the key functions of keratin is to waterproof the skin, preventing water loss and protecting against external elements.
p.46
Functions of the Skin
How does intact skin contribute to the body's defense?
A) By producing sweat
B) By allowing fluid absorption
C) By preventing the entry of micro-organisms
D) By generating heat
E) By facilitating respiration
C) By preventing the entry of micro-organisms
Explanation: Intact skin acts as a barrier that prevents micro-organisms from entering the body, thus playing a vital role in the immune defense system.
p.44
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
A) To produce oil
B) To secrete pheromones
C) To produce sweat for temperature regulation
D) To provide moisture to hair
E) To produce milk
C) To produce sweat for temperature regulation
Explanation: Eccrine glands produce sweat, which is a watery mixture that helps prevent overheating of the body and thus regulates body temperature.
p.19
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary function of Langerhans' cells in the skin?
A) Produce keratin
B) Provide waterproofing
C) Act as slow mechanoreceptors
D) Serve as immunological defense
E) Produce melanin
D) Serve as immunological defense
Explanation: Langerhans' cells are involved in the skin's immunological defense, helping to identify and respond to pathogens that may penetrate the skin barrier.
p.49
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
What role does the cardiovascular system play in temperature regulation with the skin?
A) It produces heat
B) It transports oxygen
C) It helps lose or conserve body heat through vasodilation or vasoconstriction
D) It filters blood
E) It stores nutrients
C) It helps lose or conserve body heat through vasodilation or vasoconstriction
Explanation: The skin works with the cardiovascular system to control body temperature by either losing heat through vasodilation or conserving it through vasoconstriction.
p.5
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the typical thickness range of most skin?
A) 0.1 – 0.5 mm
B) 0.5 – 2 mm
C) 1 – 3 mm
D) 1 – 2 mm
E) 2 – 6 mm
D) 1 – 2 mm
Explanation: Most skin is typically 1 to 2 mm thick, although it can range from 0.5 to 6 mm in certain areas, indicating variability based on location and function.
p.54
Functions of the Skin
How much of the body surface area does the head and neck account for in the Rule of Nines?
A) 4%
B) 9%
C) 18%
D) 27%
E) 36%
B) 9%
Explanation: The head and neck account for 9% of the total body surface area in the Rule of Nines, which is important for calculating burn severity.
p.10
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
Which of the following can contribute to the formation of pimples?
A) Regular exercise
B) Hormonal changes
C) Drinking water
D) Eating fruits
E) Using sunscreen
B) Hormonal changes
Explanation: Hormonal changes, especially during puberty or menstrual cycles, can lead to increased oil production and contribute to the formation of pimples.
p.23
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the effect of keratin on skin cells?
A) It makes them more colorful
B) It hardens and flattens them
C) It increases their size
D) It makes them more permeable
E) It enhances their flexibility
B) It hardens and flattens them
Explanation: Keratin hardens and flattens the skin cells as they move outward, which is essential for forming a protective layer on the skin's surface.
p.34
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is a primary component of the hypodermis?
A) Muscle fibers
B) Adipose tissue
C) Nerve endings
D) Sweat glands
E) Hair follicles
B) Adipose tissue
Explanation: The hypodermis contains more adipose tissue than the dermis, which plays a crucial role in energy storage and insulation.
p.27
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What happens to the nuclei of cells in the Stratum Corneum?
A) They multiply
B) They can no longer be identified
C) They become larger
D) They are replaced by new nuclei
E) They disappear completely
B) They can no longer be identified
Explanation: In the Stratum Corneum, the nuclei of the cells can no longer be identified, indicating that these cells have undergone significant changes as they become keratinized.
p.36
Accessory Structures of the Skin
What is the primary role of nails in the integumentary system?
A) To provide insulation
B) To protect the tips of fingers and toes
C) To produce sweat
D) To absorb nutrients
E) To regulate temperature
B) To protect the tips of fingers and toes
Explanation: Nails serve primarily to protect the sensitive tips of fingers and toes, enhancing dexterity and providing a barrier against injury.
p.46
Functions of the Skin
What role do antimicrobial proteins play in the epidermis?
A) They provide nutrients to skin cells
B) They help in the production of sweat
C) They pierce holes in the membranes of micro-organisms
D) They promote hair growth
E) They regulate skin color
C) They pierce holes in the membranes of micro-organisms
Explanation: Antimicrobial proteins produced by the epidermis act by piercing holes in the outer membranes of micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from infections.
p.46
Functions of the Skin
What process allows the skin to resist wear and tear?
A) Increased blood flow
B) Continuous replacement of outer epidermal cells
C) Production of sweat
D) Accumulation of fat
E) Growth of hair follicles
B) Continuous replacement of outer epidermal cells
Explanation: The skin resists wear and tear through the continuous replacement of outer epidermal cells, which are produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis and gradually migrate towards the surface.
