Understanding the molecular biology of cells.
Yeasts.
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, blood, nervous tissue, and muscle.
Endosymbiosis.
Every 20 minutes.
A time when RNA molecules were the primary genetic material before DNA.
Volvox.
The ability of macromolecules to replicate themselves.
Nucleic acids.
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.
They are responsible for protein synthesis.
Approximately 16 germ cells and 2000 somatic cells.
Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.
They are amphipathic molecules.
They are the sites of oxidative metabolism and generate most of the ATP.
They are the sites of photosynthesis.
They are the first immortal cell line.
Lactic acid, generating 2 ATP.
Nucleic acids and proteins.
To provide structural support.
The hypothesis suggests that eukaryotic genomes arose from a fusion of archaeal and bacterial genomes.
Complementary base pairing between nucleotides.
Their polymerization to form polypeptides.
Yeasts contain slightly more genes than many bacteria.
Neither genome size nor gene number is directly related to the complexity of an organism.
Self-replicating RNA and its encoded proteins.
Most are derived from archaebacteria.
More than 200.
Paramecium and Chlamydomonas.
It is the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy.
Dermal tissue.
H2O acts as a donor of electrons and hydrogen for the conversion of CO2 to organic compounds.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.
About 6 μm in diameter.
The Paramecium genome contains almost twice as many genes as humans.
Eukaryotic genomes are mosaics, containing genes similar to both bacterial and archaeal genes.
Approximately 3 billion base pairs.
Because it can serve as a template and catalyze its own replication.
It is involved in the synthesis of proteins that are secreted or inserted into membranes.
They provide a unifying theme to cell biology, allowing principles learned from one cell type to be generalized to others.
Amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine.
Oxidative metabolism yields 36 to 38 ATP molecules, while anaerobic glycolysis yields only 2 ATP molecules.
Parenchyma cells.
RNA can catalyze its own replication and directs protein synthesis.
A distinct nucleus, organized genomic DNA as linear chromosomes, and subcellular organelles.
Photosynthesis, movement, and the capture and ingestion of other organisms as food.
Green alga Chlamydomonas.
Directly from their environment, consisting of organic molecules.
Translation.
10–100 μm.
They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
It has a manageable genome size, a simple multicellular structure, and can be easily grown and manipulated in the lab.
Approximately 19,000 genes.
Glycolysis.
Tiny pores on the surface of leaves, flanked by guard cells.
They contain their own DNA.
Microscopy.
They have identified mutations responsible for developmental abnormalities and isolated critical genes that control development and differentiation.
A single circular molecule located in the nucleoid.
They became incorporated into the nuclear genome of the cell.
They allow scientists to make new observations or conduct novel kinds of experiments.
Approximately 4.6 million base pairs.
It has opened new horizons, including genome editing and targeted drug development.
DNA.
About 20,000 protein-coding genes.
An endosymbiotic relationship between a bacterium and an archaeum.
More than 200.
By invaginations of the plasma membrane surrounding the nucleoid of a prokaryotic ancestor.
It provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
It regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell.
Archaea and Bacteria.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear envelope and are generally smaller and simpler.
It stores nutrients and waste products and helps maintain turgor pressure.
180 million base pairs.
36–38 ATP.
Cyanobacteria are the largest and most complex prokaryotes where photosynthesis evolved.
Mitochondria evolved through endosymbiosis.
Mitochondria are thought to have originated from bacteria that were engulfed by the precursor of eukaryotic cells.
Up to 350 μm in length.
RNA is capable of catalyzing a number of chemical reactions, including the polymerization of nucleotides.
They have evolved a variety of different lifestyles.
Xylem and phloem.
Phospholipids.
Ribosomes.
Glucose, salts, and various organic compounds.
12 million base pairs of DNA.
Paramecium, with 39,500 protein-coding genes.
The cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm.
Through various membrane-enclosed organelles.
1 to 10 μm in diameter.
Plants and some algae.
It has a rigid cell wall, a plasma membrane, and DNA located in the nucleoid.
