p.1
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of ventilation in the respiratory system?
Airflow in and out of the lungs.
p.10
Boyle's Law and Gas Volume-Pressure Relationship
What is the mathematical relationship expressed in Boyle's Law?
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (P ∝ 1/V).
p.11
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is P_ip?
Intrapleural pressure; air pressure within the pleural cavity.
p.2
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What is the direction of the external intercostal muscle fibers?
Running downward and medially.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What are the external intercostal muscles responsible for?
They assist in inhalation by elevating the ribs.
p.8
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What is the direction of gas flow in relation to pressure?
Gases flow from high pressure to low pressure.
p.15
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What happens if all air gets out of the lungs?
It implies lung collapse, which is difficult to inflate again.
p.14
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What are the pressure changes in P_ip during expiration?
P_ip increases from 752 mmHg to 756 mmHg.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What distinguishes the innermost intercostal muscles from the internal intercostal muscles?
The innermost intercostal muscles are located deeper and assist in rib depression during forced expiration.
p.17
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What occurs when bottle air pressure equals atmospheric pressure (P ATM) and balloon air pressure equals alveolar pressure (P alv)?
Transpulmonary pressure (P TM) is 0, causing the balloon (lung) to collapse.
p.16
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
Why is P_TM still positive at the end of inspiration?
To ensure the lung is not collapsed.
p.1
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is internal respiration?
Gas diffusion between tissue cells and blood.
p.18
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is the extra volume of inspired air during forced inspiration called?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
p.2
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What are the three types of intercostal muscles involved in unforced breathing?
External intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal muscles.
p.19
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What is gas pressure in the context of respiration?
It refers to the force exerted by gas molecules in the lungs and atmosphere, influencing breathing mechanics.
p.16
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What is the pressure difference (P_TM) at the end of inspiration?
More positive to facilitate inspiration.
p.7
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What are the main abdominal muscles?
External oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis.
p.11
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What does P_alv represent?
Intra-pulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure; air pressure within all alveoli.
p.8
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What does gas pressure represent?
The concentration of all gas molecules.
p.17
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What happens to the balloon (lung) when intrapleural pressure decreases?
The balloon (lung) expands.
p.11
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What does a positive P_TM indicate?
That P_alv is greater than P_ip, regardless of inspiration or expiration.
p.2
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
Which intercostal muscles are primarily involved in expiration?
Internal and innermost intercostal muscles.
p.9
Partial Pressure of Gases and Dalton's Law
What is the partial pressure of N2 (PN2) in air at 760 mmHg?
PN2 = 79% × 760 mmHg = ~600 mmHg.
p.17
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What is the effect of zero transpulmonary pressure (P TM)?
The balloon (lung) collapses.
p.6
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What is the role of the Pectoralis major and minor in respiration?
They elevate the upper ribs.
p.1
Functions of the Respiratory System
How are blood gases transported in the respiratory system?
Through the cardiovascular system between the lungs and tissues.
p.9
Partial Pressure of Gases and Dalton's Law
What is Dalton's law regarding gas mixtures?
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.
p.3
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs to the diaphragm during unforced expiration?
It relaxes and returns to a dome shape to shrink the pleural cavity.
p.8
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
How does the flow of gases relate to the flow of particles?
Just like particles flow from high to low concentration.
p.12
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What must happen to intrapleural pressure (P_ip) for lung volume to increase?
P_ip must decrease more than P_alv.
p.3
Diaphragm Function and Anatomy
What are the names of the openings in the diaphragm?
Caval hiatus, esophageal hiatus, aortic hiatus.
p.7
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
How do abdominal muscles affect the diaphragm?
They squeeze the abdominal cavity to raise the diaphragm back to its dome shape.
p.10
Boyle's Law and Gas Volume-Pressure Relationship
What does Boyle's Law describe?
The relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature.
p.18
Lung Volumes and Capacities
What is the extra volume of expired air during forced expiration called?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV).
p.2
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?
They run downward but laterally.
p.19
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What are respiratory muscles responsible for?
They facilitate the process of breathing by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the thoracic cavity.
p.15
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What is the transpulmonary pressure (P_TM) at the end of expiration?
P_TM = P_alv - P_ATM = 760 - 756 = +4 mmHg.
p.9
Partial Pressure of Gases and Dalton's Law
What is the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) in air at 760 mmHg?
PO2 = 21% × 760 mmHg = ~160 mmHg.
p.1
Functions of the Respiratory System
What does external respiration involve?
Gas diffusion between the lungs and blood.
p.4
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?
They aid in forced exhalation by depressing the ribs.
p.3
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the diaphragm during unforced inspiration?
It contracts and flattens to expand the pleural cavity.
p.19
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What does transpulmonary pressure (P TM) indicate?
It is the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure, crucial for lung inflation.
p.12
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What is the relationship between P_alv and atmospheric pressure (P_atm) during inspiration?
P_alv < P_atm, causing air to be drawn into the lungs.
p.15
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the relationship between P_alv and P_ATM at the end of expiration?
P_alv = P_ATM, which equals 760 mmHg.
p.13
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the change in intrapleural pressure (P_ip) during inspiration?
From 756 mmHg to 752 mmHg.
p.9
Partial Pressure of Gases and Dalton's Law
How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas?
Partial pressure (P) = [% of gas] × total pressure (P_ATM).
p.14
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What is the relationship between P_alv and P_atm during expiration?
P_alv > P_atm, causing air to be pushed out of the lungs.
p.15
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the change in intrapleural pressure (P_ip) from 752 to 756 mmHg indicative of?
It indicates a change in lung mechanics during expiration.
p.12
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the change in intrapleural pressure (P_ip) during inspiration?
P_ip decreases from 756 mmHg to 752 mmHg.
p.2
Muscles Involved in Inspiration and Expiration
Which intercostal muscles are primarily involved in inspiration?
External intercostal muscles.
p.10
Ventilation and Breathing Mechanics
How does Boyle's Law relate to lung function?
It explains how the lungs inflate and deflate.
p.14
Gas Pressure and Its Relationship to Breathing
What are the pressure changes in P_alv during expiration?
P_alv increases from 760 mmHg to 761 mmHg.
p.17
Transpulmonary Pressure and Lung Mechanics
What does a positive transpulmonary pressure (P TM) indicate?
It indicates that the lung is expanding.
p.9
Partial Pressure of Gases and Dalton's Law
What are the percentages of O2 and N2 in air?
Air consists of 21% O2 and 79% N2.
p.12
Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the change in alveolar pressure (P_alv) during inspiration?
P_alv decreases from 760 mmHg to 759 mmHg.
