p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What was the daily dosage of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) given in Study 1?
2.5 g daily (approximately 64 mg).
p.41
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is a caution associated with L-Arginine?
May cause a decrease in blood pressure.
p.47
Herbal Remedies and Their Efficacy
What should patients be advised regarding Hawthorn?
Not to take Hawthorn until more is known.
p.10
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
Why is garlic often studied in relation to serum lipids?
Due to its potential cholesterol-lowering effects.
p.4
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is the function of bile acid sequestrants?
They help lower cholesterol levels by binding bile acids.
p.53
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
Can pomegranate be relied upon for blood pressure control?
No, it provides a modest benefit but should not be relied upon for BP control.
p.40
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What does nitric oxide (NO) promote in the body?
Vasodilation, improved coronary endothelial function, and increased coronary blood flow.
p.1
Hypertension and Natural Medicine
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure that can lead to serious health problems, including heart disease.
p.43
Diabetes Management and Supplements
Which medications require monitoring of magnesium levels?
Digoxin, diuretics, and anti-arrhythmic drugs.
p.9
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What are serum lipids?
Fats and fat-like substances in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
p.3
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What are Mrs. Chan's past medical histories?
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), borderline hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and gout.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are the two main types of diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.
p.30
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is a caution regarding soluble fiber?
It can decrease the absorption of oral medications.
p.12
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is a potential side effect of immediate-release niacin?
Flushing and skin irritation.
p.4
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What class of drugs do fibrates belong to?
They are a class of drugs used to lower lipid levels.
p.34
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What are RAAS blockers used for in heart failure treatment?
They help to reduce blood pressure and decrease the workload on the heart.
p.34
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the role of adrenergic system blockers in heart failure?
They help to lower heart rate and reduce myocardial oxygen demand.
p.40
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What are the potential benefits of L-Arginine?
Improved kidney function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life (QoL).
p.12
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is niacin commonly used for?
To manage cholesterol levels and improve cardiovascular health.
p.52
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
How do Omega-3 fatty acids affect platelet aggregation?
They decrease platelet aggregation.
p.1
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is dyslipidemia?
An abnormal amount of lipids in the blood, often leading to cardiovascular issues.
p.1
Diabetes Management and Supplements
How is diabetes related to cardiovascular health?
Diabetes increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
p.51
Hypertension and Natural Medicine
What types of tea are linked to a decreased risk of developing hypertension?
Green tea (unfermented) and Oolong tea (partially fermented).
p.40
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
How does L-Arginine affect ACE activity?
It decreases the activity of ACE.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What effect does soluble fiber have on intestinal content?
It increases the viscosity of the intestinal content.
p.34
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What are diuretics used for in heart failure management?
They help to reduce fluid overload and decrease swelling.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is red yeast rice?
Extracts of rice fermented with the Monascus Purpureus strain of red yeast.
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What was the sample size of Study 2 focused on magnesium supplementation?
Forty patients with type II diabetes and hypomagnesemia.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What compounds are produced from the fermentation of red yeast rice?
Monacolins (Mevinolin/Lovastatin).
p.12
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What are the main formulations of niacin?
Immediate-release, sustained-release, and extended-release formulations.
p.10
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What are serum lipids?
Fats and fat-like substances in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides.
p.45
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is Digitalis?
A cardiac glycoside derived from the Digitalis purpurea plant.
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What type of trial was conducted in Study 1 regarding magnesium supplementation?
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
p.2
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What are the treatment goals for hyperlipidemia?
To reduce cardiovascular risk factors and manage lipid levels.
p.25
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the association between low magnesium (Mg) levels and diabetes mellitus (DM)?
Low Mg levels are associated with diabetes mellitus.
p.28
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What type of study was conducted on prickly pear cactus?
A small, single-dose study.
p.30
Diabetes Management and Supplements
When should medication be taken in relation to soluble fiber?
Either 1 hour before or 4 hours after consuming soluble fiber.
p.52
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is one of the effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on vasoconstriction?
They reduce vasoconstriction.
p.40
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is L-Arginine a substrate for?
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What criteria were used to define insulin resistance in Study 1?
HOMA-IR index equal to or greater than 3.0.
p.46
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What was the dosage of Hawthorn used in the SPICE trial?
900 mg daily for 24 months.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the mechanism of action of Monacolins?
They act as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What are the main components of fish oil?
Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA.
p.25
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the effect of a 100 mg/day increase in dietary magnesium intake?
It is associated with a 15% risk reduction for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
p.21
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What does Mrs. Chan want to know about fish oil?
If she is suitable for taking fish oil.
p.38
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What additional effects does Coenzyme Q-10 have?
