p.5
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
How is the venous drainage of the diaphragm achieved?
Via the same veins as the arteries supplying it.
p.10
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What type of injuries can the diaphragm's shape cause?
Thoracic and abdominal injuries.
p.4
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
Which nerves provide sensory supply to the peripheral parts of the diaphragm?
The lower 6 intercostal nerves.
p.5
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
Which arteries also contribute to the blood supply of the diaphragm besides the inferior phrenic arteries?
Superior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and musculophrenic arteries.
p.10
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What are the two types of hiatus hernia?
Sliding and para-oesophageal (rolling).
p.16
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which artery branches off the abdominal aorta to supply the midgut?
The superior mesenteric artery.
p.4
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
Which nerve provides the motor supply to the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerve (C3, C4, and C5).
p.4
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
What is the mnemonic to remember the motor supply of the diaphragm?
C3, 4 & 5 keeps the diaphragm alive.
p.27
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Where does the thoracic duct empty its contents?
The thoracic duct empties its contents into the subclavian veins.
p.7
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What structures pass behind the diaphragm at the T12 level?
Aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein.
p.16
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which artery branches off the abdominal aorta to supply the hindgut?
The inferior mesenteric artery.
p.5
Diaphragm Nerve Supply and Blood Supply
What is the primary blood supply to the diaphragm?
Inferior phrenic arteries.
p.10
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What are the two types of diaphragmatic hernia?
Traumatic and embryological.
p.31
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerve from the lumbar plexus is responsible for sensory innervation to the skin of the thigh?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh.
p.25
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Where is the cisterna chyli located?
The cisterna chyli is located at the lower end of the thoracic duct, near the right lumbar trunk.
p.25
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Which lymph nodes are associated with the inferior mesenteric artery?
Inferior mesenteric nodes.
p.16
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
What is the anatomical position of the abdominal aorta in relation to the posterior abdominal wall?
The abdominal aorta runs along the posterior abdominal wall.
p.18
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
What are the four paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
Inferior phrenic (T12), Middle adrenal (L1), Renal (L2), Gonadal (L2).
p.35
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
p.30
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerve is labeled as L2, L3 in the lumbar plexus?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What are the main components of the sympathetic nervous system?
Cervical ganglia, thoracic ganglia, lumbar ganglia, sacral ganglia, and splanchnic nerves.
p.2
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What type of structure is the diaphragm?
The diaphragm is a musculotendinous septum.
p.35
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What are the three main regions where abdominal referred pain can be felt?
Epigastric Region, Umbilical Region, Pubic/Supra-Pubic Region
p.25
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the function of the intestinal trunk in the lymphatic system?
The intestinal trunk drains lymph from the intestines and delivers it to the cisterna chyli.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
Which nerves are associated with the sacral region in the sympathetic nervous system?
Sacral splanchnic nerves.
p.3
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What are the right and left crura of the diaphragm attached to?
The median arcuate ligament (across aorta), medial arcuate ligament (psoas fascia), and lateral arcuate ligament (quadratus lumborum fascia).
p.22
Inferior Vena Cava Anatomy
Which vein is shown to connect with the azygos vein in the posterior abdominal wall?
The ascending lumbar vein.
p.35
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
p.1
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Which muscles are located in the posterior abdominal wall?
The muscles of the posterior abdominal wall include the psoas major, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, and the diaphragm.
p.33
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What are the main components of the sympathetic input in the autonomic nervous system?
Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves (T5 to T12), lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1, L2), and the prevertebral plexus.
p.1
Inferior Vena Cava Anatomy
What are the main anatomical features of the inferior vena cava?
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. It is formed by the union of the common iliac veins.
p.10
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What condition is indicated by the presence of free air under the diaphragm?
Free air under the diaphragm.
p.7
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What structures pass through the diaphragm at the T8 level?
Inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve.
p.1
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the role of the lymphatics in the posterior abdominal wall?
The lymphatics of the posterior abdominal wall are responsible for draining lymph from the abdominal organs and lower limbs.
p.17
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta is located at L3?
The inferior mesenteric artery.
p.1
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
What is the lumbar plexus and what are its branches?
The lumbar plexus is a network of nerves in the lower back formed by the anterior rami of the L1-L4 spinal nerves. Its branches include the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
p.2
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What are the two domes of the diaphragm?
The left dome and the right dome.
p.2
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What are the major openings in the diaphragm?
The esophageal hiatus and the aortic hiatus.
p.3
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
To which ribs is the diaphragm attached?
Costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 and ribs 11-12.
p.30
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerve is labeled as L2 to L4 in the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve and Obturator nerve.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What nerves are associated with the thoracic region in the sympathetic nervous system?
Thoracic splanchnic nerves.
p.32
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerves are located lateral to the Psoas muscle in the lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh, Femoral
p.1
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
What are the main anatomical features of the abdominal aorta?