What metabolic function does the skin perform?
A) Producing energy
B) Synthesizing vitamin D
C) Storing fat
D) Regulating blood sugar
E) Filtering blood
B) Synthesizing vitamin D
Explanation: The skin plays a crucial role in metabolism by synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, which is essential for calcium absorption and overall health.
p.21
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Where do the cells of the Stratum Basale rest?
A) On the surface of the skin
B) On the dermis
C) On the basement membrane
D) In the hair follicles
E) In the sweat glands
C) On the basement membrane
Explanation: The cells of the Stratum Basale rest on the basement membrane, which is a critical structure that supports the epidermis and separates it from the underlying dermis.
p.30
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What feature do dermal papillae create in thick skin?
A) A smooth border between epidermis and dermis
B) A very irregular border between epidermis and dermis
C) A barrier to prevent water loss
D) A layer of fat for insulation
E) A protective layer against pathogens
B) A very irregular border between epidermis and dermis
Explanation: In thick skin, dermal papillae create a very irregular border between the epidermis and dermis, enhancing the grip and surface area for nutrient exchange.
p.51
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is a defining feature of third-degree burns?
A) Erythematous with a fibrinous exudate
B) Generally anesthetic or hypoesthetic
C) Very painful and sensitive to touch
D) Moist with blisters
E) Involves only the epidermis
B) Generally anesthetic or hypoesthetic
Explanation: Third-degree burns are full-thickness burns that can appear white, black, or leathery and are generally anesthetic or hypoesthetic, meaning they may not feel pain due to nerve damage.
p.36
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Which type of skin gland is responsible for producing oil?
A) Sweat glands
B) Sebaceous glands
C) Ceruminous glands
D) Mammary glands
E) Eccrine glands
B) Sebaceous glands
Explanation: Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing oil (sebum), which helps to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
p.40
Hair Color and Texture
What causes red hair?
A) A lack of melanin
B) A modified type of melanin that contains iron
C) A higher concentration of eumelanin
D) A genetic mutation affecting hair length
E) Increased sunlight exposure
B) A modified type of melanin that contains iron
Explanation: Red hair results from a specific type of melanin that is modified to contain iron, distinguishing it from other hair colors.
p.21
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the Stratum Basale?
A) The outermost layer of the skin
B) The deepest layer of the epidermis
C) A layer of fat beneath the skin
D) The layer responsible for skin pigmentation
E) The layer that contains hair follicles
B) The deepest layer of the epidermis
Explanation: The Stratum Basale is identified as the deepest layer of the epidermis, situated closest to the dermis, which plays a crucial role in skin structure.
p.39
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the free part of each hair called?
A) Root
B) Follicle
C) Shaft
D) Bulb
E) Dermis
C) Shaft
Explanation: The free part of each hair is referred to as the shaft, which is the visible portion that extends above the skin's surface.
How does the skin contribute to immunity?
A) By producing hormones
B) By acting as a physical barrier
C) By absorbing nutrients
D) By regulating temperature
E) By excreting waste
B) By acting as a physical barrier
Explanation: The skin contributes to immunity primarily by acting as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body, as well as housing immune cells that respond to infections.
p.39
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What are the cells that make up the hair that we groom daily?
A) Living cells
B) Dead keratinized cells
C) Stem cells
D) Muscle cells
E) Nerve cells
B) Dead keratinized cells
Explanation: The hair that we groom daily consists of dead keratinized cells, which are no longer living but provide structure and protection.
p.32
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the main function of the reticular dermis?
A) To provide a barrier against pathogens
B) To support the epidermis and house accessory structures
C) To produce melanin
D) To facilitate gas exchange
E) To store fat
B) To support the epidermis and house accessory structures
Explanation: The reticular dermis supports the epidermis and contains various accessory structures such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, playing a vital role in skin function.
p.17
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Lucidum
C) Stratum Granulosum
D) Stratum Spinosum
E) Stratum Cuboidal
E) Stratum Cuboidal
Explanation: The Stratum Cuboidal is not a recognized layer of the epidermis; the correct layers include Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, and Stratum Basale.
p.46
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the primary functions of the epidermis?
A) Temperature regulation
B) Protection against fluid loss
C) Vitamin D production
D) Sensation
E) Hair growth
B) Protection against fluid loss
Explanation: The epidermis serves as a barrier to fluid loss from the body, which is crucial for maintaining hydration and overall health, especially in patients with burns where this function is impaired.
p.6
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What does the skin excrete through sweat?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon dioxide
C) H2O and salt
D) Nutrients
E) Hormones
C) H2O and salt
Explanation: The skin plays a role in excretion by eliminating water and salt through sweat, which helps in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.
p.49
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
How does the skin contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
A) By producing hormones
B) By serving as a physical barrier to microorganisms
C) By storing fat
D) By regulating blood pressure
E) By filtering toxins from the blood
B) By serving as a physical barrier to microorganisms
Explanation: The skin plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by working with the immune system to defend the body from pathogens, acting as a physical barrier to microorganisms.
p.26
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What can be observed in the cells of the Stratum lucidum?