Blood pressure lowering and antioxidant effects.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are the consequences of chromium deficiency?
Impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decrease in insulin receptors, and neuropathies.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the potential benefit of American Ginseng?
It may reduce postprandial glucose.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
When does the ADA recommend chromium supplementation?
Only with documented deficiency.
p.52
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What effect do Omega-3 fatty acids have on thromboxane A2 synthesis?
They decrease the synthesis of thromboxane A2.
p.31
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is Stevia?
A leaf from the stevia plant that acts directly on pancreatic cells to stimulate insulin secretion.
p.28
Diabetes Management and Supplements
How might prickly pear cactus affect carbohydrate absorption?
It may slow carbohydrate absorption in the gut.
p.32
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the relationship between oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus (DM)?
Oxidative stress can lead to insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.
p.18
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
How do omega-3 fatty acids affect LDL cholesterol?
They can help lower LDL cholesterol levels.
p.32
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What effect does selenium have that may benefit diabetes patients?
Selenium has antioxidant effects.
p.18
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What effect do omega-3 fatty acids have on HDL cholesterol?
They may increase HDL cholesterol levels.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
How does soluble fiber influence glucose absorption?
It slows the absorption of glucose and reduces postprandial blood glucose levels when consumed with a meal.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is insulin's role in the body?
Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
p.10
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the primary focus of the updated meta-analysis regarding garlic?
The effect of garlic on serum lipids.
p.1
Cardiovascular Diseases Overview
What are cardiovascular diseases (CV diseases)?
A group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels.
p.47
Herbal Remedies and Their Efficacy
Which medications should be avoided when taking Hawthorn?
Nitrates and PDE-5 inhibitors.
p.24
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is a claimed benefit of Glucerna?
It may lower blood glucose levels.
p.1
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is heart failure?
A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
p.31
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is Rebaudioside A?
An extract from the Stevia plant used as a 'natural' sweetener.
p.14
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What type of foods are considered cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Fibrous foods with at least 51% whole grain.
p.53
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What effect does pomegranate have on ACE activity?
It reduces the activity of ACE by about 36%.
p.47
Herbal Remedies and Their Efficacy
What type of drug interactions can Hawthorn have?
It can interact with nitrates and PDE-5 inhibitors through vasodilatory effects.
p.28
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the speculated mechanism of action for prickly pear cactus in diabetes management?
It may work due to its insulin sensitizing effect.
p.46
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What effects does Hawthorn have on the heart?
Increases cardiac contraction and coronary blood flow.
p.37
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What classification of heart failure patients were included in the study?
New York Heart Association classification III to IV.
p.37
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is L-carnitine used for in the context of this study?
Administration to patients with heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy.
p.14
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is the effect of psyllium on LDL cholesterol?
It can reduce LDL-C by 5-10% when taken at 10-12g per day.
p.25
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is recommended if a magnesium deficiency is identified?
It is appropriate to try supplementation.
p.28
Diabetes Management and Supplements
Do other species of prickly pear cactus have the same effect on blood glucose levels?
No, other species don’t seem to have this effect.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is the significance of the esterification process for sterols and stanols?
It allows them to be incorporated into dietary fats and delivered in a bioavailable manner.
p.12
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
Which niacin formulation is associated with fewer flushing side effects?
Sustained-release and extended-release formulations.
p.35
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is CoQ10's function in the electron transport chain?
It functions as an electron carrier in the ETC complexes.
p.45
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What effect does Digitalis have on cardiac cells?
It increases intracellular calcium, acting as a positive inotrope.
p.16
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What should you check when taking fish oil?
The amount of DHA and EPA inside.
p.51
Hypertension and Natural Medicine
What is recommended as a healthy beverage choice?
Green tea and Oolong tea.
p.46
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What was the outcome of the SPICE trial regarding hospitalization?
Significantly decreased hospitalization due to progression of heart failure, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and cardiac death.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is one way soluble fiber acts as a barrier in the digestive system?
It acts as a barrier to diffusion.
p.21
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What current medications is Mrs. Chan taking?
Aspirin, Amlodipine, Gliclazide, Garlic extract, and some red yeast capsules.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
In which patients is Taurine found to be increased?
In the left ventricles of heart failure patients.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What improvement can occur in heart failure patients after Taurine treatment?
Patients can improve from NYHA class IV to II after 4 - 8 weeks.
p.41
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What are some side effects of L-Arginine?
Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and gout.
p.35
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What does the proton gradient created by the ETC contribute to?
It contributes to ATP synthesis.
p.31
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the potential effect of 1000mg daily stevioside on postprandial glucose levels?