The abdominal aorta is a major blood vessel that supplies blood to the abdomen, pelvis, and legs. It branches into the common iliac arteries.
p.17
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta is located at L4?
The median sacral artery.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
Which nerves are involved in the lumbar region of the sympathetic nervous system?
Lumbar splanchnic nerves.
p.16
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
What are the main anterior branches of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery.
p.16
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Where is the celiac trunk located in relation to the abdominal aorta?
The celiac trunk is an anterior branch of the abdominal aorta.
p.27
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the anatomical location of the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct runs along the vertebral column and ascends through the thorax to the base of the neck.
p.15
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What are the major bones shown in the osteology of the posterior abdominal wall?
Ilium, Ischium, Sacrum, and Pubic symphysis.
p.18
Clinical Conditions Related to the Diaphragm
What is a common clinical condition related to the abdominal aorta?
Abdominal aortic aneurysm.
p.26
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Which lymphatic trunks drain lymph from the lower limbs and pelvis?
Right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks.
p.27
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the role of the subclavian veins in the lymphatic system?
The subclavian veins receive lymph from the thoracic duct and return it to the bloodstream.
p.22
Inferior Vena Cava Anatomy
Which veins drain into the inferior vena cava from the lumbar region?
Lumbar veins and ascending lumbar veins.
p.22
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What are the major lymph nodes shown near the kidneys in the posterior abdominal wall?
Celiac nodes and superior mesenteric nodes.
p.17
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Which unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta is located at L1?
The superior mesenteric artery.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What is the role of the inferior hypogastric plexus?
It supplies the pelvic organs.
p.27
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the main function of the thoracic duct?
The thoracic duct is the main lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from most of the body into the venous system.
p.22
Inferior Vena Cava Anatomy
What major vein is depicted in the posterior abdominal wall?
Inferior vena cava (IVC).
p.3
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
Which ligaments are associated with the diaphragm's attachment to the crura?
Median arcuate ligament, medial arcuate ligament, and lateral arcuate ligament.
p.33
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
Which nerves are involved in the parasympathetic input of the autonomic nervous system?
Anterior and posterior vagus trunks (cranial) and pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2 to S4).
p.33
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What is the function of the prevertebral plexus in the autonomic nervous system?
It is a network of nerves that provides sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs.
p.1
Radiological Imaging of Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava
How can the aorta and inferior vena cava be identified on radiological imaging?
The aorta and inferior vena cava can be identified on radiological imaging by their characteristic locations and appearances on CT scans and MRIs.
p.30
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerves are labeled as L1 in the lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric nerve and Ilio-inguinal nerve.
p.25
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What are the main lymph nodes located on the posterior abdominal wall?
Celiac nodes, superior mesenteric nodes, inferior mesenteric nodes, common iliac nodes, external iliac nodes, and internal iliac nodes.
p.17
Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
Where does the abdominal aorta enter the abdomen?
Behind the median arcuate ligament.
p.30
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
What is the function of the lumbar plexus?
The lumbar plexus provides motor and sensory nerves to the lower limb and pelvic region.
p.31
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
What are the major nerves that arise from the lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric nerve, ilio-inguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh, femoral nerve, obturator nerve.
p.3
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
Which fascia is associated with the lateral arcuate ligament?
Quadratus lumborum fascia.
p.1
Anatomy and Openings of the Diaphragm
What are the main anatomical features of the diaphragm?
The diaphragm has several openings including the aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and caval opening.
p.1
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What are the sympathetic nervous structures within the abdomen?
The sympathetic nervous structures in the abdomen include the celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus.
p.26
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Where does the thoracic duct empty its contents?
Into the left subclavian vein.
p.25
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the role of the pre-aortic nodes in the lymphatic system?
Pre-aortic nodes drain lymph from the abdominal organs and are located in front of the aorta.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What is the function of the prevertebral plexus in the sympathetic nervous system?
It is a network of nerves that supplies the abdominal organs.
p.34
Sympathetic Nervous Structures in the Abdomen
What is the significance of the ganglion impar in the sympathetic nervous system?
It is the terminal ganglion of the sympathetic chain, located at the level of the coccyx.
p.26
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Which lymphatic trunk drains lymph from the intestines?
Intestinal lymphatic trunk.
p.26
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Into which vein does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Right internal jugular vein.
p.32
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
What is the mnemonic to remember the nerves of the lumbar plexus?
I Insist, Let Fred Go Out
p.26
Lymphatics of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
What is the function of the descending thoracic lymphatic trunks?
They drain lymph from the thoracic region.
p.32
Lumbar Plexus and Its Branches
Which nerve in the lumbar plexus is associated with the L2 and L3 spinal nerves?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