The plausibility of the spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules under primitive Earth conditions.
Astrobiology (or exobiology).
Yeast is eukaryotic and allows for the study of cellular processes that are more complex than those in prokaryotes like E. coli.
Complete genome sequences enhance the understanding of molecular biology and facilitate comparative studies across different organisms.
Transcription.
DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, protein sorting, and regulation of cell division.
Glycolysis, photosynthesis, and oxidative metabolism.
Increasing cell specialization and division of labor.
They spontaneously aggregate into a bilayer.
By the enclosure of self-replicating RNA in a phospholipid membrane.
About 6000 genes.
Extreme environments, such as hot sulfur springs.
It provides structural framework, determines cell shape, facilitates movements of entire cells, and aids in intracellular transport and positioning of organelles.
Erythrocytes and lymphocytes.
The ability to carry out oxidative metabolism.
Granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
E. coli is simple, easy to propagate, and has been extensively studied, providing insights into molecular genetics.
Animal cell culture involves growing cells in a controlled environment to study their behavior and interactions.
Unicellular yeasts, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster.
The release of O2 as a by-product of photosynthesis made O2 abundant in Earth's atmosphere.
Ground tissue, dermal tissue, and vascular tissue.
Support, with thickened cell walls.
They are responsible for photosynthesis.
Diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and spinal cord injuries.
At least 3.8 billion years ago.
Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.
Oxygen transport.
Increased genome complexity allows for greater specialization and differentiation of cells in multicellular organisms.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.
That simple organic molecules could form and spontaneously polymerize under primitive Earth conditions.
A population derived by division of a single cell of origin.
Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
12 million base pairs.
It processes and sorts proteins for transport to their final destinations, and serves as a site of lipid synthesis and polysaccharide synthesis in plant cells.
It processes and transports proteins and synthesizes lipids.
It has a relatively large genome, a manageable number of genes, and a short reproductive cycle, making it useful for genetic experiments.
Plants have fewer cell types than animals.
Linear DNA molecules.
It contained little or no free oxygen, primarily CO2 and N2, along with smaller amounts of other gases.
Mitochondria originated from endosymbiotic bacteria, while the endoplasmic reticulum is derived from the invagination of the plasma membrane.
1.5 × 10^7 to 5 × 10^9 base pairs.
The text does not specify, but it implies that understanding these steps is part of the learning objectives.
They evolved from associations between unicellular eukaryotes, leading to specialized cells.
To form sheets that cover surfaces.
Protection, absorption, and secretion.
Photosynthetic bacteria, such as cyanobacteria.
3000 million base pairs.
By dividing in two, similar to bacteria.
The ability to perform photosynthesis, allowing nutritional independence.
Chloroplasts evolved by the endosymbiotic formation from other cells.
Aerobic bacteria living inside the archaeal ancestor of eukaryotes.
959 somatic cells, plus 1000–2000 germ cells.
Collenchyma cells and sclerenchyma cells.
Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head groups.
Oxygen (O2).
Lysosomes digest macromolecules, while peroxisomes handle various oxidative reactions.
Both are surrounded by a plasma membrane and contain a nucleus, a cytoskeleton, and many cytoplasmic organelles.
Certain marine protists engulfing algae to serve as endosymbionts for photosynthesis.
Viruses can be used as tools to understand cellular mechanisms and interactions, as they hijack host cellular machinery.
They are elongated spindle-shaped connective tissue cells.
As frequently as every 2 hours.
They allow the development of the complexity characteristic of eukaryotic cells.
They can be used for a variety of genetic manipulations similar to bacteria.
Similar genes have been found to function in complex animals, including humans.
Supporting cells and neurons.
They evolved from Archaea and contain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts through endosymbiosis.
The development of photosynthesis.
They allow for communication and transport between adjacent plant cells.
Eukaryotic cells arose as a branch from the Archaea.
Reducing conditions that allowed organic molecules to form spontaneously.
It marked the beginning of cellular life, arising from self-replicating RNA in a phospholipid membrane.
Anaerobic glycolysis.