A) Clear nuclear outlines
B) Active cell division
C) Numerous blood vessels
D) High levels of moisture
E) Melanin production
A) Clear nuclear outlines
Explanation: In the Stratum lucidum, faint nuclear outlines are visible in only a few of the cells, indicating the degeneration of nuclei as cells move towards the surface.
p.44
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Where are apocrine glands primarily found?
A) In the palms of the hands
B) In the skin of the armpits and anogenital areas
C) On the scalp
D) In the soles of the feet
E) In the forehead
B) In the skin of the armpits and anogenital areas
Explanation: Apocrine glands are mainly located in the skin of the armpits, anogenital areas, and the areola of the breasts, and they have specific functions related to scent.
p.46
Functions of the Skin
Where are new epidermal cells produced?
A) In the outer layer of the skin
B) In the dermis
C) In the deepest layer of the epidermis
D) In the hair follicles
E) In the sweat glands
C) In the deepest layer of the epidermis
Explanation: New epidermal cells are produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis, ensuring a constant renewal of the skin's outer layer as cells migrate towards the surface.
p.49
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
What is the primary function of the skin in relation to the immune system?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To serve as a physical barrier to pathogens
C) To regulate blood flow
D) To synthesize hormones
E) To absorb nutrients
B) To serve as a physical barrier to pathogens
Explanation: The skin acts as a physical barrier to microorganisms, working with the immune system to defend the body from pathogens, which is essential for maintaining overall health.
p.40
Hair Color and Texture
What happens to melanocytes as a person ages?
A) They become more active
B) They remain unchanged
C) They become less active
D) They multiply rapidly
E) They change color
C) They become less active
Explanation: With age, melanocytes become less active, leading to a decrease in melanin production, which contributes to the graying of hair.
p.5
Overview of the Integumentary System
What percentage of body weight does the skin represent?
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%
E) 25%
C) 15%
Explanation: The skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for approximately 15% of total body weight, highlighting its significant mass and importance.
p.26
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
In which type of skin is the Stratum lucidum usually not identifiable?
A) Thick skin
B) Thin skin
C) Oily skin
D) Dry skin
E) Sensitive skin
B) Thin skin
Explanation: The Stratum lucidum is typically not identifiable in thin skin, indicating its presence is more prominent in thicker skin areas.
p.32
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the primary characteristic of the papillary dermis?
A) It contains dense connective tissue
B) It is the thicker layer of the dermis
C) It has a loose structure with blood vessels and nerve endings
D) It is primarily composed of adipose tissue
E) It is the outermost layer of the skin
C) It has a loose structure with blood vessels and nerve endings
Explanation: The papillary dermis is characterized by its loose structure, which allows for the presence of blood vessels and nerve endings, playing a crucial role in sensation and thermoregulation.
p.49
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
Which organ system does the skin work with to absorb calcium from food?
A) Respiratory system
B) Nervous system
C) Digestive system
D) Endocrine system
E) Muscular system
C) Digestive system
Explanation: The skin synthesizes vitamin D, which is essential for the digestive system to absorb calcium from food, illustrating the interaction between these two systems.
p.43
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What is sebum primarily composed of?
A) Water
B) Protein
C) Oil
D) Carbohydrates
E) Minerals
C) Oil
Explanation: Sebum is primarily an oily product secreted by sebaceous glands, which helps to keep the skin and hair moisturized.
p.43
Exocrine Glands: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
What is the role of sebum in skin health?
A) It increases skin temperature
B) It prevents hair from becoming brittle
C) It promotes bacterial growth
D) It causes skin dryness
E) It blocks pores
B) It prevents hair from becoming brittle
Explanation: Sebum helps to prevent hair from becoming brittle, keeps the skin soft, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria, contributing to overall skin health.
p.33
Interactions with Other Organ Systems
Which type of cell is responsible for immune responses in connective tissue?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Endothelial cells
C) Mast cells
D) Smooth muscle cells
E) Peripheral nerve cells
C) Mast cells
Explanation: Mast cells play a critical role in immune responses, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammation, by releasing histamine and other mediators.
p.26
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What happens to the nuclei of cells in the Stratum lucidum?
A) They are fully intact
B) They begin to degenerate
C) They multiply rapidly
D) They are replaced by new cells
E) They become larger
B) They begin to degenerate
Explanation: In the Stratum lucidum, the nuclei of the cells begin to degenerate, which is a continuation of the process that starts in the outer part of the stratum granulosum.
p.17
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which layer of the epidermis is also known as the Germinativum?