It might reduce postprandial glucose levels by 18% in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
p.43
Diabetes Management and Supplements
Why should magnesium levels be checked in patients taking digoxin?
Low magnesium levels can increase digoxin toxicity.
p.37
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the focus of the study mentioned?
Three-year survival of patients with heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and L-carnitine administration.
p.50
Hypertension and Natural Medicine
What is the effect of natural medicine on blood pressure in cardiovascular conditions?
They may have a lower blood pressure effect.
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What significant changes were observed in magnesium-supplemented subjects in Study 1?
Increased serum magnesium levels and reduced HOMA-IR index.
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What were the serum magnesium levels before and after supplementation in Study 1?
Increased from 0.61 ± 0.08 to 0.81 ± 0.08 mmol/l.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
How does soluble fiber affect gastric emptying time?
It slows gastric emptying time.
p.46
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What was the result of the HERB CHF study on patients with NYHA Class II/III heart failure?
Increased heart failure progression, death rate increased by 1.7%, and hospitalization increased by 8% due to heart failure.
p.18
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is one mechanism by which fatty acids can improve cholesterol profiles?
By reducing triglyceride levels.
p.11
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is the effect of Niacin on LDL-C levels?
Decreases LDL-C by approximately 5-25%.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is required for sterols and stanols to make health claims regarding cholesterol lowering?
Only esterified sterols and stanols can make the health claim.
p.8
Herbal Remedies and Their Efficacy
What effect does garlic have on CYP3A4?
Some preparations can induce CYP3A4.
p.35
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the role of electron transfer in the electron transport chain (ETC)?
It results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane, creating a proton gradient.
p.43
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is recommended for patients who take diuretics?
Magnesium (Mg) and Thiamine.
p.4
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What are HMG - CoA Reductase inhibitors used for?
They are used to treat hyperlipidemia.
p.9
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the primary focus of the updated meta-analysis on garlic?
The effect of garlic on serum lipids.
p.45
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is a major concern regarding the use of Digitalis?
It is effective but has many side effects.
p.16
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
Why should fish oil be taken with a meal?
To help reduce gastrointestinal upset and fishy aftertaste.
p.2
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What are the four statin benefit groups?
1) Individuals with clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), 2) Individuals with an LDL-C level of 190 mg/dL or higher, 3) Individuals aged 40-75 with diabetes and an LDL-C level of 70-189 mg/dL, 4) Individuals aged 40-75 without diabetes and an LDL-C level of 70-189 mg/dL with a 10-year ASCVD risk of 20% or higher.
p.4
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is niacin used for in the context of hyperlipidemia?
It is used to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is diabetes?
A chronic condition that occurs when the body cannot effectively use insulin or produce enough insulin.
p.25
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the impact of low magnesium levels on renal functions?
It is associated with a more rapid decline in renal functions.
p.14
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What dietary components can psyllium reduce the absorption of?
Calcium, Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin B12.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is chromium sometimes referred to as?
Glucose tolerance factor (GTF).
p.38
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What benefits does replacing Coenzyme Q-10 provide?
Improves cellular energy production and prevents cell death.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are the benefits of soy in relation to diabetes management?
It provides fiber and soy isoflavones, which decrease insulin resistance.
p.14
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What are examples of fibrous foods that act as cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Wheat, oat, barley, and psyllium.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What should be done if there is no improvement after chromium supplementation?
Discontinue the supplement.
p.44
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is creatine commonly used for?
As a popular sports supplement.
p.4
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What do cholesterol absorption inhibitors do?
They reduce the absorption of cholesterol from the diet.
p.51
Hypertension and Natural Medicine
Can green and Oolong tea help with existing hypertension?
No, they might help reduce the risk of developing hypertension but not for existing hypertension.
p.34
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How do vasodilators assist in treating heart failure?
They help to widen blood vessels, reducing the heart's workload.
p.2
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is the significance of evaluating cardiovascular risk factors in dyslipidemia?
To tailor treatment and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is a key benefit of Carnitine?
It has a positive inotropic effect.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)?
A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in soybeans, flaxseed, and evening primrose.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What effect does Panax Ginseng have on blood glucose levels?
It lowers blood glucose (BG) and HbA1c.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
Is there reliable evidence that ALA supplements can reduce high triglycerides or heart disease risk?
No, there is no reliable evidence for that.
p.38
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
When should Coenzyme Q-10 be considered for patients?
In patients with symptoms despite adequate treatment.
p.38
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the recommended dosage of Coenzyme Q-10?
100 - 200 mg divided into 2 - 3 times daily.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What effect do omega-3 fatty acids have on the esterification of other fatty acids?