A) Stratum Corneum
B) Stratum Lucidum
C) Stratum Granulosum
D) Stratum Spinosum
E) Stratum Basale
E) Stratum Basale
Explanation: The Stratum Basale is also referred to as the Germinativum, as it is the deepest layer where cell division occurs.
p.56
Functions of the Skin
Which type of substances can pass through the skin?
A) Water-soluble substances
B) Fat-soluble substances
C) All substances
D) Only gases
E) Only solid substances
B) Fat-soluble substances
Explanation: Only fat-soluble substances can penetrate the skin, while water-soluble substances cannot, which is important for understanding how certain medications can be absorbed.
p.40
Hair Color and Texture
What shape of hair shaft is associated with straight hair?
A) Oval shaft
B) Flat shaft
C) Round shaft
D) Triangular shaft
E) Square shaft
C) Round shaft
Explanation: A round hair shaft is associated with straight hair, while other shapes correspond to wavy or curly textures.
p.47
Skin Conditions: Pimples and Wrinkles
What is the effect of UV radiation on collagen and elastin in the skin?
A) It strengthens them
B) It has no effect
C) It disrupts them
D) It increases their production
E) It converts them into melanin
C) It disrupts them
Explanation: UV radiation can disrupt collagen and elastin in the dermis, leading to changes in skin texture and the formation of wrinkles.
p.21
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary function of basal cells in the Stratum Basale?
A) To produce melanin
B) To provide structural support
C) To act as stem cells for the epidermis
D) To form the outer protective layer
E) To regulate body temperature
C) To act as stem cells for the epidermis
Explanation: Basal cells in the Stratum Basale serve as the stem cells of the epidermis, and their mitotic activity is crucial for replenishing cells in the more superficial layers of the skin.
p.32
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
Which of the following structures is primarily found in the papillary dermis?
A) Hair follicles
B) Sweat glands
C) Blood vessels
D) Sebaceous glands
E) Nerve endings
C) Blood vessels
Explanation: The papillary dermis contains numerous blood vessels that supply nutrients to the skin and help regulate temperature, along with nerve endings that contribute to sensory perception.
p.54
Functions of the Skin
According to the Rule of Nines, what percentage is assigned to the anterior trunk?
A) 9%
B) 18%
C) 27%
D) 36%
E) 45%
B) 18%
Explanation: The anterior trunk is assigned 18% of the total body surface area in the Rule of Nines, which aids in the assessment of burn injuries.
p.34
Functions of the Skin
What role does the hypodermis play in thermal insulation?
A) It absorbs heat from the environment
B) It prevents heat loss from the body
C) It regulates body temperature
D) It produces sweat
E) It generates body heat
B) It prevents heat loss from the body
Explanation: The hypodermis functions as thermal insulation by trapping body heat, which helps maintain a stable internal temperature.
p.33
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What role do elastic fibers play in connective tissue?
A) Provide tensile strength
B) Store energy
C) Provide for restoration of shape after deformation
D) Facilitate cell communication
E) Protect against pathogens
C) Provide for restoration of shape after deformation
Explanation: Elastic fibers are crucial for allowing tissues to return to their original shape after being stretched or deformed, contributing to the elasticity of connective tissues.
What fraction of the body's blood volume does the skin receive?
A) 1/4
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 2/3
E) 3/4
B) 1/3
Explanation: The skin receives approximately 1/3 of the body's blood volume, which is essential for its metabolic functions and thermoregulation.
p.21
Functions of the Skin
What happens to the cells in the more superficial layers of the epidermis?
A) They multiply indefinitely
B) They are constantly shed
C) They become fat cells
D) They migrate to the dermis
E) They turn into hair follicles
B) They are constantly shed
Explanation: The cells in the more superficial layers of the epidermis are eventually shed, and the mitotic activity of the basal cells in the Stratum Basale replenishes these cells.
p.33
Anatomy of the Skin Layers
What is the function of reticulin in connective tissue?
A) Provide energy storage
B) Provide tensile strength
C) Support the structure of organs
D) Facilitate nerve transmission
E) Aid in muscle contraction
C) Support the structure of organs
Explanation: Reticulin is a type of collagen that provides a supportive framework for organs, helping to maintain their structure and integrity.
p.54
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary purpose of the Rule of Nines in medical practice?
A) To calculate body temperature
B) To assess burn severity
C) To determine blood pressure
D) To evaluate heart rate
E) To measure respiratory rate
B) To assess burn severity
Explanation: The Rule of Nines is primarily used in medical practice to quickly estimate the total body surface area affected by burns, which is crucial for determining treatment and fluid resuscitation needs.