They inhibit the esterification, which may reduce hepatic synthesis of triglycerides.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What are the two different formulations of Carnitine?
L-carnitine and Propionyl-L-carnitine.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
Does ALA affect HDL or triglycerides?
No, it does not affect HDL or triglycerides.
p.25
Diabetes Management and Supplements
In which patients is hypomagnesemia (HypoMg) more common?
In patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
p.2
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
How is the 10-year ASCVD risk evaluated for a patient?
Using the Framingham risk score.
p.32
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What has population research indicated about high serum levels of selenium?
They are linked to an increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
p.3
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What medications is Mrs. Chan currently taking?
Aspirin, Amlodipine, Gliclazide, Garlic extract, and some red yeast capsules.
p.7
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the recommended dosage of garlic for cholesterol management?
600 - 1200 mg divided into three doses daily.
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
Did metabolic control change in Study 2 after magnesium supplementation?
No, metabolic control (HbA1c) was not altered.
p.7
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is the modest benefit of garlic for lowering LDL-C levels?
Reduces LDL-C by approximately 6 mg/dL after 2 months or longer.
p.21
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What does Mrs. Chan want to continue taking?
Garlic and red yeast rice.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is one mechanism of action (MOA) of Taurine?
Regular calcium movement in cardiac muscle cells.
p.54
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What effect did pomegranate juice consumption have on patients with carotid artery stenosis?
It reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure, and LDL oxidation.
p.6
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What happened to the CPK value after the patient ceased consumption of the herbal preparation?
It declined to 600 U/L in 2 weeks.
p.34
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What are inotropes and their purpose in heart failure?
Inotropes are medications that increase the strength of heart contractions.
p.21
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What are Mrs. Chan's medical history conditions?
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), borderline Hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and gout.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
How do plant sterols and stanols affect cholesterol absorption?
They prevent cholesterol from being incorporated into micelles, thus preventing absorption.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are some examples of soluble fiber?
Blond psyllium, guar gum, oat bran, and soy.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are common symptoms of diabetes?
Increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and blurred vision.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What has the US FDA done regarding red yeast rice products?
Banned red yeast rice containing products.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
How do omega-3 fatty acids affect lipogenesis?
They decrease lipogenesis and increase plasma lipoprotein lipase activity.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
When should Carnitine be considered for a patient?
If the patient is not improving on standard therapy.
p.6
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What medications was the patient taking post-renal transplant?
Cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone, enalapril, long-acting diltiazem, and famotidine.
p.6
Herbal Remedies and Their Efficacy
What herbal preparation did the patient consume to lower her cholesterol?
A preparation containing rice fermented with red yeast, beta-sitosterol, dan shen root, and garlic bulb.
p.44
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
Who should avoid taking creatine?
Individuals with congestive heart failure (CHF).
p.26
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What was the effect of magnesium supplementation on plasma magnesium levels in Study 2?
Significant increase after 3 months of treatment.
p.14
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
When should supplements be taken in relation to fibrous foods?
1 hour before or 4 hours after consuming fibrous foods.
p.32
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What advice should be given to patients regarding selenium for diabetes?
Patients should NOT take selenium to treat or prevent diabetes.
p.14
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is chitosan derived from?
Chitin, which is found in the exoskeleton of crab, lobster, and shrimp.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How does Carnitine help in energy production?
It helps move long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for conversion into energy.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is a suggested source of ALA for reducing cholesterol levels?
Taking ALA from foods like flaxseed.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What role do supplements play in diabetes management?
Some supplements may help improve insulin sensitivity and support overall health.
p.11
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What can be taken prior to Niacin to prevent flushing or pruritus?
Aspirin or ibuprofen 30 minutes prior.
p.44
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is phosphocreatine's role in muscle?
It is a precursor to ATP.
p.44
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What is the average weight gain associated with creatine supplementation?
0.5 to 1.6 kg from water retention.
p.32
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What was the outcome of the recent clinical trial involving selenium supplementation in older adults?
Taking 200 mcg/day of selenium for 7 days increased the risk of developing T2DM.
p.3
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What does Mrs. Chan want to know about fish oil?
If she is suitable for taking fish oil.
p.29
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is Touchi and its role in diabetes management?
Touchi is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What improvements can Carnitine help achieve in patients?
It can improve symptoms, ejection fraction (EF), and exercise tolerance.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is a concern regarding red yeast rice products?
Lack of manufacturing standards.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What antioxidant effect does Taurine have?
It has antioxidant effects.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What is a concern regarding the effects of ginseng?
Variable effects with different batches of ginseng.
p.44
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
Why is it important to drink extra fluids when taking creatine?
To prevent dehydration and cramping due to intracellular fluid shift.
p.38
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
In which patients are Coenzyme Q-10 levels often low?
Some heart failure (HF) patients.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What role does Carnitine play in skeletal muscles and the heart?
It acts as an amino acid-like co-factor.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
How does ALA differ from fish oil?
ALA is not the same as fish oil; only a small amount is converted to EPA/DHA.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
How are red yeast rice products treated in Hong Kong?
They are treated as supplements.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the recommended dose of Taurine?
2 - 6 grams per day in 2 - 3 divided doses.
p.21
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is a potential benefit of fish oil?
It may help improve cardiovascular health and lower triglycerides.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What potential risk is associated with plant sterols and stanols?
They could potentially increase adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
p.5
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What side effects are associated with red yeast rice?
Similar side effects as statins.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What effect do omega-3 fatty acids have on triglycerides (TG)?
They reduce triglycerides but not LDL-C.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
How much American Ginseng should be taken before a meal?
3 g taken 2 hours before a meal.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is the relationship between high serum levels of sterols and heart disease?
High serum levels of sterols are linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
Where have plant sterols been detected in the body?
In atherosclerotic plaque.
p.11
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
Why should Niacin be taken with food?
To reduce gastrointestinal upset.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What caution should be taken when using ginseng?
It may affect platelet aggregation and increase the risk of bleeding.
p.54
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What other medications were used in the study besides statins?
ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), β-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCB).
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What effect does Taurine have on blood pressure?
It decreases blood pressure.
p.54
Patient Case Study: Mrs. Chan
What condition did the patients in the study have?
Asymptomatic severe carotid artery stenosis.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What constitutes Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)?
Chromium plus molecules of glycine, cysteine, glutamic acid, and nicotinic acid.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What is one mechanism of action (MOA) of omega-3 fatty acids?
Increased mitochondrial and hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation.
p.7
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What effect does garlic have on HDL-C levels?
Increases HDL-C by 1.5 mg/dL.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the recommended trial dosage of chromium for patients with poor diet?
100 - 500 mcg twice daily.
p.13
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What type of plant products should be used to avoid absorption issues?
Only plant stanol products should be used, as they are not absorbed.
p.20
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
Should fish oil be recommended for normal triglycerides but hypercholesterolemia?
No, it is not recommended.
p.42
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What significant outcomes were observed in patients with NYHA Class II - IV heart failure taking fish oil?
Reduced risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and hospitalization.
p.20
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What natural approaches can be incorporated if more than a statin is needed?
Plant sterols/stanols and high fiber foods.
p.15
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
Why are EPA and DHA considered poor substrates for triglyceride synthesis?
Because they are not efficiently used by the enzymes responsible for TG synthesis.
p.42
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What increase was noted in patients taking fish oil?
Increase in prostacyclin.
p.11
Conventional Drugs for Hyperlipidemia
What should be monitored while taking Niacin?
Liver function tests (LFT), blood glucose (BG), and uric acid levels.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What are the potential risks associated with chromium supplementation?
Case reports of acute and chronic damage.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What lifestyle changes can help manage diabetes?
Healthy eating, regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight.
p.14
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
How does chitosan function in cholesterol management?
It absorbs lipid molecules onto its surface.
p.22
Diabetes Management and Supplements
What is the significance of blood sugar monitoring in diabetes management?
It helps individuals track their glucose levels and make informed decisions about diet and medication.
p.27
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What are ginsenosides believed to do?
Decrease insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity.
p.20
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
What high fiber foods are recommended for cholesterol management?
Blond psyllium and oat bran.
p.17
Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health
What effect does ALA have on LDL cholesterol?
It can decrease LDL cholesterol by 8-18%.
p.23
Diabetes Management and Supplements
Who should avoid chromium supplements?
Diabetes patients with renal problems.
p.20
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
Does reducing LDL-C always improve cardiovascular morbidity and mortality?
No, reducing LDL-C does not always equal improvement in cardiovascular morbidity/mortality.
p.7
Natural Supplements for Cholesterol Management
Does garlic reduce triglyceride (TG) levels?
No, it does not reduce TG levels.
p.36
Heart Failure Treatment Options
What is the recommended dose of Carnitine?
1.5 - 2g divided over 2 - 3 times daily.
p.39
Heart Failure Treatment Options
How does Taurine affect adrenergic stimulation?
It lowers adrenergic stimulation.
p.20
Dyslipidemia Treatment Goals
What is important to remember when using treatments for cardiovascular outcomes?
Use evidence-based treatments to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
